The Chancellor.
The complainants sue as administrators, upon a claim held by them as such, and one of them sues, also, in respect of a claim due to him in his own right.
[188]*188On the hearing, it was objected that the bill is multifarious, because it unites different causes of action in favor of different persons, viz., the claim in favor of the administrators, and that in favor of Joseph W. Annin in his own right; and therefore it was insisted it should be dismissed. This objection, if it were valid at all (on this point see Story’s Eq. Pl., § 286, and cases cited in note,) cannot avail the defendants now. They should have taken advantage of it by plea, demurrer, or answer, expressly for that purpose. By answering the matter of the bill they have waived the objection, and cannot now have any advantage from it. Veghte v. Raritan Water Power Co., 4. C. E. Green 144; Green v. Richards, 8 C. E. Green 32. The court, if it found itself embarrassed by misjoinder or multifariousness to such an extent as to prevent it from administering appropriate relief, would dismiss the bill. Brinkerhoff v. Brown, 6 Johns. Ch. 139. Such embarrassment, however, will not exist in this case.
The further objection that this is a creditor’s bill, and therefore ought to have been exhibited for the benefit of all the creditors of Dr. Annin, and not for the benefit of the complainants alone, may be briefly disposed of. It is completely established, that so far as respects property on which no creditor has obtained a lien by his judgment or execution at law, a creditor whose remedy at law has been exhausted, may file a bill in this court for his own benefit, and -without making other creditors, standing in the same situation, parties.
The remaining objection is based on the alleged incongruousness and inaptness of the special prayers for relief. It is enough to say on this point, that if the special prayers were such that no relief could be granted under them, the court, under the prayer for general relief, may grant any appropriate relief consistent with the case made by the bill.
The conveyances by which the transfer to Mrs. Annin was made, were voluntary. It is indeed alleged in the answer, that part of the consideration was expenditures of her own money in paying principal and interest on the mortgages on the properties, and in repairing and improving the buildings [189]*189thereon, and her expenditures of her own money in the support of the family, but for aught that appears the expenditures referred to were voluntarily made, and not upon any agreement whatever as to reimbursement or security. She does .not even claim that the money was loaned to her husband. How much it was is not stated, nor are we informed, except in the most general way, in what it was expended.
In the answer, they say that she received from her father’s estate about $10,000, a considerable part of which she expended in paying principal and interest on the mortgages on the properties, and in repairing and improving the buildings thereon. She was not sworn as a witness in the cause. Her husband was. On this point, he testified that his wife had an income of her own, from her separate property from her father’s estate, and that she expended “ some of her money upon the property before it was transferred to her; that he did not know the amount; and that she paid it by paying taxes, interest on mortgages, and reducing mortgages.” The presumption is, that whatever she thus paid was, as was her contribution to the support of the family, a voluntary contribution, a gift to her husband.
It is to be observed, that it is not even claimed that these moneys were paid through any necessity for saving or keeping up the property, which otherwise must have been lost, or have suffered injury or depreciation; for the allegation of the defendants is that, at the time of the transfer, the husband was not only not in any pecuniary strait, but, on the other hand, they claim that he was not only able to pay all his debts, but was worth, over and above all his liabilities, at least $8000, besides his real estate, and that, except current grocery and meat bills, which were promptly paid, he owed no debts, except those of the complainants.
It is not pretended that the conveyance to his wife was intended to secure her for advances made out of her separate estate. On the other hand, the defendants allege that Hr. Annin’s purpose in making the conveyance, was to vest the title to the property in his wife for her own maintenance and [190]*190support, and the maintenance and support of the family, and because he had a perfect right to do so, as he was possessed of other property, more than sufficient to pay all his debts. She further says, in the answer, that, at the time of the conveyance, she supposed that he was entirely free from debt, and that, at that time, and for seven years afterwards, her husband neither had, nor apprehended any financial difficulties.
On the hearing, the effort to sustain the conveyance was made on the ground that the husband had a right to make a voluntary conveyance of the property to his wife, because, although he was not, in fact, free from debt, he, nevertheless, reserved to himself sufficient property to answer all his liabilities.
But, is it true that he retained property enough to pay his debts? In his testimony, he states that, at the time of the conveyance, he had a good practice, horses, carriages, sleighs, and everything to carry on a good business, with a large stock of medicines; that he had one, and sometimes two horses, and always two carriages, and that he had household property, also. He states that the whole value of all his personal property — household goods, horses, and everything that he had in 1861 and 1862, amounted to $3000 or $4000. He makes a statement of his whole gross income from his business, for each year, from 1861 to 1869, both inclusive, and sums it up at $52,257.12, the loss on which, in collection, was, he says, twenty-five per cent. It averages $4558.82 a year. He says it cost him to live, during that period, including the expenses of his business, $6000 a year. In no year, during that period, did his income, therefore, equal his expenses. He says there was, at the time of the conveyance to his wife, standing on his books, due to him, about $10,000, of which about seventy-five per cent, was collected; and that the amount on his books which he considered collectible, together with his personal property, made him worth about $11,000 or $12,000, and that his indebtedness, at that time, did not exceed $2500 or $3000. It appears, then, that, at the time of the conveyance to his wife, he had, [191]*191besides his real estate, only his book debts and furniture, &c., which latter he estimated as then worth $3000 or $4000. From that time, till he ceased business, his expenses exceeded his income by about $1500 a year. Although, he says, there must, at this time, be still standing on his books, a little over $11,000, in his answer, he says these debts, and the notes he holds, are of no value, and that he has no property except his wearing apparel.
From this exhibit of his affairs, it is difficult to see how he can he said to have reserved sufficient means to pay his-debts, when he transferred to his wife all his real estate. His-income was not equal to his expenses. His household furniture, horses, &c., were depreciating by use.
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The Chancellor.
The complainants sue as administrators, upon a claim held by them as such, and one of them sues, also, in respect of a claim due to him in his own right.
[188]*188On the hearing, it was objected that the bill is multifarious, because it unites different causes of action in favor of different persons, viz., the claim in favor of the administrators, and that in favor of Joseph W. Annin in his own right; and therefore it was insisted it should be dismissed. This objection, if it were valid at all (on this point see Story’s Eq. Pl., § 286, and cases cited in note,) cannot avail the defendants now. They should have taken advantage of it by plea, demurrer, or answer, expressly for that purpose. By answering the matter of the bill they have waived the objection, and cannot now have any advantage from it. Veghte v. Raritan Water Power Co., 4. C. E. Green 144; Green v. Richards, 8 C. E. Green 32. The court, if it found itself embarrassed by misjoinder or multifariousness to such an extent as to prevent it from administering appropriate relief, would dismiss the bill. Brinkerhoff v. Brown, 6 Johns. Ch. 139. Such embarrassment, however, will not exist in this case.
The further objection that this is a creditor’s bill, and therefore ought to have been exhibited for the benefit of all the creditors of Dr. Annin, and not for the benefit of the complainants alone, may be briefly disposed of. It is completely established, that so far as respects property on which no creditor has obtained a lien by his judgment or execution at law, a creditor whose remedy at law has been exhausted, may file a bill in this court for his own benefit, and -without making other creditors, standing in the same situation, parties.
The remaining objection is based on the alleged incongruousness and inaptness of the special prayers for relief. It is enough to say on this point, that if the special prayers were such that no relief could be granted under them, the court, under the prayer for general relief, may grant any appropriate relief consistent with the case made by the bill.
The conveyances by which the transfer to Mrs. Annin was made, were voluntary. It is indeed alleged in the answer, that part of the consideration was expenditures of her own money in paying principal and interest on the mortgages on the properties, and in repairing and improving the buildings [189]*189thereon, and her expenditures of her own money in the support of the family, but for aught that appears the expenditures referred to were voluntarily made, and not upon any agreement whatever as to reimbursement or security. She does .not even claim that the money was loaned to her husband. How much it was is not stated, nor are we informed, except in the most general way, in what it was expended.
In the answer, they say that she received from her father’s estate about $10,000, a considerable part of which she expended in paying principal and interest on the mortgages on the properties, and in repairing and improving the buildings thereon. She was not sworn as a witness in the cause. Her husband was. On this point, he testified that his wife had an income of her own, from her separate property from her father’s estate, and that she expended “ some of her money upon the property before it was transferred to her; that he did not know the amount; and that she paid it by paying taxes, interest on mortgages, and reducing mortgages.” The presumption is, that whatever she thus paid was, as was her contribution to the support of the family, a voluntary contribution, a gift to her husband.
It is to be observed, that it is not even claimed that these moneys were paid through any necessity for saving or keeping up the property, which otherwise must have been lost, or have suffered injury or depreciation; for the allegation of the defendants is that, at the time of the transfer, the husband was not only not in any pecuniary strait, but, on the other hand, they claim that he was not only able to pay all his debts, but was worth, over and above all his liabilities, at least $8000, besides his real estate, and that, except current grocery and meat bills, which were promptly paid, he owed no debts, except those of the complainants.
It is not pretended that the conveyance to his wife was intended to secure her for advances made out of her separate estate. On the other hand, the defendants allege that Hr. Annin’s purpose in making the conveyance, was to vest the title to the property in his wife for her own maintenance and [190]*190support, and the maintenance and support of the family, and because he had a perfect right to do so, as he was possessed of other property, more than sufficient to pay all his debts. She further says, in the answer, that, at the time of the conveyance, she supposed that he was entirely free from debt, and that, at that time, and for seven years afterwards, her husband neither had, nor apprehended any financial difficulties.
On the hearing, the effort to sustain the conveyance was made on the ground that the husband had a right to make a voluntary conveyance of the property to his wife, because, although he was not, in fact, free from debt, he, nevertheless, reserved to himself sufficient property to answer all his liabilities.
But, is it true that he retained property enough to pay his debts? In his testimony, he states that, at the time of the conveyance, he had a good practice, horses, carriages, sleighs, and everything to carry on a good business, with a large stock of medicines; that he had one, and sometimes two horses, and always two carriages, and that he had household property, also. He states that the whole value of all his personal property — household goods, horses, and everything that he had in 1861 and 1862, amounted to $3000 or $4000. He makes a statement of his whole gross income from his business, for each year, from 1861 to 1869, both inclusive, and sums it up at $52,257.12, the loss on which, in collection, was, he says, twenty-five per cent. It averages $4558.82 a year. He says it cost him to live, during that period, including the expenses of his business, $6000 a year. In no year, during that period, did his income, therefore, equal his expenses. He says there was, at the time of the conveyance to his wife, standing on his books, due to him, about $10,000, of which about seventy-five per cent, was collected; and that the amount on his books which he considered collectible, together with his personal property, made him worth about $11,000 or $12,000, and that his indebtedness, at that time, did not exceed $2500 or $3000. It appears, then, that, at the time of the conveyance to his wife, he had, [191]*191besides his real estate, only his book debts and furniture, &c., which latter he estimated as then worth $3000 or $4000. From that time, till he ceased business, his expenses exceeded his income by about $1500 a year. Although, he says, there must, at this time, be still standing on his books, a little over $11,000, in his answer, he says these debts, and the notes he holds, are of no value, and that he has no property except his wearing apparel.
From this exhibit of his affairs, it is difficult to see how he can he said to have reserved sufficient means to pay his-debts, when he transferred to his wife all his real estate. His-income was not equal to his expenses. His household furniture, horses, &c., were depreciating by use. The rest of his property was book debts, the character of which is exhibited by the fact that, when he ceased business, they amounted to-about the same as they were when he conveyed away his real estate, and that they are worthless.
The greater part of the property transferred to his wife,, has since been sold. The Market street property brought $50,000, and half of the Camp street property brought $4500. If the other half is worth, as he says, from $6500-to $7000, the property, at its present valuation, would be worth about $63,000. Giving credit for the rise in value since then, according to his opinion, it was, at the time of the-conveyance to his wife, worth about $31,500.
The defendants’ counsel has cited numerous cases in support of his proposition, that, provided Dr. Annin was solvent at the time of this voluntary conveyance, he had a right to make it, and it is good, and will be sustained even against creditors, whose debts then existed. The cases in which it has been so held, are cases which have arisen under a modification of the doctrine adopted by this court on the subject, and are cases where the bona fides of the transaction was not doubtful, and where ample provision was made, or remained for the payment of all the existing debts of the grantor.
But, tried by the rules governing those cases, this conveyance cannot prevail against the complainants. Here was no [192]*192ample provision, by reservation of property, or otherwise, for the payment of the grantor’s existing debts. He transferred to his wife all his real property, reserving only his book debts and perishable goods; the latter, according to his statement, of the value of $3000 or $4000, at that time. Such a provision would not be sufficient to induce the court to sustain the voluntary conveyance, even if the transaction were sustainable in every other respect.
In French v. French, 6 DeG. M. & G. 100, the court said, speaking on the subject of such conveyances: “A person may, although indebted at the time, withdraw some portion of his property, provided there remains enough for the satisfaction of his creditors; but it is an act which prima facie must be made out. It would be absurd to suppose, that a person worth £10,000, and settling £1000, such settlement could be impeached; but, if having £10,000, and, owing that amount, he settles £5000, it would be clearly a fraud; and that state of things is not altered by the debtor having a reversionary interest, which, of course, is equally susceptible of value; nor is the transaction affected by the circumstance of his having property abroad, or debts due him. If the effect is to withdraw any portion of the property, so that there docs not remain sufficient to enable creditors to pay themselves, that is within the statute.” In Bullett v. Worthington, 3 Md. Ch. 99, and in Warner v. Dove, 33 Md. 579, it was held that, if a party possessed of real estate, and also of other assets, consisting of choses in action, gives away the former, and leaves his creditors to resort to the latter, where their remedy may be precarious and difficult, and the property, at all events, less readily and conveniently accessible, the conveyance, of necessity, operates to hinder and delay creditors in the collection of their debts. And in Thompson v. Webster, 7 Jur. N. S. 531, it was said, by Lord Cranworth, that, when the property is not conveniently accessible to creditors, the conveyance is liable to be set aside, although the owner, at the time of the gift, is not only not insolvent, but may have enough property left, in some form or another, [193]*193to satisfy all his debts. See, also, Parrish v. Murphree, 13 Howard 97.
It is true, it is said in the present case, that the complainants might, at any time between the date of the transfer and the year 1869, have had their money for the asking, and it is argued that, inasmuch as they did not see fit to demand or ask for their money until after the debtor became embarrassed in his circumstances, and unable to pay, they must submit to the loss of their money. But, Joseph W. Annin swears that, though he called at the defendants’ house once in every three or four months, he never knew, nor heard anything said about the conveyance, until he received the letter from Mrs. Annin, dated December 2d, 1871, mentioning the tact. In the meantime, however, the interest was paid on the complainants’ claims, and on one of them a payment of $100 on the principal.
If Dr. Annin was, as he insists, abundantly able to pay all his debts, after conveying away all his real estate, why did he not pay the complainants ? Why carry these debts through so many years, on interest ? The omission of the complainants to press for payment of their claims, and their delay in pursuing their remedy is urged against them; but there is no ground for holding that the pursuit of the property of their debtor, by these proceedings, ought to be stayed, impeded, or affected by the imputation of negligence. They do not appear to have delayed taking proceedings, after they were apprised of the conveyances complained of.
The answer alleges, as ground of estoppel, that Mrs. Annin has, in good faith, spent large sums of her own money in paying off mortgages on the properties, and in improving them, and has sold the greater part of those properties. In my judgment, Mrs. Annin is not in a position to invoke the aid of the doctrine of estoppel against these complainants. In the first place, it does not appear that either she or her husband, notwithstanding the intimate relations of the parties, ever, until her letter of December, 1871, informed the complainants of the transfer, and it does appear that the [194]*194complainants did not know of it till that time. In the next place, admitting that they are chargeable with notice from the record of the deeds, her general allegations on the subject of her expenditures of her own money, could not be satisfactory on this head, without some knowledge as to what, on the other hand, she had received from the property. She may have expended her own money on the property, and may have received from the property more than she spent.
Mere delay in prosecuting his claim for his debt against the voluntary grantee, is no ground of equitable estoppel against the creditor, whose debt existed at the time of making the voluntary conveyance, in seeking to reach the property in the hands of such grantee.
But the doctrine of this court on the subject of voluntary conveyances, with regard to antecedent creditors, is decisive in favor of the complainants’ claim. If the party is indebted at the time of the voluntary settlement, it is presumed to be fraudulent in respect to such debts, and no circumstance will permit those debts to be affected by the settlement, or repel the legal presumption of fraud. Cook v. Johnson, 1 Beas. 52; Beeckman v. Montgomery, 1 McCarter 111; Belford v. Crane, 1 C. E. Green 271. See, also, in this connection, Spirett v. Willows, 3 D. J. & S. 293, 302; Jenkyn v. Vaughan, 3 Drew. 419; Townsend v. Westacott, 2 Beav. 340; Freeman v. Pope, L. R. 9 Eq. 206.
The conveyance, in this case, appears to me, for the reasons heretofore given, to have been wholly voluntary. It was a voluntary gift by the husband for the benefit of himself and his family. It has no claim to be regarded as a post nuptial settlement. Reade v. Livingston, 3 Johns. Ch. 493; Belford v. Crane, supra.
From the time of making the transfer, the husband has been in the enjoyment of the property, or the proceeds of it. He says his family is supported on the interest of the $35,-000 mortgage. He speaks of the part of the Camp street property, which is unsold, as his own at this time. He says: " The house I still own, in Camp street, and suppose it is [195]*195worth from §6500 to §7000, and is not mortgaged. I think the title to the Camp street property is now in Staats O. Mead.” Notwithstanding the sheriff’s sale to Mead, he still claims to own the property. I cannot perceive on what principle of ethics a man ought to be permitted, by merely shifting the legal title of his property from himself to his wife, to enjoy it, in defiance of the just demands of those creditors whose undoubted right it was to look to it for the payment of their existing debts.
It is not necessary to impute to the conduct of the defendants in this case any moral turpitude. It has been said that the law stamps a man’s generosity with the name of fraud, when it prevents him from acting fairly towards his creditors, and presumes fraud if he disables himself from paying his debts. The principle is, that persons must be just before they are generous, and that debts must be paid before gifts are made. Partridge v. Gopp, 1 Eden 163.
The complainants are entitled to be paid out of the property transferred to the wife, or the proceeds of it. The sale by the sheriff to Staats O. Mead, of the Camp street house and lot, passed no title, and is no obstacle to the relief to which the complainants are entitled, Belford v. Crane, supra.