Opinion issued August 16, 2018.
In The
Court of Appeals For The
First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-17-00134-CR ——————————— ANDY GONZALEZ, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 337th District Court Harris County, Texas Trial Court Case No. 1488367
OPINION
A jury convicted appellant Andy Gonzalez of the felony offense of possession
of a controlled substance, namely, cocaine.1 The trial court assessed appellant’s
1 See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. §§ 481.115(d), 481.102(3)(D) (West Supp. 2017). punishment at ten years’ confinement in the Institutional Division of the Texas
Department of Justice, suspended for ten years’ community supervision, and a fine
of $1,500. In a single issue on appeal, appellant argues that the trial court erred in
denying his motion to suppress evidence because the cocaine was seized without a
warrant and outside the officer’s jurisdiction.
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Background
J. Amstutz, a deputy with Montgomery County Precinct 4 Constable’s Office,
was on patrol when he spotted appellant’s vehicle at 2:30 a.m. in the parking lot of
a body shop that straddles the Harris County/Montgomery County line. The deputy,
whose patrol jurisdiction is limited to Montgomery County, had briefly driven over
into Harris County, and was circling back towards Montgomery County when he
noticed appellant’s vehicle which was occupying two parking spaces and had two
blown tires, some degree of body damage, and its headlights and taillights on. The
vehicle was parked on the Harris County side of the parking lot.
Deputy Amstutz testified that he approached appellant’s vehicle and that his
primary purpose for approaching the parked vehicle “was to check the welfare of
anybody who possibly could have been in it,” but that he also decided to stop and
investigate because there had been several recent burglaries in the area and he
considered appellant’s vehicle to be “suspicious.” The deputy explained that he
2 parked behind appellant’s vehicle and saw appellant seated in the driver’s seat of the
damaged vehicle, unmoving, and slumped over with his head against the window.
The deputy testified that he believed that the car had been involved in a motor vehicle
accident.
After he approached the vehicle on foot, Deputy Amstutz knocked on the
passenger side window and shined his flashlight into the vehicle to wake up
appellant. Deputy Amstutz testified that at this point, he observed a reddish-colored
transparent plastic baggie containing a white substance on the vehicle’s floorboard.
According to Deputy Amstutz, he could see the baggie in plain view by appellant’s
feet when appellant was still seated in the vehicle.
Appellant awoke and attempted to start the vehicle, but the keys were not in
the ignition. Then appellant began turning dials on the radio. The deputy’s body
camera began recording at this point. Deputy Amstutz loudly instructed appellant to
open the car door. He then walked over to the driver’s side and instructed appellant
to step outside the car. Appellant exited the vehicle. After he saw appellant make
“furtive” gestures, Deputy Amstutz identified himself as law enforcement and
handcuffed appellant.
After appellant had exited the vehicle, Deputy Amstutz observed a plastic
baggie containing a white substance in the driver’s seat where appellant had been
3 sitting. The deputy also located another baggie containing a white substance inside
appellant’s wallet when he frisked appellant for weapons.
Although appellant did not have any visible injuries, Deputy Amstutz
requested emergency medical services (EMS) because there was a strong odor of
alcohol on appellant’s person and it appeared that he had been involved in a motor
vehicle accident. Deputy Amstutz also noted that appellant was unable to answer
simple questions after he awoke.
The EMS paramedic who arrived at the scene testified that appellant did not
appear to have any injuries and he did not require urgent care, and that the extent of
the vehicle’s damage appeared to be limited to the tires. The paramedics transported
appellant to a nearby hospital, where he refused to be assessed by medical personnel
and left of his own accord.
Deputy Amstutz returned to the office and tested the substances in the baggies
that he had seized from appellant. The substances, which tested positive for cocaine,
were sent out for further testing. The additional testing confirmed that the baggies
contained 4.63 grams cocaine, including adulterants and dilutants.
Motion to Suppress
Appellant filed a pretrial motion to suppress the evidence of his detention. On
appeal, appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress
4 evidence because the cocaine was seized without a warrant and outside the officer’s
geographic jurisdiction.
A. Standard of Review
We apply a bifurcated review to a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress
evidence; almost complete deference is given to the trial court’s determination of
historical facts and the trial court’s application of search and seizure law is reviewed
de novo. Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24–25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Where, as
here, the trial court does not enter findings of fact, the evidence is viewed in the light
most favorable to the trial court’s ruling and it is assumed that the trial court made
implicit findings of fact in support of its ruling, as long as those findings are
supported by the record. Id. If the ruling is reasonably supported by the record and
is correct under any theory of law applicable to the case, the ruling must be upheld.
State v. Steelman, 93 S.W.3d 102, 107 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
B. Preservation of Error
The State argues that appellant waived his challenge to the trial court’s
admission of the cocaine because appellant did not object until after the jury had
heard substantial testimony regarding the allegedly illegally seized evidence.
To preserve error about the illegal seizure of evidence, a defendant must either
file a motion to suppress and obtain a ruling on the motion or timely object when the
State offers the evidence at trial. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); TEX. R. EVID.
5 103(a)(1); Ross v. State, 678 S.W.2d 491, 493 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984); Ratliff v.
State, 320 S.W.3d 857, 860 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, pet. ref’d).
When a trial court does not rule on a motion to suppress, but carries it with
the trial, the defendant must object each time any evidence subject to the motion is
offered in order to preserve error. Palacios v. State, 319 S.W.3d 68, 72 (Tex. App.—
San Antonio 2010, pet. ref’d). In that case, the motion to suppress must be urged
when the ground for objection becomes apparent or else the error is waived.
Coleman v. State, 113 S.W.3d 496, 500 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003),
aff’d, 145 S.W.3d 649 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). The ground for objection generally
becomes apparent when the item is offered into evidence. Id. However, the
complaining party must object “before substantial testimony is given regarding the
alleged illegally seized item.” See id. (emphasis added) (holding that defendant
waived error in admission of evidence of narcotics seized from his home where he
waited until after officers and crime laboratory chemist had testified extensively
about seized items); see also Marini v. State, 593 S.W.2d 709, 714 (Tex. Crim. App.
1980) (concluding that defendant forfeited claim that trial court should have
suppressed physical evidence of narcotics because defendant had not objected at trial
to officer’s testimony about finding narcotics); Laurant v. State, 926 S.W.2d 782,
783 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, writ ref’d).
6 Noncompliance with this rule is excused when the trial court makes specific
pretrial comments that “essentially [direct the defendant] to wait until all the
evidence [is] presented” before seeking a ruling from the court on the motion to
suppress and has told the defendant that it would “make no ruling until all the
testimony had been presented.” Garza v. State, 126 S.W.3d 79, 84–85 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2004).
Because the trial court ordered the motion to be carried with the trial and did
not direct defense counsel to wait until all the evidence was presented before seeking
a ruling on the motion to suppress, appellant was required to object each time any
evidence subject to the motion was offered in order to preserve error. Palacios, 319
S.W.3d at 72.
In this case, Deputy Amstutz testified extensively, without objection,
regarding the narcotics he seized from appellant’s vehicle and his wallet.
Specifically, Deputy Amstutz testified that he seized two plastic baggies containing
a white substance from appellant’s vehicle, and he found a third baggie inside
appellant’s wallet. He further testified that the substances, which he tested when he
returned to the office, tested positive for narcotics and weighed approximately six
grams. When the State offered photographs of the three baggies with a “white
crystalized substance” that Deputy Amstutz seized, defense counsel stated, “no
objection.”
7 The court recessed after Deputy Amstutz’s direct examination, during which
time defense counsel informed the trial court:
COUNSEL: So during the testimony so far, some photographs were exhibited of controlled substances; and whether they were seized from the defendant—all right. An objection wasn’t made in front of the jury because it’s not for them to consider the Motion to Suppress that the Court, you know, would be ruling on. But I just wanted to make it clear that we’re in no way waiving, you know, our suppression issues here.
THE COURT: It’s noted.
COUNSEL: I’m sorry?
THE COURT: The court reporter is taking it down, what you were just saying. All right?
COUNSEL: And is that—am I making myself clear, Your Honor?
THE COURT: I understood what you said, yes.
COUNSEL: Okay. And so we have the Motion to Suppress on file. Any evidence—anything admitted, you know, as far as still —we still have that motion pending. I just wanted to make sure that the Court is clear on that.
THE COURT: I understand that you have the motion pending.
COUNSEL: The actual controlled substances themselves, however, have not been admitted.
THE COURT: Yes.
COUNSEL: The items seized from the defendant.
8 The forensic scientist who conducted further testing of the seized substances,
later testified, without objection, that her analysis revealed that the baggies contained
cocaine. Defense counsel did not object, based on his motion to suppress, until the
forensic scientist was asked about the aggregate weight of the cocaine. At that point,
appellant obtained a running objection “to all the following testimony pursuant” to
his pending motion. When the State later offered the cocaine into evidence, defense
counsel objected and urged his motion to suppress at that time. After a suppression
hearing was held outside the presence of the jury, the trial court denied appellant’s
motion.
Because appellant did not object and urge his motion to suppress until after
Deputy Amstutz and others had given substantial testimony regarding the alleged
illegally seized items, appellant’s objection and the ruling on his motion to suppress
were untimely. See Ratliff, 320 S.W.3d at 860; see also Coleman, 113 S.W.3d at
500. Therefore, appellant has not preserved this issue for appellate review.
C. Community Caretaking Doctrine
Even if appellant had preserved this issue for our review, the trial court did
not err by admitting the physical evidence because it was seized pursuant to Deputy
Amstutz’s exercise of his community caretaking function.
9 1. Applicable Law
Local police officers frequently engage in “community caretaking functions,”
which are “totally divorced from the detection, investigation, and acquisition of
evidence relating to the violation of a criminal statute.” Cady v. Dombrowski, 413
U.S. 433, 441, 93 S. Ct. 2523, 2528 (1973). “As part of his duty to ‘serve and
protect,’ a police officer may stop and assist an individual whom a reasonable
person—given the totality of the circumstances—would believe is in need of help.”
Wright v. State, 7 S.W.3d 148, 151 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (citations omitted).
However, because the reasonableness of a community caretaking seizure sprouts
from its dissociation from the competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime, “a police
officer may not properly invoke his community caretaking function if he is primarily
motivated by a non–community caretaking purpose.” Corbin v. State, 85 S.W.3d
272, 276–77 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Determining whether an officer may properly
invoke his community caretaking function is thus “a two-step inquiry: (1) whether
the officer was primarily motivated by a community-caretaking purpose; and (2)
whether the officer’s belief that the individual need[ed] help was reasonable.”
Gonzales v. State, 369 S.W.3d 851, 854–55 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).
In analyzing whether an officer reasonably believes that a person needs help,
courts look to four non-exclusive factors: (1) the nature and level of the distress
exhibited by the individual; (2) the individual’s location; (3) whether the individual
10 was alone and/or had access to assistance other than that offered by the officer; and
(4) to what extent the individual, if not assisted, presented a danger to himself or
others. Wright, 7 S.W.3d at 152. These factors are “merely considerations that may
be useful for determining what is reasonable under the totality of the circumstances,
and are not ‘the elements of reasonableness.’” Byram v. State, 510 S.W.3d 918, 923
(Tex. Crim. App. 2017) (quoting Gonzales, 369 S.W.3d at 855).
We defer to the trial court’s implied determination of the facts constituting the
circumstances facing Deputy Amstutz with respect to his encounter with appellant.
See Byram, 510 S.W.3d at 923.
2. Analysis
Whether Deputy Amstutz was primarily motivated by a community
caretaking purpose is a factual question that turns on his credibility. Id. at 922; see
also Gonzales, 369 S.W.3d at 855 (deferring to trial court’s determination of
officer’s primary motivation for community-caretaking stop when it was supported
by record because issue “depends so much on credibility and demeanor”). In this
case, Deputy Amstutz testified that his primary purpose for approaching appellant’s
parked vehicle “was to check the welfare of anybody who possibly could have been
in it. But this area also had a rash of burglaries at that time, so I was checking to
make sure that nobody was burglarizing the business.” The deputy later explained
that he initially decided to stop and investigate because he considered appellant’s
11 vehicle to be “suspicious,” and that the stop “turned into a welfare check, when [he]
physically saw [appellant] in the vehicle.” According to Deputy Amstutz, appellant
was slumped over in the driver’s seat and unresponsive.
Appellant argues that Deputy Amstutz’s testimony that he was exercising his
community caretaking function is contradicted by the body camera video. Any
alleged conflict in the evidence, however, goes to Deputy Amstutz’s credibility and
by denying appellant’s motion to suppress, the trial court implicitly found that
Deputy Amstutz’s testimony was credible. The trial court also implicitly found,
based on his testimony, that Deputy Amstutz’s primary motivation was to assist
appellant. We defer to these implied findings. See Byram, 510 S.W.3d at 922–23
(stating appellate courts defer to trial court’s implied determination of facts when
evaluating whether officer’s exercise of community caretaking function is proper).
We must now determine whether Deputy Amstutz’s belief that appellant
needed help was reasonable. The first, second, and third Wright factors concern the
nature and level of the distress exhibited by the individual, the individual’s location,
and whether the individual was alone or had access to assistance other than that
offered by the officer. Wright, 7 S.W.3d at 152. The first Wright factor, the nature
and level of the distress exhibited by the individual, is entitled to the most weight,
though it is not always dispositive. Byram, 510 S.W.3d at 923 (citing Gonzales, 369
S.W.3d at 855). “A particular level of exhibited distress may be seen as more or less
12 serious” when considered in context with the other factors. Gonzales, 369 S.W.3d at
855 (quoting Corbin, 85 S.W.3d at 277).
In this case, the record reflects that appellant’s vehicle had two blown tires,
some degree of body damage, its headlights and taillights were on, and the vehicle
was erratically parked in front of a closed business at 2:30 a.m. Appellant, who was
alone in the car, was slumped over in the driver’s seat and appeared to be
unconscious. These facts support the conclusion that appellant’s vehicle had been
involved in a motor vehicle accident, and when combined with appellant’s
motionless state and the fact that he was sitting in a car in front of a closed business
in the early morning hours, suggest that he was in distress and needed assistance.
Although the body shop where appellant was parked ran a 24-hour wrecking service,
there is no evidence that anyone who could have assisted appellant was at the body
shop or in the parking lot before Deputy Amstutz arrived at 2:30 in the morning.
These facts also suggest that appellant was not likely to receive assistance without
the deputy’s intervention. Reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
trial court’s ruling, and deferring to the trial court’s implicit findings of fact, we
conclude that the first, second, and third Wright factors—the nature and level of the
distress exhibited by the individual, the individual’s location, and whether the
individual was alone or had access to assistance other than that offered by the
13 officer—weigh in favor of the reasonableness of Deputy Amstutz’s belief that
appellant needed help. See Wright, 7 S.W.3d at 152.
The fourth Wright factor concerns the extent the individual, if not assisted,
presented a danger to himself or others. Wright, 7 S.W.3d at 152. This factor should
be “afforded little weight when it is not applicable to the unique facts of a particular
case.” Byram, 510 S.W.3d at 925 (citing Gonzales, 369 S.W.3d at 856–57). In this
case, appellant was unconscious, or possibly asleep, in a damaged vehicle that had
two blown tires and was parked out of the roadway. He was not actively endangering
himself or others. Therefore, this factor appears to be inapplicable to the facts of this
case and we afford it little weight. See Byram, 510 S.W.3d at 925. We further note
that “[t]he fact that [appellant] was not actively endangering [himself] or others—or
moving at all, for that matter—does not alleviate the distress [he] was exhibiting.”
Id.
Based on the totality of the evidence, we conclude that it was not unreasonable
for Deputy Amstutz to believe that appellant may have been injured in a motor
vehicle accident and needed help.
3. Officer’s Geographic Jurisdiction
Appellant also argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to
suppress because the detention occurred in Harris County, and Deputy Amstutz’s
jurisdiction to exercise his community caretaking function was limited to
14 Montgomery County, and that Deputy Amstutz was not authorized to arrest him
under Code of Criminal Procedure article 14.03 because appellant had not
committed any offense within the deputy’s presence or view prior to that time. See
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 14.03 (West Supp. 2017).
As a deputy with the Montgomery County Precinct 4 Constable’s Office,
Deputy Amstutz’s geographic jurisdiction is limited to Montgomery County. See,
e.g., TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 2.17 (West Supp. 2017) (“Each sheriff shall
be a conservator of the peace in his county. . . .”); Armendariz v. State, 123 S.W.3d
401, 405 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (noting Ector County Deputy Sheriff’s geographic
jurisdiction was Ector County). Article 14.03 of the Code of Criminal Procedure,
however, authorizes peace officers to make warrantless arrests outside their
jurisdiction under limited circumstances. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 14.03.
Article 14.03 provides:
(d) A peace officer who is outside his jurisdiction may arrest, without warrant, a person who commits an offense within the officer’s presence or view, if the offense is a felony, a violation of Chapter 42 or 49, Penal Code, or a breach of the peace.
.......
(g)(1) A peace officer listed in Subdivision (1), (2), or (5), Article 2.12, who is licensed under Chapter 1701, Occupations Code, and is outside of the officer’s jurisdiction may arrest without a warrant a person who commits any offense within the officer’s presence or view, other than a violation of Subtitle C, Title 7, Transportation Code.
15 TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 14.03(d), (g)(1). The term “peace officer” includes
deputy constables. See id. art. 2.12(2) (West Supp. 2017). A peace officer’s authority
under article 14.03(g)(1) to make arrests outside his jurisdiction also extends to
investigative detentions. See State v. Kurtz, 152 S.W.3d 72, 79–80 (Tex. Crim. App.
2004) (holding term “arrest” includes “detention” purposes of Article 14.03(g)(1)).
Investigative detentions and arrests are seizures for purposes of the Fourth
Amendment. See State v. Perez, 85 S.W.3d 817, 819 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
As the State points out, article 14.03(d) and (g)(1) apply to an officer’s
authority to arrest a person outside of his jurisdiction and appellant has not directed
the court to any authority expressly holding that an officer may not conduct a welfare
check outside of his jurisdiction. The plain language of article 14.03 does not
prohibit an officer from exercising his community caretaking function outside of his
jurisdiction. Any such limitation on an officer’s ability to perform a welfare check
outside of his geographic jurisdiction would run counter to the officer’s duty to
protect and serve the public and could lead to absurd results, especially in a case like
this in which the officer spotted someone in need of assistance, who was only steps
outside of the officer’s jurisdiction.
We overrule appellant’s sole issue.
16 Conclusion
Russell Lloyd Justice
Panel consists of Justices Bland, Lloyd, and Caughey. Publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).