NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 21a0138n.06
Case No. 20-3601
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Mar 16, 2021 DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) ANGELES ALICIA FERNANDEZ-GALVAN, ) ) ON PETITION FOR REVIEW Petitioner, ) FROM THE UNITED STATES ) BOARD OF IMMIGRATION v. ) APPEALS ) MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General, ) ) OPINION Respondent. )
BEFORE: McKEAGUE, GRIFFIN, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.
McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. Angeles Alicia Fernandez-Galvan, a 23-year-old native of
Honduras, requests review of a Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) decision denying her
application for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against
Torture (CAT). She seeks asylum and withholding of removal based on a fear of persecution on
account of her membership in the proposed social group of “Honduran children unable to extricate
themselves from their fathers.” Because the BIA’s decision that the proposed social group lacks
particularity is supported by substantial evidence in the record, we DENY her petition for review.
I
Fernandez-Galvan was born in Honduras in 1998. In November 2016, she and her younger
brother fled Honduras because they feared abuse from their violent father. They entered the United
States without inspection on December 8, 2016. On June 9, 2017, Fernandez-Galvan applied for Case No. 20-3601, Fernandez-Galvan v. Garland
asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT based on her membership in the
proposed social group of “Honduran children unable to extricate themselves from their fathers.”
The immigration judge held a hearing regarding her application in January 2018.
Fernandez-Galvan testified that while growing up in Honduras her father would drink heavily and
yell at her, her siblings, and her mother. When Fernandez-Galvan’s mother left Honduras in 2014,
her father became physically violent. In July 2015, her father struck her with a motorcycle helmet.
Fernandez-Galvan did not report this incident to the police because the police “in Honduras [are]
kind of corrupt, and they really don’t help in those kind[s] of cases,” and because her father knew
attorneys and “people with important jobs in the country” who would have been able to help him.
Later, in August 2016, Fernandez-Galvan’s father tried to hit her, but her older brother
intervened and protected her. Later that night, someone sprayed pepper spray on her older
brother’s face. Fernandez-Galvan does not know who did this, but she believes it was her father.
In November 2016, Fernandez-Galvan’s father removed her belongings from the home.
Fernandez-Galvan and her younger brother had nowhere to live, so they decided to leave Honduras
and seek protection in the United States. She testified that she could not live with her grandmother
in Honduras because her father had threatened to burn her grandmother’s house down.
The immigration judge denied Fernandez-Galvan’s application for asylum and withholding
of removal. He found that her proposed social group was not sufficiently particularized because
“[t]he fact that children are subject to control from their parents is a reality of childhood in virtually
a universal fashion;” that the group was amorphous because “people age out of being a child and
become an adult;” and that the group lacked definable boundaries. The immigration judge also
denied her application for protection under the CAT, finding that there was no evidence
2 Case No. 20-3601, Fernandez-Galvan v. Garland
establishing that her father “acts in any ‘official capacity’ in Honduras,” nor that the Honduran
government “approves of or willfully tolerates its government officials engaging in torture.”
The BIA affirmed in a written decision and held that Fernandez-Galvan’s proposed social
group was “impermissibly defined by the harm that she experienced in the past” and that it lacked
immutability and social distinction. This petition follows.
II
This Court has jurisdiction to review final orders of removal issued by the BIA. Umana-
Ramos v. Holder, 724 F.3d 667, 670 (6th Cir. 2013). Here, the BIA issued a separate opinion
affirming the immigration judge’s decision, so we review the BIA decision as the final agency
determination. Hachem v. Holder, 656 F.3d 430, 437 (6th Cir. 2011). We review questions of
law de novo but give “substantial deference” to the BIA’s interpretation of the Immigration and
Nationality Act and any accompanying regulations. Khalili v. Holder, 557 F.3d 429, 435 (6th Cir.
2009). Factual findings are reviewed under the substantial-evidence standard. Id.
A. Asylum
The Immigration and Nationality Act (the Act) allows the Attorney General to grant asylum
to a “refugee.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A). The Act defines a “refugee” as “any person who . . . is
unable or unwilling to return to . . . [his or her] country because of persecution or a well-founded
fear [thereof] on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or
political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42). Fernandez-Galvan bears the burden of proof in
establishing that she meets the definition of a refugee. Bonilla-Morales v. Holder, 607 F.3d 1132,
1136 (6th Cir. 2010).
Fernandez-Galvan seeks asylum based on her membership in the particular social group of
“Honduran children unable to extricate themselves from their fathers.” A “particular social group”
3 Case No. 20-3601, Fernandez-Galvan v. Garland
is defined as a group “composed of individuals who share a ‘common, immutable characteristic.’”
Umana-Ramos, 724 F.3d at 671 (quoting Urbina-Mejia v. Holder, 597 F.3d 360, 365 (6th Cir.
2010)). The shared characteristic “must be one that the members of the group either cannot change,
or should not be required to change because it is fundamental to their individual identities or
consciences.” Juan Antonio v. Barr, 959 F.3d 778, 790 (6th Cir. 2020) (quoting Bi Xia Qu v.
Holder, 618 F.3d 602, 606 (6th Cir. 2010)).
Further, a cognizable social group must be both socially visible and particular. Bonilla-
Morales, 607 F.3d at 1137. Social visibility means that “the shared characteristic of the group
should generally be recognizable by others in the community.” Id. (quoting Al-Ghorbani v.
Holder, 585 F.3d 980, 994 (6th Cir. 2009)). Particularity requires that the group “can accurately
be described in a manner sufficiently distinct that the group would be recognized, in the society in
question, as a discrete class of persons.” Id. (quoting Al-Ghorbani, 585 F.3d at 994).
Fernandez-Galvan’s social group is too diffuse to satisfy the particularity requirement
under the Act.
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 21a0138n.06
Case No. 20-3601
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Mar 16, 2021 DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) ANGELES ALICIA FERNANDEZ-GALVAN, ) ) ON PETITION FOR REVIEW Petitioner, ) FROM THE UNITED STATES ) BOARD OF IMMIGRATION v. ) APPEALS ) MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General, ) ) OPINION Respondent. )
BEFORE: McKEAGUE, GRIFFIN, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.
McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. Angeles Alicia Fernandez-Galvan, a 23-year-old native of
Honduras, requests review of a Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) decision denying her
application for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against
Torture (CAT). She seeks asylum and withholding of removal based on a fear of persecution on
account of her membership in the proposed social group of “Honduran children unable to extricate
themselves from their fathers.” Because the BIA’s decision that the proposed social group lacks
particularity is supported by substantial evidence in the record, we DENY her petition for review.
I
Fernandez-Galvan was born in Honduras in 1998. In November 2016, she and her younger
brother fled Honduras because they feared abuse from their violent father. They entered the United
States without inspection on December 8, 2016. On June 9, 2017, Fernandez-Galvan applied for Case No. 20-3601, Fernandez-Galvan v. Garland
asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT based on her membership in the
proposed social group of “Honduran children unable to extricate themselves from their fathers.”
The immigration judge held a hearing regarding her application in January 2018.
Fernandez-Galvan testified that while growing up in Honduras her father would drink heavily and
yell at her, her siblings, and her mother. When Fernandez-Galvan’s mother left Honduras in 2014,
her father became physically violent. In July 2015, her father struck her with a motorcycle helmet.
Fernandez-Galvan did not report this incident to the police because the police “in Honduras [are]
kind of corrupt, and they really don’t help in those kind[s] of cases,” and because her father knew
attorneys and “people with important jobs in the country” who would have been able to help him.
Later, in August 2016, Fernandez-Galvan’s father tried to hit her, but her older brother
intervened and protected her. Later that night, someone sprayed pepper spray on her older
brother’s face. Fernandez-Galvan does not know who did this, but she believes it was her father.
In November 2016, Fernandez-Galvan’s father removed her belongings from the home.
Fernandez-Galvan and her younger brother had nowhere to live, so they decided to leave Honduras
and seek protection in the United States. She testified that she could not live with her grandmother
in Honduras because her father had threatened to burn her grandmother’s house down.
The immigration judge denied Fernandez-Galvan’s application for asylum and withholding
of removal. He found that her proposed social group was not sufficiently particularized because
“[t]he fact that children are subject to control from their parents is a reality of childhood in virtually
a universal fashion;” that the group was amorphous because “people age out of being a child and
become an adult;” and that the group lacked definable boundaries. The immigration judge also
denied her application for protection under the CAT, finding that there was no evidence
2 Case No. 20-3601, Fernandez-Galvan v. Garland
establishing that her father “acts in any ‘official capacity’ in Honduras,” nor that the Honduran
government “approves of or willfully tolerates its government officials engaging in torture.”
The BIA affirmed in a written decision and held that Fernandez-Galvan’s proposed social
group was “impermissibly defined by the harm that she experienced in the past” and that it lacked
immutability and social distinction. This petition follows.
II
This Court has jurisdiction to review final orders of removal issued by the BIA. Umana-
Ramos v. Holder, 724 F.3d 667, 670 (6th Cir. 2013). Here, the BIA issued a separate opinion
affirming the immigration judge’s decision, so we review the BIA decision as the final agency
determination. Hachem v. Holder, 656 F.3d 430, 437 (6th Cir. 2011). We review questions of
law de novo but give “substantial deference” to the BIA’s interpretation of the Immigration and
Nationality Act and any accompanying regulations. Khalili v. Holder, 557 F.3d 429, 435 (6th Cir.
2009). Factual findings are reviewed under the substantial-evidence standard. Id.
A. Asylum
The Immigration and Nationality Act (the Act) allows the Attorney General to grant asylum
to a “refugee.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A). The Act defines a “refugee” as “any person who . . . is
unable or unwilling to return to . . . [his or her] country because of persecution or a well-founded
fear [thereof] on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or
political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42). Fernandez-Galvan bears the burden of proof in
establishing that she meets the definition of a refugee. Bonilla-Morales v. Holder, 607 F.3d 1132,
1136 (6th Cir. 2010).
Fernandez-Galvan seeks asylum based on her membership in the particular social group of
“Honduran children unable to extricate themselves from their fathers.” A “particular social group”
3 Case No. 20-3601, Fernandez-Galvan v. Garland
is defined as a group “composed of individuals who share a ‘common, immutable characteristic.’”
Umana-Ramos, 724 F.3d at 671 (quoting Urbina-Mejia v. Holder, 597 F.3d 360, 365 (6th Cir.
2010)). The shared characteristic “must be one that the members of the group either cannot change,
or should not be required to change because it is fundamental to their individual identities or
consciences.” Juan Antonio v. Barr, 959 F.3d 778, 790 (6th Cir. 2020) (quoting Bi Xia Qu v.
Holder, 618 F.3d 602, 606 (6th Cir. 2010)).
Further, a cognizable social group must be both socially visible and particular. Bonilla-
Morales, 607 F.3d at 1137. Social visibility means that “the shared characteristic of the group
should generally be recognizable by others in the community.” Id. (quoting Al-Ghorbani v.
Holder, 585 F.3d 980, 994 (6th Cir. 2009)). Particularity requires that the group “can accurately
be described in a manner sufficiently distinct that the group would be recognized, in the society in
question, as a discrete class of persons.” Id. (quoting Al-Ghorbani, 585 F.3d at 994).
Fernandez-Galvan’s social group is too diffuse to satisfy the particularity requirement
under the Act. This Court has consistently rejected “generalized, sweeping [social group]
classifications for purposes of asylum.” Kalaj v. Holder, 319 F. App’x 374, 376 (6th Cir. 2009)
(alteration in original) (quoting Rreshpja v. Gonzales, 420 F.3d 551, 555 (6th Cir. 2005)). And
we recently held that a similar proposed group of “children who are unable to leave their families”
was overbroad and lacked particularity because being subject to a parent’s authority and unable to
leave is “a near-universal reality of childhood.” Orellana v. Sessions, 722 F. App’x 443, 449 (6th
Cir. 2018).
Fernandez-Galvan’s proposed group—“Honduran children unable to extricate themselves
from their fathers”—fails for the same reasons. The group could include almost every Honduran
child, and while particular social groups may include large swaths of the population, the group
4 Case No. 20-3601, Fernandez-Galvan v. Garland
cannot be “amorphous, overbroad, diffuse, or subjective.” Orellana, 722 F. App’x at 449 (quoting
Matter of M-E-V-G-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 227, 239 (BIA 2014)); see also Gomez-Guzman v. Holder,
485 F. App’x 64, 66–67 (6th Cir. 2012) (rejecting the group “Guatemalan children under the age
of fourteen” for a lack of particularity); Umana-Ramos, 724 F.3d at 673–74 (rejecting the group
“young Salvadorans who ha[ve] been threatened because they refused to join the MS gang” as too
broad “because it could include all Salvadoran youth who are not members of the MS gang”
(alteration in original)).
Fernandez-Galvan’s arguments to the contrary are unpersuasive. First, Fernandez-Galvan
argues that her proposed social group shares the immutable characteristic of kinship ties. She
relies on this Court’s decision in Toma v. Gonzales, 179 F. App’x 320, 325 (6th Cir. 2006), in
which we reversed an immigration judge’s finding that the applicant’s family did not constitute a
particular social group. In Toma, the applicant was a member of a “known family in the minority
ethnic group of the Assyrian Party” that had suffered persecution in part because of their
“immutable kinship ties to family members who were politically active in the Iraqi resistance.” Id.
at 324–25. The proposed group in Toma is easily distinguishable from Fernandez-Galvan’s, in
that it relies on relation to a specific family subject to persecution rather than the general parental
relationship shared by all fathers and children. Such a relationship cannot form the basis for a
particular social group without additional narrowing characteristics.
Next, Fernandez-Galvan claims that the BIA did not address whether the harm she suffered
rose to the level of persecution. The BIA did address this, however, and found that while
Fernandez-Galvan “may be subject to suffering or harm in Honduras because of criminal acts in
that country, such harm does not support an asylum claim.” This conclusion is supported by
substantial evidence on the record. A finding of persecution requires more than “mere
5 Case No. 20-3601, Fernandez-Galvan v. Garland
harassment,” Gilaj v. Gonzales, 408 F.3d 275, 285 (6th Cir. 2005) (per curiam), and typically
includes actions such as “detention, arrest, interrogation, prosecution, imprisonment, illegal
searches, confiscation of property, surveillance, beatings, or torture.” Haider v. Holder, 595 F.3d
276, 286–87 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Zacarias v. Gonzales, 232 F. App’x 458, 462 (6th Cir.
2007)). The one incident in which Fernandez-Galvan’s father struck her does not constitute
persecution. See, e.g., Gilaj, 408 F.3d at 284 (“[W]hile even a single beating offends one’s sense
of civilized governmental conduct, a single beating does not compel a finding of persecution.”
(quoting Gjokic v. Ashcroft, 104 F. App’x 501, 505 (6th Cir. 2004))); Lumaj v. Gonzales, 462 F.3d
574, 578 (6th Cir. 2006) (“This one, isolated incident, of limited severity, does not constitute
‘persecution.’”).
Because Fernandez-Galvan has not shown that she suffered past persecution on account of
membership in a particular social group, her asylum claim fails.
B. Withholding of Removal
To qualify for withholding of removal under Section 241(b)(3) of the Act, Fernandez-
Galvan must demonstrate that “it is more likely than not that [she] would be persecuted on account
of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion upon
removal.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(2). This burden is more demanding than what is required for an
asylum claim, Sarr v. Gonzales, 485 F.3d 354, 362 (6th Cir. 2007), and because Fernandez-Galvan
failed to establish eligibility for asylum, she cannot meet the more stringent standard for
withholding of removal either, see Bonilla-Morales, 607 F.3d at 1139.
C. CAT Protection
Under the CAT, removal must be withheld if “it is more likely than not that [the applicant]
would be tortured if removed to the proposed country of removal.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2).
6 Case No. 20-3601, Fernandez-Galvan v. Garland
Torture is defined as “any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is
intentionally inflicted on a person . . . when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation
of, or with the consent or acquiescence of, a public official or other person acting in an official
capacity.” Id. § 1208.18(a)(1).
The BIA did not err in concluding that Fernandez-Galvan failed to demonstrate that it is
more likely than not that a public official would torture her, acquiesce, or be willfully blind to her
torture if she were removed. Fernandez-Galvan fears harm from her father, who is a private actor,
not a government official. And while Fernandez-Galvan testified that the Honduran police “don’t
really help” in domestic-abuse matters, the police’s failure or inability to protect citizens, alone,
does not show acquiescence. See Torres v. Sessions, 728 F. App’x 584, 589 (6th Cir. 2018) (“[T]he
inability of a government to control the alleged perpetrators of torture or successfully eliminate
the torture is not alone conclusive of that government’s acquiescence.”). And a general fear of
crime is “not sufficient to establish eligibility for withholding of removal under the CAT.” Palma-
Campos v. Holder, 606 F. App’x 284, 287 (6th Cir. 2015).
III
For the reasons set forth above, we DENY Fernandez-Galvan’s petition for review.