Anthony Lamar Calhoun v. State

• Court: Court of Appeals of Texas
• Decided: July 17, 1996
• Docket: 10-94-00294-CR
• Status: Published

Opinion

Calhoun-AL v. Stte

IN THE

TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

No. 10-94-294-CR

     ANTHONY LAMAR CALHOUN,

                                                                                              Appellant

     v.

     THE STATE OF TEXAS,

                                                                                              Appellee

From the 54th District Court

McLennan County, Texas

Trial Court # 94-272-C

O P I N I O N

      The appellant, Anthony Lamar Calhoun, was found guilty on two counts of injury to a child as a result of injuries suffered by his two minor children, Nino and Dreon Calhoun, who were sixteen months and seven months old respectively at the time of the incident. Tex. Penal Code Ann. 22.04(a) (Vernon 1994). Nino received third degree hot liquid immersion burns on his feet, while the younger child, Dreon, had extensive burns covering 85 to 90 percent of his body. There was testimony at trial that Dreon's burns were caused by a combination of dry heat and scalding from being immersed in a hot liquid. Dreon died as a result of his injuries. Calhoun was sentenced to twelve years in prison on Count I and given 10 years community supervision on Count II.

      Calhoun brings four points of error on appeal. Specifically, he argues that: (1) the trial court committed fundamental error in submitting a charge to the jury which lowered the State's burden of proof; (2) the trial court erred in overruling his motion for a mistrial after the State suggested that the injuries to Dreon Calhoun could have been caused by dropping a burning cigarette on the baby's bed; (3) there was insufficient evidence to establish that Calhoun intended to cause serious bodily injury to Dreon and Nino Calhoun; and (4) there was insufficient evidence to establish that Calhoun intentionally and knowingly by omission, caused serious bodily injury to Dreon Calhoun. For the following reasons, we affirm.

      Calhoun and Dayla Kervin were the parents of Nino and Dreon Calhoun. Calhoun did not live with Kervin or his children. However, he did occasionally spend the night at Kervin's apartment. On January 26, 1993, Kervin asked Calhoun to stay the night because she was upset over an argument she had had with her sister. The next morning, Kervin left the apartment at 5:45 to go to work. Before she left, she placed Dreon in the bassinet next to the bed and put the older child Nino in bed with Calhoun. When he woke up, Calhoun was supposed to take the children to the babysitter.

      Calhoun testified that after he got up, he filled the bathtub with two to three inches of water and then placed both of the babies in the tub. He then left the babies alone in the apartment while he went outside to visit with several of his neighbors in the apartment complex.

        Sometime thereafter, Calhoun went to the apartment of one of the neighbors he had previously visited with and asked her to come help him with his baby. When she arrived at his apartment, she saw Dreon lying on the bed, and Calhoun was attempting to perform CPR on the baby. She testified that the baby was not moving and that his body was red and burned. When she touched his neck and wrist, she could not find a pulse. She also stated that he was cold to the touch. She testified that she screamed at Calhoun, "[W]hat did you do to the baby? What did you do to the baby?" She stated that he told her, "I put the babies in the tub....[but] I didn't put any water in the tub." The older child, Nino, was crying and lying on the other side of the bed with his legs covered by a blanket. It was later determined that his feet were swollen and blistered from a liquid burn.

      At trial, the State submitted that Calhoun either by his actions or his omissions intentionally or knowingly caused his two boys serious bodily injury. Calhoun argued that Dreon's death and Nino's injuries were the result of accident. He claims that Nino must have climbed out of the tub, turned on the hot water and then got back in. He claims that Dreon was too small to get out of the tub and was burned to death.

      Calhoun claimed that he was gone for no more than five minutes. However, according to the testimony of other witnesses at trial, Calhoun was gone considerably longer. Calhoun claimed that he went into the bathroom and found Dreon laying face down in the water with the hot water running full force. According to the testimony, the water was so hot that large portions of Dreon's skin sloughed off in the tub. The neighbor also went in the bathroom and looked in the tub. She stated that the tub was just under half full and that the water was cool to the touch. She stated that there was black debris floating in the tub which was later shown at trial to be composed of a combination of Dreon's skin and a black, sooty material.

      At trial, Dr. Mark Crause, the Deputy Chief Medical Examiner for Tarrant County, who performed the autopsy on Dreon, testified that Dreon had extensive burns covering 85 to 90 percent of his body. He stated that the injuries were a combination of exposure to dry heat and hot liquid. He testified that most of the dry heat burns were on the ankles, calves, and part of the buttocks. He stated that the blistering and the charring of the skin was consistent with a dry heat burn. The defense expert, Dr. Charles Bux, Deputy Chief Medical Examiner for Bexar County, disagreed. He believed that all of Dreon's injuries could be attributed to a liquid burn. Concerning the immersion burns, Dr. Crause stated that Dreon would had to have been in the tub for one minute or less at 127 degrees fahrenheit in order to receive the injuries that he had. The State also put on testimony from Dr. John Hunt, a physician with the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School concerning Nino's injuries. He testified that Nino's injuries were consistent with an immersion injury where someone would forcibly hold a child in hot water. He stated that his injuries were not accidental.

      In his first point, Calhoun claims that the trial court committed fundamental error in submitting a jury charge which contained an element not contained in the applicable law that lowered the State's burden of proof.

      Section 22.04(a) of the Texas Penal Code provides:

(a) A person commits an offense if he intentionally, knowingly, recklessly, or with criminal negligence, by act or intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly by omission, causes to a child, elderly individual, or invalid individual:

(1) serious bodily injury;

(2) serious physical or mental deficiency or impairment;

(3) disfigurement or deformity; or

(4) bodily injury.

Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.04(a) (Vernon 1994). The indictment and the charge both charged that Calhoun intentionally or knowingly engaged in conduct that caused serious bodily injury or disfigurement or deformity. The engage in conduct language was previously used in section 22.04(a) before it was amended in 1991. In the application portion of the charge, the trial court instructed the jury:

Our law provides that to be guilty of the offense of injury to a child as alleged in the indictment, the defendant must have intentionally or knowingly caused serious bodily injury or disfigurement or deformity to Dreon Oscar Calhoun. Therefore, if you believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did cause the serious bodily injury or disfigurement or deformity of Dreon Oscar Calhoun by placing or holding the said Dreon Oscar Calhoun over or on or near an open flame or heat source, or by placing or holding or immersing the said Dreon Oscar Calhoun in a hot liquid, or by a manner and means to the Grand Jury unknown; or did then and there intentionally or knowingly by omission cause serious bodily injury, or deformity, or disfigurement to Dreon Oscar Calhoun, a child 14 years of age or younger, by leaving the said Dreon Oscar Calhoun in or on or around a source of hot liquid unattended by a person capable of caring for Dreon Oscar Calhoun, and the defendant had assumed care, custody or control of Dreon Oscar Calhoun, and the defendant was the parent of Dreon Oscar Calhoun, with the legal duty to act, the legal duty to care for, the legal duty to control and the legal duty to protect Dreon Oscar Calhoun, as alleged, but you have a reasonable doubt as to whether he intentionally or knowingly by omission or by engaging in conduct caused the said serious bodily injury, disfigurement or deformity, then you will acquit the defendant of injury to a child as alleged in the indictment and consider whether he is guilty of recklessly causing injury to a child.

(Emphasis added).

      Calhoun complains that including the engage in conduct phrasing in the jury charge lowered the State's burden of proof and allowed a conviction based only on intentionally engaging in conduct which subsequently resulted in injuries, without regard to whether there was intent to actually cause the injuries.

      The offense of injury to a child is a result-oriented offense. See Beggs v. State, 597 S.W.2d 375, 377 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1980). In order to sustain a conviction, the State must prove that the defendant's conscious objective or desire was to cause serious bodily injury, and that he was aware that his conduct was reasonably certain to cause serious bodily injury. Id. The Court of Criminal Appeals has previously held that focusing mental culpability on the conduct rather than solely on the result of the offense in a jury charge is error. Kelly v. State, 748 S.W.2d 236, 239 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988).

      Because Calhoun failed to make an objection or request that the charge be amended at trial, we will not reverse the decision unless we find fundamental error. Calhoun must show that he was so egregiously harmed by the Court's failure to correct the jury charge that he was denied a fair and impartial trial. Such error must be viewed "in light of the entire jury charge, the state of the evidence, including the contested issues and weight of the probative evidence, the argument of counsel and any other relevant information revealed by the record of the trial as a whole." Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984).

      However, we find that Calhoun has waived his point with regard to Dreon Calhoun. The complained of charge tracks Count I of the indictment and allows the jury to convict the defendant if it finds that he intentionally or knowingly engages in conduct that causes serious bodily injury or disfigurement or deformity or if he intentionally or knowingly by omission causes serious bodily injury or disfigurement or deformity. On appeal, Calhoun complains of only the engage in conduct language. He has not complained of the omission language in the charge. The jury found the defendant guilty of each count "as alleged in the indictment" and did not specify the theory upon which it relied. Because there is no evidence in the record on what theory the jury convicted the defendant, we will presume that the jury convicted the defendant on the unobjected to theory. Therefore, we are presented with nothing for review.

      Count II of the jury charge deals solely with whether Calhoun "intentionally or knowingly engage[d] in conduct that caused serious bodily injury, or disfigurement or deformity" to the other child, Nino Calhoun. However, we find that Calhoun has waived this point. While he does not specifically distinguish between Counts I and II in his first point of error, Calhoun's arguments in his brief refer only to the way the defendant was charged with regard to Dreon's injuries which appear only in Count I of the indictment and charge. The defendant does not provide any argument or authority for Count II. Therefore, we find that Calhoun has waived his complaint. Tex. R. App. P. 52(a); Tex. R. App. P. 74. Calhoun's first point is overruled.

      In his second point, Calhoun claims that the trial court erred in overruling his motion for a mistrial after the State suggested the injuries to one of the victims could have been caused by dropping a lit cigarette on his bed. During final argument at the guilt-innocence portion of the trial, the State made the following comments:

[The State]: But we found out about another heat source yesterday when he was on the stand, he volunteered it. What? He smokes. He could have very easily that morning when he woke up been laying there in bed, dropped his arm over the side of the bed into the bassinet where the baby was laying, and inadvertently caught him on fire.

      [The Defense]: Your Honor, we object. There is absolutely no --

The Court: I sustain the objection. Instruct the jury they will disregard the last remarks of counsel for any reason whatsoever.

[The Defense]: Ask for a mistrial, Your Honor.

The Court: Overrule the motion.

      Calhoun argues that the argument was improper because it was based solely on speculation, and it lowered the State's burden of proof by informing the jury to convict based on accident. However, we must first determine if Calhoun preserved his error for review. Although he objected to the statement, he never stated the grounds for his objection. In order to preserve error for review, a party must present to the trial court a timely request, objection, or motion stating the specific grounds for the ruling he desires the court to make if the specific grounds are not apparent from the context. Tex. R. App. P. 52(a). While a general objection is usually insufficient to preserve error, if the circumstances show that the trial court is aware of the substance of the objection, a general objection will not waive error. Kelly v. State, 903 S.W.2d 809, 811 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1995, pet. ref'd). Since the Court sustained the objection, we will assume that the basis for the objection was apparent to the Court and that Calhoun has properly preserved his complaint for review.

      With regards to the statement by the prosecutor that Calhoun could have dropped a cigarette into the victim's bed, we do not need to determine whether the statement was improper. Since the trial court found such argument improper and took the remedial measures of sustaining the objection and instructing the jury to disregard, we will limit our review to determining whether the trial court erred in denying a mistrial.

      Generally once an objection has been sustained and an instruction given, an error does not occur unless the remark was "extreme, manifestly improper, injected new and harmful facts into the case, or violated a mandatory statutory provision and was thus so inflammatory that its prejudicial effect could not reasonably be removed from the minds of the jurors by the instruction given." Washington v. State, 822 S.W.2d 110, 118 (Tex. App.—Waco 1991), rev'd on other grounds, 856 S.W.2d 184 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); see Kinnamon v. State, 791 S.W.2d 84, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). Generally, an instruction to disregard is sufficient to cure improper jury argument. Anderson v. State, 633 S.W.2d 851, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982). If the reviewing court determines that the instruction has removed the prejudicial effect of the improper argument, no error results from the overruling of the motion for mistrial. Washington, 822 S.W.2d at 118. In the present case, we do not find that the argument was so inflammatory that it could not be cured by an instruction to disregard from the trial court. Therefore, Calhoun's second point is overruled.

      In his third point, Calhoun claims that there was insufficient evidence to establish that he intended to cause serious bodily injury to Dreon and Nino Calhoun.

      During oral argument, Calhoun argued that the evidence was both legally and factually insufficient. While the intermediate courts have now been given the authority by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals to review factual sufficiency points in criminal cases, we find that Calhoun has not properly raised this point for review. See Clewis v. State, No. 450-94, slip op. at 7 (Tex. Crim. App. January 31, 1996). Calhoun attempts to raise the issue of factual sufficiency for the first time in a supplemental brief after oral argument. A point raised for the first time in an amended or supplemental brief is normally considered to be untimely filed. Skillern v. State, 890 S.W.2d 849, 882 (Tex. App.—Austin 1994, pet. ref'd). However, the decision to consider a new matter on appeal is left to the sound discretion of the appellate court. Riley v. State, 825 S.W.2d 699, 700 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). While due process concerns or the interest of justice may compel the consideration of a new matter that is raised for the first time in a supplemental or amended brief, we do not find such circumstances to exist here. See Rochelle v. State, 791 S.W.2d 121, 124-25 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). Because we find that the additional point is not properly or timely presented, we will only review the legal sufficiency of the evidence.

      In addressing a legal sufficiency claim, the reviewing court must determine whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, any rational trier of fact could have found all the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2788-89 (1979); Geesa v. State, 820 S.W.2d 154, 159 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). It must be noted that this standard does not require the reviewing court to determine whether the court itself believes that the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S.Ct. at 2788-89. The court is not to position itself as the thirteenth juror in assessing the evidence. Moreno v. State, 755 S.W.2d 866, 867 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). Rather, the appellate court is to position itself "as a final due process safeguard, ensuring only the rationality of the factfinder." Teer v. State, No. 578-95, slip op. at 13 (Tex. Crim. App. April 24, 1996) (McCormick, J., dissenting) (citing Moreno, 755 S.W.2d at 867). Any inconsistencies in the evidence are resolved in favor of the verdict. Moreno, 755 S.W.2d at 867.

      In his point of error, Calhoun argues that the evidence was legally insufficient to establish that Calhoun "intended to cause serious bodily injury to Dreon Calhoun and Nino Calhoun." (emphasis added). However, the Court charged the jury that he could be convicted if they found that he intentionally or knowingly caused serious bodily injury to the boys. The jury found Calhoun guilty of injury to a child as alleged in Count I and II, but it did not specify the mental culpability on which it based its verdict. Where the defendant does not challenge or contest the sufficiency of the evidence on both the alternate theories submitted, but instead challenges only one of the alternate theories, the reviewing court will assume that the jury convicted the defendant based on the unchallenged theory. See Griffin v. State, 850 S.W.2d 246, 253-54 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, pet. ref'd). In the present case, we find that, because Calhoun did not challenge whether the evidence was sufficient to show that he knowingly committed the offense, he has waived this point. Calhoun's third point of error is overruled.

      In his fourth point, Calhoun claims that there was insufficient evidence to establish that he intentionally and knowingly by omission caused serious bodily injury to Dreon Calhoun.

      However, due to our disposition of point three, we do not need to consider Calhoun's fourth point of error. Since the jury returned a general verdict for Count I for either an act or an omission, we find that whether or not the evidence is sufficient for an omission will not affect the verdict. Calhoun's fourth point is overruled. The judgment is affirmed.

                                                                                 BOBBY L. CUMMINGS

                                                                                 Justice

Before Justice Cummings and

          Justice Vance

Affirmed

Opinion delivered and filed July 17, 1996

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