Angelica Evans v. Nancy A. Berryhill

• Court: District Court, C.D. California
• Decided: August 2, 2019
• Docket: 5:18-cv-01025
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

. 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 | ANGELICA E.,! Case No. 5:18-cv-01025-MAA Plaintiff, 13 MEMORANDUM DECISION AND v. ORDER AFFIRMING DECISION OF 1A THE COMMISSIONER 15 | ANDREW M. SAUL,? Commissioner of Social Security, 16 Defendant. 17 18 19 On May 11, 2018, Plaintiff filed a Complaint seeking review of the Social 20 || Security Commissioner’s final decision denying her applications Disability 21 || Insurance Benefits and Supplemental Security Income pursuant to Titles II and XVI 22 || of the Social Security Act. This matter is fully briefed and ready for decision. For 23 || the reasons discussed below, the Commissioner’s final decision is affirmed, and 24 || this action is dismissed with prejudice. 25 |! Plaintiff's name is partially redacted in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 5 :2(c)(2y ) and the recommendation of the Committee on Court 26 Administration and Case Management of the Judicial Conference of the United tates. 2 The Commissioner of Social Security is substituted as the Defendant pursuant to 28 |! Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d).

1 PROCEDURAL HISTORY 2 On September 2, 2014, Plaintiff protectively filed applications for Disability 3 | Insurance Benefits and Supplemental Security Income, alleging disability 4 || beginning on February 15, 2013. (Administrative Record [AR] 227, 373-86.) 5 || Plaintiff alleged disability due to fibromyalgia, depression, and sleep apnea. (AR 6 || 241, 258, 274.) After her applications were denied initially and on reconsideration, 7 || Plaintiff requested a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”). (AR 8 || 227, 335-36.) At a hearing held on April 14, 2017, at which Plaintiff appeared with 9 || counsel, the ALJ heard testimony from Plaintiff and a vocational expert. (AR 10 || 1006-34.) 11 In a decision issued on August 23, 2017, the ALJ denied Plaintiff's 12 || application after making the following findings pursuant to the Commnissioner’s 13 || five-step evaluation. (AR 227-38.) Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful 14 || activity since her alleged disability onset date of February 15, 2013. (AR 230.) 15 || She had severe impairments consisting of fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, and 16 || obesity. Ud.) She did not have an impairment or combination of impairments that 17 || met or medically equaled the requirements of one of the impairments from the 18 || Commissioner’s Listing of Impairments. (AR 232-33.) She had a residual 19 || functional capacity for light work with additional postural, manipulative, and 20 || environmental limitations. (AR 233.) Plaintiff was unable to perform her past 21 |) relevant work as a child monitor, teacher aide, or special education teacher. (AR 22 || 236.) However, she could perform other jobs existing in significant numbers in the 23 || national economy, specifically in the occupations of counter clerk, rental clerk, and 24 || usher. (AR 237.) Accordingly, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff was not disabled 25 || as defined by the Social Security Act. (AR 238.) 26 On April 17, 2018, the Appeals Council denied Plaintiffs request for review. 27 | (AR 6-9.) Thus, the ALJ’s decision became the final decision of the 28 || Commissioner.

1 DISPUTED ISSUE 2 The parties raise the following disputed issue: whether the vocational expert 3 || testimony is reliable enough to constitute substantial evidence based on the record. 4 || (ECF No. 23, Parties’ Joint Stipulation [“Joint Stip.”] at 4.) 5 6 STANDARD OF REVIEW 7 Under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), the Court reviews the Commissioner’s final 8 || decision to determine whether the Commissioner’s findings are supported by 9 || substantial evidence and whether the proper legal standards were applied. See 10 || Treichler v. Commissioner of Social Sec. Admin., 775 F.3d 1090, 1098 (9th Cir. 11 | 2014). Substantial evidence means “more than a mere scintilla” but less than a 12 || preponderance. See Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971); Lingenfelter 13 || v. Astrue, 504 F.3d 1028, 1035 (9th Cir. 2007). Substantial evidence is “such 14 || relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a 15 || conclusion.” Richardson, 402 U.S. at 401. The Court must review the record as a 16 || whole, weighing both the evidence that supports and the evidence that detracts from 17 || the Commissioner’s conclusion. Lingenfelter, 504 F.3d at 1035. Where evidence is 18 || susceptible of more than one rational interpretation, the Commissioner’s 19 || interpretation must be upheld. See Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 630 (9th Cir. 20 || 2007). 21 22 DISCUSSION 23 || A. Legal Standard. 24 At step five of the Commissioner’s five-step sequential evaluation process, 25 || “the burden shifts to the Commissioner to demonstrate that the claimant is not 26 || disabled and can engage in work that exists in significant numbers in the national 27 || economy.” Hill v. Astrue, 698 F.3d 1153, 1161 (9th Cir. 2012); see also 20 C.F.R. 28 || §§ 404.1566(b), 416.966(b). An ALJ’s determination at step five involves

1 || “exploring two issues.” See Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1152 (2019). 2 || First, the ALJ must identify the types of jobs that a person could perform despite 3 || the claimant’s limitations. See id. Second, the ALJ must ascertain that such jobs 4 || exist in significant numbers in the national economy. See id. Both determinations 5 || may require the assistance of a vocational expert (“VE”). See Osenbrock v. Apfel, 6 || 240 F.3d 1157, 1162-63 (9th Cir. 2001) (describing the VE’s role in identifying 7 || suitable occupations); Bayliss v. Barnhart, 427 F.3d 1211, 1218 (9th Cir. 2005) 8 || (describing the VE’s role in providing job numbers). 9 10 | B. Background. 11 The ALJ’s hypothetical question to the VE contemplated an individual with 12 || Plaintiffs age, education, work history, and the following limitations: 13 [The person] is limited to light exertion work except the individual is 14 never able to climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds. May occasionally 15 climb ramps or stairs. Occasionally balance, stoop, kneel, crouch, and 16 crawl. Occasionally handle, finger, and grasp with the bilateral upper 17 extremities. And may have no exposure to unprotected heights and 18 moving mechanical parts. 19 || (AR 1028-29.) 20 The VE responded that such a person could perform jobs existing in 21 || significant numbers in the national economy. (AR 1029.) Specifically, the person 22 || could perform three occupations: (1) counter clerk (Dictionary of Occupational 23 || Titles [DOT] 249.366-010), which has 447,000 jobs in the national economy; 24 |) (2) rental clerk (DOT 295.357-018), which has 400,000 jobs in the national 25 || economy; and (3) usher (DOT 344.677-014), which has 100,000 jobs in the 26 || national economy. (AR 1029.) The ALJ accepted the VE’s testimony to conclude, 27 || at step five, that Plaintiff could perform other work existing in significant numbers 28 || in the national economy and therefore was not disabled. (AR 237.)

1 When Plaintiff sought review by the Appeals Council, she submitted 2 || additional evidence. (AR 11-101, 109-222.) In pertinent part, Plaintiff submitted 3 || vocational materials challenging the reliability of the VE’s testimony about suitable 4 || occupations and job numbers. (AR 111-222.) That evidence consisted of, among 5 || other things, information from the DOT, the Occupational Outlook Handbook 6 || (“COOH”) and the O*Net Online (“O*Net”). (/d.) The Appeals Council denied 7 || Plaintiff's request for review. (AR 6-9.) 8 C. Analysis. 10 Although Plaintiff broadly characterizes her claim as a challenge to the 11 || reliability of the VE’s testimony, Plaintiff raises three distinct arguments, which the 12 || Court considers below in turn. 13 14 1. Job numbers. 15 Plaintiffs first argument is that the VE’s methods for calculating job 16 || numbers in the national economy was unreliable. (Joint Stip. at 6-7.) 17 The Ninth Circuit has “never set out a bright-line rule for what constitutes a 18 || ‘significant number’ of jobs.” Beltran v. Astrue, 700 F.3d 386, 389 (9th Cir. 2012). 19 || However, “work which exists in the national economy can be satisfied by work 20 || which exists in significant numbers either in the region where such individual lives 21 || or in several regions of the country.” Gutierrez v. Commissioner of Social Sec., 22 || 740 F.3d 519, 528 (9th Cir. 2014) (emphasis in original); see also 42 U.S.C. 23 || §§ 423(d)(2)(A), 1382c(a)(3)(B). If either number is significant, the ALJ’s finding 24 || about job numbers must be upheld. See Beltran, 700 F.3d at 390. 25 Here, the VE testified about jobs that existed nationally, or in several regions 26 || of the country: the occupation of counter clerk had 447,000 jobs, the occupation of 27 || rental clerk had 400,000 jobs, and the occupation of usher had 100,000 jobs, for a 28 || total of 947,000 jobs. (AR 1029.) Although the Ninth Circuit does not have a

1 || bright-line rule for what constitutes a significant number of jobs, 947,000 national 2 || jobs easily satisfy any standard. See Gutierrez, 740 F.3d at 528-29 (holding that 3 || 25,000 national jobs constituted a significant number). 4 Plaintiff challenges the VE’s job numbers by citing Seventh Circuit decisions 5 || for the proposition that such job numbers must be the result of an ascertainable and 6 || reliable methodology. (Joint Stip. at 6-7.) But the Seventh Circuit’s standard is not 7 || binding in the Ninth Circuit and, more significantly, has been rejected by the 8 || Supreme Court. See Biestek, 139 S. Ct. at 1153-54 (rejecting the Seventh Circuit’s 9 || categorical rule that a VE must provide supporting data for jobs numbers upon 10 || demand). Indeed, an ALJ may accept a VE’s testimony about job numbers as 11 || substantial evidence even if the VE refuses or fails to provide supporting data for 12 || how the job numbers had been calculated. See id. at 1155-56 (holding that a VE’s 13 |) testimony may be substantial evidence even when unaccompanied by supporting 14 || data or when the VE refuses to produce data); Bayliss, 427 F.3d at 1218 (“A VE’s 15 || recognized expertise provides the necessary foundation for his or her testimony.”). 16 In such circumstances, as here, where the VE is not asked to explain how he 17 || had calculated his job numbers, the question of whether the VE’s testimony rises to 18 || the level of substantial evidence is “case-by-case.” See Biestek, 139 S. Ct. at 1157. 19 || Relevant factors include the VE’s credentials and experience, the cogency of his 20 || testimony, and the existence of conflicting evidence in the rest of the record. See 21 || id. at 1155. A VE’s testimony should not be accepted if, for example, he or she is 22 || insufficiently qualified or gives testimony “that is so feeble, or contradicted, that it 23 || would fail to clear the substantial-evidence bar.” See id. at 1155-56. 24 Based on the relevant factors, the VE’s testimony here was substantial 25 || evidence. The VE had a Ph.D. in industrial/organizational psychology and had 26 || experience in testifying as an expert in Social Security cases since 1987. (AR 480.) 27 || At the hearing, Plaintiff did not object to the VE’s qualifications to testify as an 28 //

1 || expert. (AR 1026.) The VE was cogent and fully responsive to all the questions 2 || posed to him by the ALJ and Plaintiff's attorney. (AR 1026-31.) 3 Moreover, the rest of the record, including the evidence that Plaintiff 4 || submitted for the first time to the Appeals Council (AR 109-222), did not 5 || undermine the VE’s testimony about job numbers. In the first place, Plaintiffs new 6 || evidence relies in part on a vocational source, the O*Net (AR 109-10), that is not 7 | listed in the Commissioner’s regulations as an example of reliable information that 8 || is subject to administrative notice for job information. See 20 C.F.R. 9 || §§ 404.1566(d), 416.966(d). It also is not entirely clear how Plaintiff used that 10 || resource to calculate job numbers. (AR 109-10.) But even assuming that 11 || Plaintiff's new evidence consisted only of information that was widely recognized 12 || as reliable and transparent, such evidence still would establish a significant number 13 }| jobs. Based on Plaintiffs own information, the three occupations identified by 14 |) the VE resulted in, collectively, at least half a million jobs in the nation. (AR 110, 15 || 112.) Although Plaintiffs number is considerably lower than the VE’s number of 16 || 947,000 national jobs, in either case the number easily exceeds the 25,000 national 17 || jobs recognized as significant in Gutierrez, 740 F.3d at 528-29. Thus, even 18 || accepting Plaintiff's job numbers at face value, the VE’s testimony was not “so 19 || feeble, or contradicted” that it failed to clear the substantial-evidence bar. See 20 || Biestek, 139 S. Ct. at 1155-56. 21 In sum, the VE’s testimony was substantial evidence to support the ALJ’s 22 || finding at step five that jobs existed in significant numbers for a person with 23 || Plaintiff's limitations. Thus, this argument does not warrant reversal. 24 25 2. Suitable occupation. 26 Plaintiff's second argument is that one of the occupations that the VE 27 || identified, usher, was unsuitable because her limitation to occasional use of her 28 || hands conflicts with the requirements of that occupation. (Joint Stip. at 8.)

1 || Plaintiffs informational source for this conflict is the O*Net, which states that the 2 || usher occupation sometimes requires more than occasional use of the hands. (/d.) 3 The DOT is the Commissioner’s “primary source of reliable job information” 4 || and creates a rebuttable presumption as to a job classification. Johnson v. Shalala, 5 || 60 F.3d 1428, 1434 n.6, 1435 (9th Cir. 1995); see also Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 6 || F.3d 1035, 1042 (9th Cir. 2008). An ALJ may not rely on a VE’s testimony 7 || regarding the requirements of suitable occupations that the claimant might be able 8 || to perform without first inquiring of the VE whether his testimony conflicts with 9 || the DOT and without obtaining a reasonable explanation for any apparent conflicts. 10 || Massachi v. Astrue, 486 F.3d 1149, 1152-53 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing Social Security 11 || Ruling (“SSR”) 00-4p). An ALJ may rely on VE testimony that contradicts the 12 || DOT only insofar as the record contains persuasive evidence to support the 13 || deviation. Johnson, 60 F.3d at 1435; see also Tommasetti, 533 F.3d at 1042; Light 14 || v. Social Sec. Admin., 119 F.3d 789, 793 (9th Cir. 1997). 15 The ALJ fulfilled his duty of inquiry by ensuring that the VE’s testimony 16 || about suitable occupations was consistent with the DOT. According to the DOT, 17 || the occupation of usher requires occasional handling and fingering (meaning that 18 || the activity exists up to one-third of the time). See DOT 344.677-014 (Usher). 19 || This is consistent with Plaintiffs limitation to occasional handling, fingering, and 20 || grasping with the bilateral upper extremities. (AR 233.) Thus, because no apparent 21 || conflict existed between the VE’s testimony and the DOT as to the occupation of 22 |) usher, the ALJ did not err by failing to explore this issue further. 23 Plaintiffs challenge to the suitability of the usher occupation is based on a 24 || non-DOT vocational source, the O*Net, that does not override the DOT. See 25 || Shaibi v. Berryhill, 883 F.3d 1102, 1109 n.6 (9th Cir. 2017) (as amended Feb. 28, 26 || 2018) (noting that the duty to reconcile conflicting vocational information was 27 || established “only for the DOT and the associated document,” not for other 28 |} vocational sources); see also, e.g., Mendoza v. Berryhill, 2019 WL 1259434, at *6

1 || (B.D. Cal. Mar. 19, 2019) (“No case, regulation or statute suggests that an ALJ 2 || must swa sponte take administrative notice of the OOH or O*Net.”) (collecting 3 || cases). But even assuming for purposes of argument that the O*Net conclusively 4 || demonstrated, contrary to the DOT, that the occupation of usher was unsuitable 5 || here, the VE identified two other occupations, counter clerk and rental clerk, that 6 || Plaintiff does not challenge as unsuitable and that by themselves produce a 7 || significant number of jobs. (AR 237.) Any error by the ALJ in relying on the 8 || usher occupation at step five would have been harmless. See Buckins v. Berryhill, 9 || 706 F. App’x 380, 381 (9th Cir. 2017) (an ALJ’s error in relying on an unsuitable 10 |} occupation would be harmless where the ALJ identifies alternative occupations 11 || yielding a significant number of jobs); Lara v. Astrue, 305 F. App’x 324, 326 (9th 12 || Cir. 2008) (same). Thus, this argument does not warrant reversal. 13 14 3. Substantial gainful activity. 15 Plaintiffs final argument is that the occupation of usher, one of the three 16 || occupations identified by the VE, does not meet the definition of substantial gainful 17 || activity. (Joint Stip. at 8.) 18 The term “disability” means the “inability to engage in any substantial 19 || gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental 20 || impairment.” 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A). “Substantial gainful activity is work done 21 || for pay or profit that involves significant mental or physical activities.” Lewis v. 22 || Apfel, 236 F.3d 503, 515 (9th Cir. 2001) (citations omitted). 23 Plaintiff contends that the occupation of usher does not involve substantial 24 || gainful activity because most usher jobs are part time, requiring less than 2,079.3 25 || hours per year. (Joint Stip. at 8.) This contention is not well-taken because part- 26 |) time work can be substantial gainful activity. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1572(a), 27 || 416.972(a) (“Your work may be substantial even if it is done on a part-time basis or 28 || if you do less, get paid less, or have less responsibility than when you worked

1 || before.”); Katz v. Secretary of Health & Human Services, 972 F.2d 290, 292 (9th 2 || Cir. 1992) (“[T]he fact that Katz worked only part-time is not alone enough to 3 || conclude that she was not engaged in [substantial gainful activity].”); Keyes v. 4 || Sullivan, 894 F.2d 1053, 1056 (9th Cir. 1990) (“A five-hour work day can 5 || constitute substantial activity.”). But even if Plaintiff were correct that the 6 || occupation of usher was not substantial gainful activity, any error by the ALJ in 7 || relying on it would be harmless because the ALJ identified the alternative 8 || occupations of counter clerk and rental clerk as substantial gainful activity and 9 || Plaintiff does not contest those. See Buckins, 706 F. App’x at 381; Lara, 305 F. 10 || App’x at 326. Thus, this argument does not warrant reversal.

12 ORDER 13 It is ordered that Judgment be entered affirming the decision of the 14 || Commissioner of Social Security and dismissing this action with prejudice. 15 16 || DATED: August & , 2019 17 MARIA Iage 19 UNITED TES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 10