Given, J.
i 'Negligence: evidence. I. Appellant’s first contention is that the court erred in submitting as an element of negligence speed of the train, because not charged jn the petition, nor included in the statement of the issues made by the court, and because there-was no evidence upon which to submit the question. The allegation in the petition is that “the defendant carelessly and negligently caused the rear end of a freight train, propelled by an engine, to approach a street crossing from the east, and then and there to pass rapidly over the south one of the tracks of defendant.” In stating the issues, the court followed substantially the language of the petition. The exigencies of the service require that trains of cars be frequently [269]*269propelled backwards. To say that a train of cars has been so propelled does not charge negligence. Whether to so move a train is negligence mnst depend upon the circumstances. Omit what is stated as to the speed of the train, and you have no circumstance charging negligence. It would not be negligence for the defendant to cause the rear end of a freight train, propelled by an engine, to approach a street crossing. It is the fact of so approaching it, and passing “rapidly over,” that constitutes the negligence charged in this part of the petition. Such being the construction, we hold that the court properly stated the issue.
There were two classes of evidence relating to the speed of the train, — the opinion of the witnesses as to its speed, and evidence as to the time it started, the distance it traveled, and force with which it struck the wagon and horses, and the distance it moved after striking them. Under the state of the pleadings and proofs, it was the duty of the court to submit this question to the jury.
2._. rail. erossfngfflal-mau' II. The appellant complains of the refusal of the court to give an instruction eliminating from the case the claim of negligence, based upon the absence of a flagman, for the same reasons as urged for withholding from the jury any inquiry as to the speed of the train. It is charged in the petition that the defendant neglected to have a watchman at the street crossing to give warning of the approach of said train. Here again the court followed the language of the petition in stating the issue. It appears without controversy that this accident occurred on the morning of December 26, 1887, a few minutes after six o’ clock; that it was a dark, foggy morning; that no watchman or flagman was then on duty at the crossing ; that defendant’s flagman did not come on duty at that crossing until seven o’clock in the morning ; that-there was considerable travel over the crossing as early as six o’clock; and that several trains went out from defendant’s depot, near by, over said crossing about six o’clock each morning. The plaintiff states that he knew [270]*270títere was no watchman there at that hour, and appellant’s contention is that, as he knew there was no watchman there, and did not depend upon one, but looked for himself, and, by so looking, he could see all that the watchman would. have seen, the presence of a watchman would have been no protection; and hence his absence was not the cause of the injury. The protection afforded by the presence of a vigilant watchman at a traveled street crossing is quite different from that afforded by a caution board. The caution board says to the traveler, “Here is a railway track, and you ■should look out for trains that may move upon it,” while the flagman looks for the coming train, and warns the traveler of its approach. The traveler knowing of the presence of a railway may have his view obstructed as he approaches it, but the watchman may go out upon the track, where he can command the most extended view. This case affords an illustration. The testimony shows that there were several tracks along Yine street, running east and west, over which the plaintiff was crossing to the south ; that the train was being propelled on the south track ; and that there was one or more cars east of the crossing, on one of the northerly tracks, that may have obstructed plaintiff’s view of the train, while it would have been in full view of a watchman standing in the middle of the street. ■ It is alleged that no signals were given of the approach of the train by displaying lights, or sounding the bell; hence it is urged that a watchman would not have been aware of its approach any more than the plaintiff was ; therefore, the absence of a watchman was not the proximate cause of injury. There is testimony tending to show that this train was passing in accordance with the common custom,— in other words that it was regularly moved in that direction each morning; and, therefore, its approach at that hour would have been, or should have been, known to a watchman. We think there was no error in refusing the defendant’s Instruction eliminating from the case the claim of negligence, based upon the absence of a watchman.
[271]*271III. Appellant contends that it was error to leave-it to the jury to determine whether, under the circumstances, it was negligence not to have a flagman at the crossing. It is not negligence-per se for a railway company to omit to keep a flagman at every street or highway crossing, at any given hour of the day or night. Whether such omission is negligence depends upon the circumstances, — such as the-frequency with which trains are passing, the amount of travel, the opportunities, or want of opportunities, for travelers observing the approach of trains, and the-like. It is clearly a question of fact as to whether the defendant was negligent in not having a flagman at this-crossing at the time of this accident, and that question, was properly submitted to the jury.
4 _._. —: signals, IV. The appellant makes the further contention,, that the court erred in subrhitting to the jury the issue-of signals and lights, because there was no-evidence upon which to submit it. A number of witnesses testified that lights were displayed and the bell rung, while the plaintiff testifies that he did not hear the bell. It is contended that this statement-does not create a conflict with the evidence of defendant’s witnesses that the bell was rang and lights displayed. It is true that for plaintiff to say that he did not hear a bell, or see a light, does not create a conflict-with one who says he did; but, if it appears that the plaintiff was in position to hear the bell if rung, and see the lights if displayed, and that he was listening and looking for that purpose, then there is a conflict.. There was testimony tending to show that even though lights were displayed, as testified to by the defendant’s-' witnesses, yet that there were intervening, obstacles that would have prevented the plaintiff from seeing them from his position in crossing the track. Under the-state of the testimony, there was no error in submitting this issue to the jury. .
[272]*272g_ _: instruo-ti°ns. [271]*271V. The defendant asked an instruction as follows r “In the consideration of the evidence of equally credible-[272]*272witnesses, affirmative testimony, as tliat a bell was rung, is entitled to more weight than negative testimony, as that a bell or whistle was not heard.” Appellant complains of the refusal to give this instruction.
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Given, J.
i 'Negligence: evidence. I. Appellant’s first contention is that the court erred in submitting as an element of negligence speed of the train, because not charged jn the petition, nor included in the statement of the issues made by the court, and because there-was no evidence upon which to submit the question. The allegation in the petition is that “the defendant carelessly and negligently caused the rear end of a freight train, propelled by an engine, to approach a street crossing from the east, and then and there to pass rapidly over the south one of the tracks of defendant.” In stating the issues, the court followed substantially the language of the petition. The exigencies of the service require that trains of cars be frequently [269]*269propelled backwards. To say that a train of cars has been so propelled does not charge negligence. Whether to so move a train is negligence mnst depend upon the circumstances. Omit what is stated as to the speed of the train, and you have no circumstance charging negligence. It would not be negligence for the defendant to cause the rear end of a freight train, propelled by an engine, to approach a street crossing. It is the fact of so approaching it, and passing “rapidly over,” that constitutes the negligence charged in this part of the petition. Such being the construction, we hold that the court properly stated the issue.
There were two classes of evidence relating to the speed of the train, — the opinion of the witnesses as to its speed, and evidence as to the time it started, the distance it traveled, and force with which it struck the wagon and horses, and the distance it moved after striking them. Under the state of the pleadings and proofs, it was the duty of the court to submit this question to the jury.
2._. rail. erossfngfflal-mau' II. The appellant complains of the refusal of the court to give an instruction eliminating from the case the claim of negligence, based upon the absence of a flagman, for the same reasons as urged for withholding from the jury any inquiry as to the speed of the train. It is charged in the petition that the defendant neglected to have a watchman at the street crossing to give warning of the approach of said train. Here again the court followed the language of the petition in stating the issue. It appears without controversy that this accident occurred on the morning of December 26, 1887, a few minutes after six o’ clock; that it was a dark, foggy morning; that no watchman or flagman was then on duty at the crossing ; that defendant’s flagman did not come on duty at that crossing until seven o’clock in the morning ; that-there was considerable travel over the crossing as early as six o’clock; and that several trains went out from defendant’s depot, near by, over said crossing about six o’clock each morning. The plaintiff states that he knew [270]*270títere was no watchman there at that hour, and appellant’s contention is that, as he knew there was no watchman there, and did not depend upon one, but looked for himself, and, by so looking, he could see all that the watchman would. have seen, the presence of a watchman would have been no protection; and hence his absence was not the cause of the injury. The protection afforded by the presence of a vigilant watchman at a traveled street crossing is quite different from that afforded by a caution board. The caution board says to the traveler, “Here is a railway track, and you ■should look out for trains that may move upon it,” while the flagman looks for the coming train, and warns the traveler of its approach. The traveler knowing of the presence of a railway may have his view obstructed as he approaches it, but the watchman may go out upon the track, where he can command the most extended view. This case affords an illustration. The testimony shows that there were several tracks along Yine street, running east and west, over which the plaintiff was crossing to the south ; that the train was being propelled on the south track ; and that there was one or more cars east of the crossing, on one of the northerly tracks, that may have obstructed plaintiff’s view of the train, while it would have been in full view of a watchman standing in the middle of the street. ■ It is alleged that no signals were given of the approach of the train by displaying lights, or sounding the bell; hence it is urged that a watchman would not have been aware of its approach any more than the plaintiff was ; therefore, the absence of a watchman was not the proximate cause of injury. There is testimony tending to show that this train was passing in accordance with the common custom,— in other words that it was regularly moved in that direction each morning; and, therefore, its approach at that hour would have been, or should have been, known to a watchman. We think there was no error in refusing the defendant’s Instruction eliminating from the case the claim of negligence, based upon the absence of a watchman.
[271]*271III. Appellant contends that it was error to leave-it to the jury to determine whether, under the circumstances, it was negligence not to have a flagman at the crossing. It is not negligence-per se for a railway company to omit to keep a flagman at every street or highway crossing, at any given hour of the day or night. Whether such omission is negligence depends upon the circumstances, — such as the-frequency with which trains are passing, the amount of travel, the opportunities, or want of opportunities, for travelers observing the approach of trains, and the-like. It is clearly a question of fact as to whether the defendant was negligent in not having a flagman at this-crossing at the time of this accident, and that question, was properly submitted to the jury.
4 _._. —: signals, IV. The appellant makes the further contention,, that the court erred in subrhitting to the jury the issue-of signals and lights, because there was no-evidence upon which to submit it. A number of witnesses testified that lights were displayed and the bell rung, while the plaintiff testifies that he did not hear the bell. It is contended that this statement-does not create a conflict with the evidence of defendant’s witnesses that the bell was rang and lights displayed. It is true that for plaintiff to say that he did not hear a bell, or see a light, does not create a conflict-with one who says he did; but, if it appears that the plaintiff was in position to hear the bell if rung, and see the lights if displayed, and that he was listening and looking for that purpose, then there is a conflict.. There was testimony tending to show that even though lights were displayed, as testified to by the defendant’s-' witnesses, yet that there were intervening, obstacles that would have prevented the plaintiff from seeing them from his position in crossing the track. Under the-state of the testimony, there was no error in submitting this issue to the jury. .
[272]*272g_ _: instruo-ti°ns. [271]*271V. The defendant asked an instruction as follows r “In the consideration of the evidence of equally credible-[272]*272witnesses, affirmative testimony, as tliat a bell was rung, is entitled to more weight than negative testimony, as that a bell or whistle was not heard.” Appellant complains of the refusal to give this instruction. That it clearly states the law cannot be questioned, and would be applicable where the negative testimony was simply as stated, — that is, that a bell or whistle was not heard, — but not applicable where they were listened for within hearing distance, and not heard. The attention of the jury was sufficiently directed to this matter in the third paragraph of the charge, as to hbw they were to weigh the testimony, and especially in the direction that they were to consider the witness’ means of knowledge concerning the facts about which he testified.
6_. damages YI. The only remaining error assigned and urged in argument is, that the court erred in submitting to ^le jury, as an element of damage, the claim for medical expenses, because there was no evidence that plaintiff incurred any such expense on account of the accident. Appellant testified to paying Dr. Priestley five dollars, while Dr. Priestley testified that he did not know whether the items were for services rendered to plaintiff, or to some other members of his family. It was a question under the testimony whether the five dollars paid to Dr. Priestley was on account of plaintiff’s injury or not, and that was a question for the jury.
Our conclusion is that the judgment of the district court should be aeeirmed.