Evans, J.
The plaintiff set forth a copy of an inventory of the goods alleged to have been wrongfully converted by the defendant. This inventory contains, hundreds of items. The answer of the defendant admitted sale under execution in favor of the defendant of certain “barrels, boxes, trunks, etc., containing dishes, linens, and other household furniture and merchandise, same being in storage in the warehouse of the White Line Transfer & Storage Company, in the city'of Des Moines, Iowa, in the name of said W. H. Antes.” It appears from the record that the defendant levied an attachment upon certain household goods, such as are described in its answer, and later caused the same to be sold under special execution, to satisfy its judgment against one W. H. Antes, the then husband of the plaintiff. Such property was sold as the property of the'judg
ment-defendant. The plaintiff claims to have been the .owner of all this property. That she was such, her evidence tends strongly to establish. Further material facts will be stated in connection with our consideration of the several assignments of error.
I. ■ The defendant pleaded in its answer that, at or about the time of the attachment of the goods, W. H. Antes was the agent of the plaintiff,, and that he was notified of the attachment of the. goods; and that such notice was binding' upon, the plaintiff, and that she took no steps to assert her claim; that the said W. H. Antes advised the defendant that the goods in question were stored with the White Line Transfer & Storage Company, in the name of their owner; that they were in fact stored in the name of W. H. Antes; that the defendant relied upon this representation; and that the plaintiff is how estopped from denying the statements of Antes .and from asserting her present claim to the goods. Error is assigned because the trial court-withdrew such' tendered issue from the consideration of the jury and struck the allegations from the answer. It appears without dispute that the plaintiff knew nothing of the attachment suit or of the proposed sale of the property in advance of the sale. Her first knowledge of the.seizure of the property Came after the sale had been made. There was no evidence -of agency, unless the relationship of husband and wife should be deemed sufficient for that purpose. W. H. Antes at that time was residing in the 'state of Wiscónsin. The. plaintiff was absent in the state of Illinois; W, H. Antes did not assume to speak as agent for his wife.. ■ He wrote a letter to the defendant, Exhibit C, protesting against its attachment of the goods, and asserting that they belonged to his son and his wife, and that he owned none of them, and warning the defendant against the seizure Of the property Of other people for the payment of his own debts. He did say in such letter that the goods were stored -in the name of the son and wife, and this was a mistaken assertion. It is upon this assertion that the defendant predicates its allegation that W. H. Antes, ■ as the agent of his wife, asserted his ownership of the goods by saying that-such goods were stored in the name of their owners. The letter..plainly asserted that the property did not belong to'W. H. Antes, or-any part of it. The defendant was in no. manner misled; and could not have -been misled by .the mistaken assertion. Such allegations thus withdrawn, therefore, had
no substance ■ as an affirmative defense, and were properly ignored' by-the court.
II. The plaintiff produced in evidence certain Exhibits A and B, which were the inventories of which she had attached copies to her petition. These inventories contained an itemized statement of all the household goods stored with ^ White Line Transfer & Storage Company, together with the purported value of each item. She testified that these inventories were made by her and under her supervision, at and immediately before the time of storage; She testified also that'she knew the values of these articles at the time, and that such values were those which were placed upon the inventories opposite to its items. These inventories were received in evidence over the objection of the defendant. It is argued'first 'that they Tailed to identify the goods sold by the -defendant under execution, and that there is no evidence that the goods sold under execution and the goods described in the plaintiff's-inventories were identical. It' appears from The evidence that the goods were stored with the Storage Company in containers such as barrels and boxes and trunks and cedar chests. The return on the execution shows that the barrels and trunks and boxes, with their contents, were sold for the sum of $356. No enumeration of the contents of the containers appears in such return. For this reason it would be impossible for plaintiff 'to connect the items in her inventories with any items appearing upon the return of the execution. It was made to appear by the evidence that all the property stored in the name of -W. H. Antes with this storage company was sold under this execution. It was also made to appear that the property covered by the plaintiff’s inventories was the property that was thus stored in the name of W. H. Antes. We- think that the evidence in this form was sufficient to go to the jury.
It is Urged that the inventories were not written in the handwriting of the ¡plaintiff.' • Some portions of them were. Other portions were not, but were made under her supervision. She did testify that they were so made when the were fresh in her mind, and that at that time-she knew them' to be 'correct; and that she knew the values appended'to be correct. This rendered them sufficient'as-memoranda proper to be used-by the witness in aid
of her memory, and proper to be admitted in evidence as such only. They were so restricted ,by. the .court in the admission thereof.
State v. Brady,
100 Iowa 191; Bradner on Evidence (2d Ed.) 468-470. The defendant produced.no schedule of the goods, sold under execution. There was, therefore, no conflict in the evidence on the question of identity. The evidence-disclosed, however, that all household goods in storage-in the name of W. H. Antes with the White Line Transfer & Storage Company were sold under execution. It also disclosed that all the property thus stored belonged to the plaintiff. If. the defendant had produced a schedule of -what it sold, it would have been in a better position to-insist before the court that the schedule offered by the plaintiff should conform in its. items to- that-exhibited by the, return on the execution. The fact that no such schedule appears to have been made at the execution-sale should not be permitted to close the door of evidence against the plaintiff. ...
III. Error is assigned by appellant upon the admission in evidence of a certain policy of insurance purporting to cover the property in controversy. The plaintiff was the insured therein.; The policy was issued in November, 1918, and . . , described me property as being in storage with white Line Transfer & 'Storage: Company. This evidence was received by the court on redirect examination of .the plaintiff as a witness. The good faith- of plaintiff’s claim of ownership was challenged throughout the. trial by the defendant. She testified concerning her inventory that it was made- at the time the goods were packed for the purpose of storage. ■ She testified on cross-examination that she usually kept an inventory of her goods for the purpose of insurance.
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Evans, J.
The plaintiff set forth a copy of an inventory of the goods alleged to have been wrongfully converted by the defendant. This inventory contains, hundreds of items. The answer of the defendant admitted sale under execution in favor of the defendant of certain “barrels, boxes, trunks, etc., containing dishes, linens, and other household furniture and merchandise, same being in storage in the warehouse of the White Line Transfer & Storage Company, in the city'of Des Moines, Iowa, in the name of said W. H. Antes.” It appears from the record that the defendant levied an attachment upon certain household goods, such as are described in its answer, and later caused the same to be sold under special execution, to satisfy its judgment against one W. H. Antes, the then husband of the plaintiff. Such property was sold as the property of the'judg
ment-defendant. The plaintiff claims to have been the .owner of all this property. That she was such, her evidence tends strongly to establish. Further material facts will be stated in connection with our consideration of the several assignments of error.
I. ■ The defendant pleaded in its answer that, at or about the time of the attachment of the goods, W. H. Antes was the agent of the plaintiff,, and that he was notified of the attachment of the. goods; and that such notice was binding' upon, the plaintiff, and that she took no steps to assert her claim; that the said W. H. Antes advised the defendant that the goods in question were stored with the White Line Transfer & Storage Company, in the name of their owner; that they were in fact stored in the name of W. H. Antes; that the defendant relied upon this representation; and that the plaintiff is how estopped from denying the statements of Antes .and from asserting her present claim to the goods. Error is assigned because the trial court-withdrew such' tendered issue from the consideration of the jury and struck the allegations from the answer. It appears without dispute that the plaintiff knew nothing of the attachment suit or of the proposed sale of the property in advance of the sale. Her first knowledge of the.seizure of the property Came after the sale had been made. There was no evidence -of agency, unless the relationship of husband and wife should be deemed sufficient for that purpose. W. H. Antes at that time was residing in the 'state of Wiscónsin. The. plaintiff was absent in the state of Illinois; W, H. Antes did not assume to speak as agent for his wife.. ■ He wrote a letter to the defendant, Exhibit C, protesting against its attachment of the goods, and asserting that they belonged to his son and his wife, and that he owned none of them, and warning the defendant against the seizure Of the property Of other people for the payment of his own debts. He did say in such letter that the goods were stored -in the name of the son and wife, and this was a mistaken assertion. It is upon this assertion that the defendant predicates its allegation that W. H. Antes, ■ as the agent of his wife, asserted his ownership of the goods by saying that-such goods were stored in the name of their owners. The letter..plainly asserted that the property did not belong to'W. H. Antes, or-any part of it. The defendant was in no. manner misled; and could not have -been misled by .the mistaken assertion. Such allegations thus withdrawn, therefore, had
no substance ■ as an affirmative defense, and were properly ignored' by-the court.
II. The plaintiff produced in evidence certain Exhibits A and B, which were the inventories of which she had attached copies to her petition. These inventories contained an itemized statement of all the household goods stored with ^ White Line Transfer & Storage Company, together with the purported value of each item. She testified that these inventories were made by her and under her supervision, at and immediately before the time of storage; She testified also that'she knew the values of these articles at the time, and that such values were those which were placed upon the inventories opposite to its items. These inventories were received in evidence over the objection of the defendant. It is argued'first 'that they Tailed to identify the goods sold by the -defendant under execution, and that there is no evidence that the goods sold under execution and the goods described in the plaintiff's-inventories were identical. It' appears from The evidence that the goods were stored with the Storage Company in containers such as barrels and boxes and trunks and cedar chests. The return on the execution shows that the barrels and trunks and boxes, with their contents, were sold for the sum of $356. No enumeration of the contents of the containers appears in such return. For this reason it would be impossible for plaintiff 'to connect the items in her inventories with any items appearing upon the return of the execution. It was made to appear by the evidence that all the property stored in the name of -W. H. Antes with this storage company was sold under this execution. It was also made to appear that the property covered by the plaintiff’s inventories was the property that was thus stored in the name of W. H. Antes. We- think that the evidence in this form was sufficient to go to the jury.
It is Urged that the inventories were not written in the handwriting of the ¡plaintiff.' • Some portions of them were. Other portions were not, but were made under her supervision. She did testify that they were so made when the were fresh in her mind, and that at that time-she knew them' to be 'correct; and that she knew the values appended'to be correct. This rendered them sufficient'as-memoranda proper to be used-by the witness in aid
of her memory, and proper to be admitted in evidence as such only. They were so restricted ,by. the .court in the admission thereof.
State v. Brady,
100 Iowa 191; Bradner on Evidence (2d Ed.) 468-470. The defendant produced.no schedule of the goods, sold under execution. There was, therefore, no conflict in the evidence on the question of identity. The evidence-disclosed, however, that all household goods in storage-in the name of W. H. Antes with the White Line Transfer & Storage Company were sold under execution. It also disclosed that all the property thus stored belonged to the plaintiff. If. the defendant had produced a schedule of -what it sold, it would have been in a better position to-insist before the court that the schedule offered by the plaintiff should conform in its. items to- that-exhibited by the, return on the execution. The fact that no such schedule appears to have been made at the execution-sale should not be permitted to close the door of evidence against the plaintiff. ...
III. Error is assigned by appellant upon the admission in evidence of a certain policy of insurance purporting to cover the property in controversy. The plaintiff was the insured therein.; The policy was issued in November, 1918, and . . , described me property as being in storage with white Line Transfer & 'Storage: Company. This evidence was received by the court on redirect examination of .the plaintiff as a witness. The good faith- of plaintiff’s claim of ownership was challenged throughout the. trial by the defendant. She testified concerning her inventory that it was made- at the time the goods were packed for the purpose of storage. ■ She testified on cross-examination that she usually kept an inventory of her goods for the purpose of insurance. She was asked-also whether she carried insurance. This was answered by her in the. affirmative. On redirect examination, the .policy in question was offered and received .in evidence. The taking out of this policy by her in November, 1918, tended undoubtedly to corroborate the plaintiff’s claim of ownership, and tended to negative the constant challenge that her claim of ownership was a late' afterthought. Its issuance was a .circumstance tending, to -support her claim of ownership at that time. It constituted, one of those signs or indicia of ownership which usually.attend the ownership of personal property and arise spontaneously out of
the conduct of the owner. The evidentiary value of such indicia is set forth in Bowers on the Law of Conversion 439, Section 603, as follows:
“When the question of title and right of possession of personal property is involved in an action of trover, it is to be determined by the same rules of evidence as apply in other cases where such fact must be established. Thus, circumstances which are the ordinary indicia of ownership, or that tend to indicate ownership, are admissible as evidence thereof. So, the paying of taxes, procuring a policy of insurance describing the property and naming the person to be insured, the giving of a note to secure against losses, and the payment of assessments to meet losses, are all proper tests of ownership, — not conclusive, but competent to be submitted to and weighed by the jury. Positive testimony will not be required if the circumstances shown will support an inference of the truth of the matters alleged.”
. We think -the policy was admissible in evidence for this purpose. The principal complaint directed against it is that it was a policy for $4,000, and that it tended, therefore, to fix a valuation upon the property and to mislead the' jury in that regard. But the objection of the defendant to the evidence went to its. admissibility for any purpose. It did not seek to restrict or confiné the consideration of the policy. While the court might well have done so on its own motion, yet the defendant is in no position to complain of its failure in that respect, in the absence of any request or suggestion on its part that the jury should be restricted in the consideration of this item of evidence.
IV. The defendant called the witness Holmberg. He was the bailiff or deputy sheriff who conducted the execution sale? The defendant interrogated him as to the value of various items thus sold. He failed to qualify as to his knowledge of such values, and the court sustained .... , ,. . . ,. objections to the interrogatories propounded on †|1@ qlies^jon 0£ value. Error is assigned at this point. It is sufficient to say that this witness frankly disqualified himself. In answer to the interrogatories of the court, he stated that he knew nothing personally as to the values of such articles. The defendant laid no foundation for this assignment of error. It did not disclose to the trial court what it claimed the testimony of the witness would be. If there is any inference to be
drawn from the record as made, it was only that the witness would testify to his opinion that such articles were worth just what they would bring at execution sale. There was no error at this point. Defendant also offered the witness Mrs. Lloyd, and complains of the refusal of the court to permit her to express an opinion. This ruling by the court was predicated on want of qualification shown by the witness. It is enough to say here that, later in the course of the trial, the witness was again produced, and permitted to testify to her opinion. What was true of this witness was also true of the witness Bames, whose testimony was first rejected, and later was received in evidence.
The foregoing comprise the assignments of error upon which the stress of . argument is laid. Other minor errors are complained of. We have examined all the assignments and the record pertaining thereto. We find no reversible error. The verdict rendered impresses us as somewhat large. The trial court reduced it in the amount of $500, and allowed it to stand at approximately $2,600. The verdict in such amount had the support of the plaintiff's evidence. The defendant offered no contradictory evidence, other than to justify the valuation determined by the execution sale. Such execution sale was not without its oppressive features. The defendant had little reason to believe that a jury would accept the amount realized thereon as a fair value of the goods. The record as it is will not justify interference on our part with the verdict as finally approved by the district court.
The judgment is, accordingly,
affirmed.
— Affirmed.
De Grape, C. J., and Albert and Morlin.g, JJ., concur. •
On petition for rehearing, the judgment was conditionally reduced to $2,000. Plaintiff filing a remittitur to that extent, rehearing was denied, March 22, 1927.