1 WO MGD 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 8 9 Devin Andrich, No. CV 20-00422-TUC-RM 10 Plaintiff, 11 v. ORDER 12 Christina Phillis, et al., 13 Defendants.
14 15 Plaintiff Devin Andrich filed a pro se Complaint in Pima County Superior Court, 16 and Defendant Christina Phillis removed the case to this Court. Andrich subsequently filed 17 a First Amended Complaint pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Arizona state law. (Doc. 18 19.) Pending before the Court are Motions to Dismiss filed by Defendants Cedric Martin 19 Hopkins and The Hopkins Law Office (collectively, “Hopkins”) (Doc. 28), Christina 20 Phillis (Doc. 29), and Bobby O’Dell Thrasher and Thrasher Law PLLC (collectively, 21 “Thrasher”) (Doc. 33). Andrich was informed of his rights and obligations to respond 22 (Doc. 34), and he opposes the Motions. (Doc. 38, 39, 40.) 23 I. First Amended Complaint 24 Andrich alleges the following in his First Amended Complaint. Andrich is a former 25 attorney who was indicted by the State of Arizona on February 18, 2014, in Maricopa 26 County Superior Court, State of Arizona v. Andrich, No. CR2014-108114, on suspicion of 27 misappropriation of client funds. (Doc. 19 ¶¶ 20, 24.) A month before the indictment, 28 Andrich retained Defendant Thrasher to represent him. (Id. ¶ 23.) In March and April 1 2014, Andrich and Thrasher had conversations and exchanged text messages during which 2 Thrasher “refused to accept his fiduciary duties to [Andrich] and store and maintain 3 [Andrich’s] copies of client files to assist in Andrich’s defense in State v. Andrich.” (Id. 4 ¶ 30.) Instead, Andrich’s former clients, named Meyers, agreed to store Andrich’s 5 property, including Andrich’s laptop and server containing Andrich’s copies of client files, 6 at Meyers’ residence until Andrich resolved his criminal case and completed any term of 7 incarceration. (Id. ¶¶ 31, 33.) Andrich lived at the Meyers’ residence from April through 8 October 2014, until the Meyers threatened to have the police remove Andrich from their 9 property. (Id. ¶¶ 35-38.) 10 On November 7, 2014, Meyers filed a charge against Andrich with the State Bar of 11 Arizona alleging that Andrich had misappropriated funds from him. (Id. ¶ 45.) Andrich 12 needed his laptop, server and hard copies of client files stored at Meyers’ residence to 13 respond to the charge. (Id. ¶ 47.) Around December 21, 2014, Andrich asked his system 14 administrator, Jay Steitz, to contact Meyers and recover Andrich’s laptop, server and 15 clothing, but Meyers told Steitz he had donated Andrich’s clothing to charity and refused 16 to return Andrich’s laptop. (Id. ¶¶ 48-52.) Meyers did turn over Andrich’s server on 17 January 7, 2015, but when Steitz ran a diagnostic, he “discovered that Meyers had removed 18 the server’s hard drives from the server.” (Id. ¶¶ 55-56.) Around January 31, 2015, the 19 state court issued an Order to Compel, directing Meyers to produce Andrich’s laptop and 20 server hard drives to Andrich and Thrasher. (Id. ¶ 65.) Thrasher “refus[ed] to effectuate 21 personal service” of the state court order and instead opted to e-mail and mail the order to 22 Meyers on February 2, 2015. (Id. ¶ 66.) Around May 12, 2015, Thrasher “refus[ed] to file 23 a Petition for Order to Show Cause against Meyers” and instead e-mailed and mailed 24 Meyers asking him to call Thrasher. (Id. ¶ 67.) Meyers asserted during a deposition taken 25 March 27, 2019, that during a conversation with Thrasher on May 12, 2015, Meyers asked 26 Thrasher what to do with Andrich’s possessions, and Thrasher told Meyers he “wanted 27 nothing of [Andrich’s].” (Id. ¶ 68.) 28 1 On July 8, 2015, the court in State v. Andrich entered deferred acceptance of 2 Andrich’s plea agreement and sentenced Andrich to 3.5 years in prison.1 (Id. ¶ 75.) During 3 the sentencing, the Maricopa County Attorney’s Office (“MCAO”) informed the court and 4 Andrich that Thrasher would be withdrawing from representation of Andrich. (Id. ¶ 77.) 5 The state court said it would maintain jurisdiction of the case until the parties resolved 6 outstanding restitution issues and would appoint counsel to assist Andrich. (Id. ¶¶ 78-79.) 7 Between July 8 and August 5, 2015, Thrasher “refused responding to Plaintiff’s letters 8 inquiring about new counsel, the status of producing PACER and ECR records to the State 9 of Arizona or the upcoming restitution hearing.” (Id. ¶ 82.) On August 5, 2015, Andrich 10 filed a motion to terminate Thrasher, but the state court never issued an order on the motion. 11 (Id. ¶¶ 84, 86.) Andrich has since learned that, without his knowledge or consent, Thrasher 12 and the MCAO informed the court clerk to vacate the September 9, 2015 restitution 13 hearing. (Id. ¶ 91.) Andrich sent a letter to Thrasher on October 2, 2015 instructing 14 Thrasher to preserve all text messages and e-mails that were exchanged between Thrasher 15 and Andrich, the MCAO, the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office, the state bar, and Meyers 16 during Thrasher’s representation of Andrich in State v. Andrich, and Andrich instructed 17 Thrasher to preserve the letter because the Arizona Department of Corrections (“ADC”) 18 would not allow Andrich to make a copy of it.2 (Id. ¶ 94.) 19 On October 5, 2015, Andrich filed a Notice of Post-Conviction Relief (“PCR”) 20 alleging ineffective assistance of counsel. (Id. ¶ 97.) The state court appointed Defendant 21 Hopkins to represent Andrich in the PCR proceedings, and Hopkins represented Andrich 22 pursuant to terms of a contract Hopkins entered into with Defendant Phillis, the Director 23 of the Maricopa County Office of Public Defense Services (“OPDS”). (Id. ¶¶ 7, 98.) In
24 1 As discussed in Section III of this Order, the Court takes judicial notice of certain 25 documents from Andrich’s state court cases, including the plea agreement in State v. Andrich. In the plea agreement and addendum, signed by Andrich, Andrich 26 “SPECIFICALLY AGREES TO THE RESTI[T]UTION IN THE ATTACHED ADDENDUM OF THIS PLEA AGREEMENT,” which totaled nearly $400,000. (Doc. 27 33-2 at 5-9 (emphasis in original).) 28 2 Andrich entered into the custody of the ADC on July 10, 2015 and was released on September 1, 2017. (See Doc. 19 ¶¶ 81, 137.) 1 correspondence with Hopkins, Andrich instructed Hopkins to “work with the State of 2 Arizona to deliver the PACER and ECR records that would assist the State objectively 3 lowering restitution amounts listed on [Andrich’s] Criminal Restitution Order,” and 4 Andrich instructed Hopkins to obtain the text messages that Andrich’s October 2, 2015 5 letter had instructed Defendant Thrasher to preserve. (Id. ¶¶ 100-101.) “On information 6 and belief, Attorney Hopkins acquired Attorney Thrasher’s text messages exchanged with 7 the State and [Andrich] concerning the location of [Andrich’s] files and former clients’ 8 files.” (Id. ¶ 105.) In correspondence, however, Hopkins claimed he only spoke with 9 Thrasher on the telephone about the text messages. (Id. ¶ 106.) On April 11, 2016, in a 10 Notice of Completion, Hopkins “intentionally misrepresented to the State Court that [he] 11 had reviewed all the correspondence from the file and determined that no colorable issue 12 existed.” (Id. ¶ 112.) 13 The state court thereafter permitted Andrich to file a pro se PCR, naming Hopkins 14 as Andrich’s court-appointed advisory counsel, and on April 27, 2016, Hopkins filed a 15 Notice of Compliance, avowing that he had delivered a CD containing all correspondence 16 from Andrich’s case. (Id. ¶¶ 113-115.) When Andrich reviewed the CD, he determined 17 that Hopkins “had frustrated” his attempts to file a PCR “by suppressing” all text messages 18 and notes about Andrich’s case and “suppressing” Andrich’s October 2, 2015 letter to 19 Thrasher directing Thrasher to preserve all emails, text messages, correspondence and 20 notes about Andrich’s case. (Id. ¶¶ 116-118.) 21 Around July 22, 2016, the state court appointed Janelle McEachern as advisory 22 counsel to assist Andrich with his pro se PCR. (Id. ¶ 123.) Around August 3, 2016, 23 Thrasher filed a Notice of Compliance with the state court indicating that after Hopkins 24 asked Thrasher for the text messages, Thrasher deleted the text messages, changed his cell 25 phone provider, and did not know the whereabouts of his old cell phone.3 (Id. ¶ 121.)
26 3 Thrasher’s Amended Notice of Compliance filed on August 3, 2016, states that at 27 the request of Hopkins, Thrasher reviewed the text messages exchanged with the prosecutor on or about December 21, 2015, and sent an email to Hopkins that same day 28 stating that the text messages with the prosecutor “contained no substantive discussions regarding [Andrich’s] matter,” and that this “would be consistent with [Thrasher’s] general 1 Around November 1, 2016, McEachern delivered a letter to Andrich claiming that she did 2 not have Andrich’s state court file. (Id. ¶ 130.) 3 Between January 2017 and March 2018, Andrich made Defendant Phillis aware of 4 a federal lawsuit he had filed in Andrich v. Ryan, CV 17-00047-TUC-RM, and he 5 “encouraged that Phillips provide [Andrich] his entire file, case law and legal supplies 6 necessary for [Andrich] to prepare his [PCR].” (Id. ¶¶ 131-132.) Phillis “ignored or 7 otherwise denied [Andrich’s] requests[.]” (Id. ¶ 133.) In May 2017, Andrich sent Phillis 8 a letter asking for his file, court documents, and a copy of Arizona Civil Trial Practice 9 2017. (Id. ¶ 134.) Phillis responded on May 19, 2017 that OPDS and Phillis would not 10 purchase the book for Andrich or provide case law, court records, or Andrich’s state court 11 file. (Id. ¶ 135.) 12 On December 11, 2017, Andrich filed his PCR without the correspondence and 13 documents necessary to comply with Arizona rules because Hopkins “refused to provide 14 them, and Phillis ratified Attorney Hopkins’ suppression as [Andrich’s] advisory counsel.” 15 (Id. ¶ 139.) On July 20, 2018, the state court dismissed Andrich’s PCR. (Id. ¶ 140.) As 16 of the filing of Andrich’s Complaint, “Phillis, Hopkins and Thrasher refuse to provide 17 [Andrich’s] entire State v. Andrich file to [Andrich].” (Id. ¶ 141.) 18 Andrich currently has a Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus pending in the United 19 States District Court for the District of Arizona, Andrich v. Cimino, No. 20-CV-01649- 20 GMS-PHX (MTM) (D. Ariz.), but he cannot file a thorough and complete Petition because 21 Hopkins and Thrasher refuse to provide Andrich’s entire file in State v. Andrich. (Id. 22 ¶¶ 142-143.) 23 Around October 21, 2020, Thrasher sent Andrich a notice pursuant to Local Rule of 24 Civil Procedure 12.1(c) threatening that if Andrich did not dismiss the claims against him, 25
26 practice not to engage in substantive discussions regarding cases in text messages.” (Doc. 33-4 at 50.) Thrasher asserted that he could not include those text messages exchanged 27 with the prosecutor because he changed his cellular service and no longer had the cell phone used during Andrich’s case. (Id.) Thrasher stated that he did include almost 450 28 emails he had received during his representation of Andrich, even though he does not generally provide emails as part of the file being produced to PCR counsel. (Id.) 1 Thrasher intended to pursue all remedies available under Arizona law including 2 counterclaims for abuse of process as well as breach of contract. (Id. ¶ 149.) 3 Andrich alleges First Amendment claims against Phillis in Counts One, Two, Three, 4 and Four, as well as Fourteenth Amendment claims against Phillis in Counts Three and 5 Five. Andrich alleges First Amendment claims against Hopkins in Counts One, Three, and 6 Four, Fourteenth Amendment claims against Hopkins in Counts Three and Four, and state 7 law claims against Hopkins in Counts Seven (abuse of process) and Nine (aiding and 8 abetting). Andrich alleges state law claims against Thrasher in Counts Six (aiding and 9 abetting), Seven (abuse of process), Eight (conversion), Ten (fraudulent concealment), and 10 Eleven (abuse of process). 11 II. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) 12 Dismissal of a complaint, or any claim within it, for failure to state a claim under 13 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) may be based on either a “‘lack of a cognizable 14 legal theory’ or ‘the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.’” 15 Johnson v. Riverside Healthcare Sys., LP, 534 F.3d 1116, 1121–22 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting 16 Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990)). In determining 17 whether a complaint states a claim under this standard, the allegations in the complaint are 18 taken as true and the pleadings are construed in the light most favorable to the nonmovant. 19 Outdoor Media Group, Inc. v. City of Beaumont, 506 F.3d 895, 900 (9th Cir. 2007). A 20 pleading must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is 21 entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). But “[s]pecific facts are not necessary; the 22 statement need only give the defendant fair notice of what . . . the claim is and the grounds 23 upon which it rests.” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007) (internal quotation 24 omitted). To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must state a claim that is “plausible 25 on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009); see Bell Atlantic Corp. v. 26 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff 27 pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 28 defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Where the plaintiff 1 is a pro se prisoner, the court must “construe the pleadings liberally and [] afford the 2 petitioner the benefit of any doubt.” Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 (9th Cir. 2010). 3 As a general rule, when deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court looks only to the 4 face of the complaint and documents attached thereto. Van Buskirk v. Cable News 5 Network, Inc., 284 F.3d 977, 980 (9th Cir. 2002); Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner 6 & Co., 896 F.2d 1542, 1555 n.19 (9th Cir. 1990). If a court considers evidence outside the 7 pleading, it must convert the Rule 12(b)(6) motion into a Rule 56 motion for summary 8 judgment. United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 907–08 (9th Cir. 2003). A court may, 9 however, consider documents incorporated by reference in the complaint or matters of 10 judicial notice without converting the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary 11 judgment. Id. 12 III. Judicial Notice 13 Defendants ask the Court to take judicial notice of exhibits attached to their 14 Motions. (Doc. 28 at 2; Doc. 38 at 1-3; Doc. 33 at 2-3.) 15 Defendant Hopkins attaches to his Motion the Superior Court’s October 26, 2015 16 order appointing Hopkins to represent Andrich in his PCR proceedings in the Maricopa 17 County Superior Court case Arizona v. Andrich, No. CR2014-108114-001 SE (Doc. 28-1 18 at 2-3); Hopkins’ Notice of Completion to the Superior Court filed April 11, 2016, 19 concluding that there were no legitimate claims raised under Rule 32 of the Arizona Rules 20 of Criminal Procedure (Doc. 28-1 at 5-7); Hopkins’ June 24, 2016 Motion to Withdraw as 21 Advisory Counsel, in which Hopkins informed the court that Andrich had named Hopkins 22 in a lawsuit filed in federal court, creating a conflict of interest (Doc. 28-1 at 9-10); the 23 Superior Court’s July 22, 2016 order granting the Motion to Withdraw and appointing 24 Janelle McEachern to represent Andrich in the Rule 32 proceeding (Doc. 28-1 at 12-13); 25 and the Superior Court’s order dated June 13, 2018 and filed June 20, 2018, dismissing the 26 PCR, in which Judge Gates explained why Andrich’s claims lacked merit, that Andrich 27 had stipulated to the restitution amounts in his plea agreement that he was now seeking to 28 dispute, that Andrich was not entitled to a restitution hearing during which the State was 1 obligated to prove restitution, and that Andrich had failed to establish that Hopkins and 2 Thrasher’s performances were deficient or that Andrich “was prejudiced by either 3 counsel’s alleged inability to locate records for the State’s review after entry of the Plea 4 Agreement and sentencing” (Doc. 28-1 at 15-19). Hopkins also attaches a Request for 5 Expenditure of Funds he submitted to the Maricopa County Office of Contract Counsel, 6 requesting an investigator be approved for five hours of work to obtain documents that 7 would show Andrich did actually do work on some victims’ cases. (Doc. 28-1 at 21-22.) 8 Defendant Phillis attaches to her Motion the same Superior Court order dismissing 9 Andrich’s PCR as well as a Minute Entry entered on February 24, 2020 by Judge James D. 10 Smith declaring Andrich a vexatious litigant in Maricopa County Superior Court case 11 Andrich v. Meyers, No. CV 2018-000376 (Doc. 29-1 at 3-11); Andrich’s Complaint dated 12 January 3, 2017 in Andrich v. Ryan, CV 17-00057-TUC-RM (D. Ariz.), in which Phillis 13 was named as a Defendant and Andrich alleged the same facts against Phillis as in the 14 present case (Doc. 29-1 at 13-51); this Court’s May 22, 2020 Order granting summary 15 judgment to Defendant McEachern in Andrich v. Ryan (Doc. 29-1 at 53-78); this Court’s 16 January 10, 2020 Order in Andrich v. Ryan dismissing the claims against Phillis without 17 prejudice for failure to timely serve her (Doc. 29-1 at 80-84); and the Arizona Court of 18 Appeals’ Memorandum Decision filed January 10, 2019, granting review of the dismissal 19 of Andrich’s PCR but denying relief (Doc. 29-1 at 86-90). 20 Defendant Thrasher attaches 22 exhibits to his Motion, 10 of which are from 21 Plaintiff’s state court criminal case, as well as Minute Entries from Andrich v. Meyers, and 22 a list of 33 cases filed in state and federal courts by Andrich. (Docs. 33-2 at 2 through Doc. 23 33-8 at 10.) 24 A court may take judicial notice of proceedings “in other courts” on its own volition 25 when those proceedings “have a direct relation to matters at issue.” Fed. R. Evid. 26 201(c)(1); United States v. Black, 482 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2006). Andrich does not 27 dispute any of the submitted documents, the Court finds no basis to question the accuracy 28 of the state court documents and, therefore, the Court takes judicial notice of the state court 1 documents that Defendants have submitted to the Court. The Court, however, does not 2 take judicial notice of the Request for Expenditure of Funds or the list of cases filed by 3 Andrich because those documents are not from proceedings in other courts and do not 4 otherwise qualify as the kind of facts that may be judicially noticed pursuant to Rule 201(b) 5 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. 6 IV. Defendant Hopkins’ Motion to Dismiss 7 Defendant Hopkins seeks to dismiss Counts One (First Amendment), Three (First 8 and Fourteenth Amendments), Four (First Amendment), Seven (abuse of process), and 9 Nine (aiding and abetting) as barred by the statute of limitations, for failure to state a claim, 10 and because Andrich previously litigated and lost these claims in state trial and appellate 11 courts. (Doc. 28.) 12 A. Counts One, Three, and Four (Constitutional Claims) 13 Andrich alleges in Count One that Hopkins violated his First Amendment rights by 14 refusing to deliver Andrich’s entire file to Andrich, specifically all text messages, emails, 15 and Andrich’s October 2, 2015 letter to Thrasher, and refusing to purchase and provide 16 case law Andrich needed for his PCR, thereby denying Andrich access to the court. (Id. 17 ¶¶ 154-166.) Andrich alleges in Count Three that Hopkins violated his First Amendment 18 and Fourteenth Amendment rights by withholding case law, documents, legal supplies, and 19 the state court file that Andrich needed to bring a meritorious PCR. (Id. ¶¶ 175-182.) 20 Andrich alleges in Count Four that Hopkins violated his First Amendment rights by 21 withholding evidence Andrich needs for his Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus, 22 specifically the text messages, emails, and Andrich’s October 2, 2015 letter to Thrasher. 23 (Id. ¶¶ 183-192.) 24 1. Color of State Law 25 A prerequisite for any relief under § 1983 are allegations to support that a defendant 26 acted under the color of state law. The under color of state law component is the equivalent 27 of the state action requirement under the Constitution. Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 457 28 U.S. 922, 928 (1982); Jensen v. Lane Cnty., 222 F.3d 570, 574 (9th Cir. 2000) (citing 1 Rendel-Baker v. Kohn, 457 U.S. 830, 838 (1982)); West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 49 (1988)). 2 Acting under color of state law is a jurisdictional requisite for a § 1983 action. Gritchen v. 3 Collier, 254 F.3d 807, 812 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting West, 487 U.S. at 46). Whether an 4 attorney representing a criminal defendant is privately retained, a public defender, or court- 5 appointed counsel, he or she does not act under color of state law. See Polk Cnty. v. 6 Dodson, 454 U.S. 312, 317-18 (1981); Miranda v. Clark Cnty., Nevada, 319 F.3d 465, 468 7 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc). 8 Hopkins argues that Andrich fails to state a claim in Counts One, Three, and Four 9 because at the time he was appointed as advisory counsel to Andrich, Hopkins operated a 10 private law office and therefore did not act under color of state law. (Doc. 28 at 7.) 11 Hopkins further argues that Andrich has not alleged that Hopkins conspired with any state 12 actor to deprive Andrich of any constitutional right. (Id.) Andrich responds that it “is well 13 settled in this Court: When Defendant Hopkins acted as advisory counsel to Plaintiff, 14 Defendant Hopkins acted under color of state law.” (Doc. 38 at 9.) Andrich cites two 15 cases that explain the role of advisory counsel, but neither case addresses whether advisory 16 counsel to a defendant pursuing post-conviction relief is acting under color of state law. 17 See Savage v. Estelle, 924 F.2d 1459 (9th Cir. 1990); McKaskle v. Wiggins, 465 U.S. 168 18 (1984). 19 As court-appointed advisory counsel to Andrich in his criminal case, Hopkins did 20 not act under color of state law. See Polk, 454 U.S. at 317-18. Andrich’s constitutional 21 claims against Hopkins must therefore fail unless Andrich has set out facts showing a 22 conspiracy between Hopkins and state officials to deny him his rights. See Tower v. 23 Glover, 467 U.S. 914, 920 (1984) (“an otherwise private person acts ‘under color of’ state 24 law when engaged in a conspiracy with state officials to deprive another of federal rights”) 25 (citation omitted). Andrich has made no such conspiracy allegations. Accordingly, the 26 Court will dismiss Counts One, Three, and Four as to Hopkins. 27 . . . . 28 . . . . 1 2. Statute of Limitations 2 Alternatively, Andrich’s constitutional claims against Hopkins are barred by the 3 statute of limitations. Section 1983 does not include its own statute of limitations. 4 TwoRivers v. Lewis, 174 F.3d 987, 991 (9th Cir. 1999). Therefore, federal courts apply the 5 statute of limitations governing personal injury claims in the forum state, “along with the 6 forum state’s law regarding tolling, including equitable tolling, except to the extent any of 7 these laws is inconsistent with federal law.” Butler v. Nat’l Cmty. Renaissance of Cal., 766 8 F.3d 1191, 1198 (9th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted). In Arizona, the limitations period for 9 personal injury claims is two years. Marks v. Parra, 785 F.2d 1419, 1420 (9th Cir. 1986); 10 see also Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 12-542 (providing that actions for personal injury must be 11 commenced within two years after the cause of action accrues). 12 Although the statute of limitations applicable to § 1983 claims is borrowed from 13 state law, federal law continues to govern when a § 1983 claim accrues. Wallace v. Kato, 14 549 U.S. 384, 388 (2007); TwoRivers, 174 F.3d at 991. Under federal law, a claim accrues 15 “when the plaintiff knows or has reason to know of the injury” that is the basis of the claim. 16 Lukovsky v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco, 535 F.3d 1044, 1048 (9th Cir. 2008) (internal 17 quotation marks omitted). 18 “The purpose of a statute of limitation is to prevent assertion of stale claims against 19 a defendant.” Azer v. Connell, 306 F.3d 930, 936 (9th Cir. 2002) (internal citation omitted). 20 “Where the danger of prejudice to the defendant is absent, and the interests of justice so 21 require, equitable tolling of the limitations period may be appropriate.” Id. Because it is 22 proper to apply Arizona’s statute of limitations, Arizona’s tolling rules apply where not 23 inconsistent with federal law. See id. 24 Hopkins argues that any alleged injury he caused Andrich would have stopped on 25 July 21, 2016, when the state court issued an order withdrawing Hopkins as advisory 26 counsel. (Doc. 28 at 4.) Hopkins argues it would be a legal impossibility for him to 27 continue causing Andrich injury by failing to provide Andrich with materials when he was 28 no longer legally or ethically obligated to do so. (Id.) Hopkins therefore contends that 1 Andrich’s claim accrued on July 21, 2016, and Andrich had until July 21, 2018 to file his 2 Complaint. (Id.) The latest date that Andrich’s claims accrued, Hopkins argues, was 3 December 11, 2017, when Andrich filed his PCR, because Andrich argues he was forced 4 to file a substandard petition due to not receiving various materials to support his petition. 5 (Id.) Whether the claims accrued on July 21, 2016 or December 11, 2017, because Andrich 6 did not file his Complaint until June 22, 2020, Hopkins argues that Andrich’s claim is time 7 barred. (Id.) 8 Andrich responds that his claims accrued on June 20, 2018, when the state court 9 dismissed his PCR, because that is when he could discover all the elements to his cause of 10 action. (Doc. 38 at 4-5.) Andrich argues that under Platt Electric Supply, Inc. v. EOFF 11 Electric, Inc., the statute of limitations does not begin to run until he either discovered or 12 had reason to discover all the elements of his claim. (Id. (citing 522 F.3d 1049, 1054 (9th 13 Cir. 2008).) Andrich contends that for his access-to-the-court claim, he had to demonstrate 14 actual injury, and that he did not suffer actual harm until the state court denied his PCR.4 15 (Id. at 5-6 (citing, in part, Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 352-53 (1996) (to show actual 16 injury with respect to contemplated litigation, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the 17 defendants’ conduct frustrated or impeded him from bringing to court a nonfrivolous claim 18 that he wished to present)).) Andrich further contends that his “forward-looking” claim 19 against Defendant Hopkins did not accrue until August 21, 2020, when Andrich filed a 20 “procedurally deficient Petition with the District Court in Andrich v. Cimino,” and that 21 Hopkins continues to withhold relevant portions of Andrich’s state court criminal file. (Id. 22 at 6.) 23 Under the “discovery rule,” the statute of limitations period does not begin until the 24 plaintiff “has knowledge of the ‘critical facts’ of his injury, which are ‘that he has been 25
26 4 In Andrich v. Ryan, this Court granted summary judgment to Defendant 27 McEachern on Andrich’s access-to-court claim, finding “no evidence that Plaintiff suffered an actual injury as a result of Defendant McEachern’s actions,” and that Plaintiff was able 28 to file his PCR and have it decided on the merits. (Doc. 29-1 at 59 (Order dated May 22, 2020 in Andrich v. Ryan, No. CV 17-0047-TUC-RM).) 1 hurt and who has inflicted the injury.’” Bibeau v. Pac. NW Research Found., Inc., 188 2 F.3d 1105, 1108 (9th Cir.1999) (citing United States v. Kubrick, 444 U.S. 111, 122 (1979)). 3 Plaintiff did not need to wait for the denial of his PCR to discover the elements to 4 his claims. That is because Andrich alleges that on April 27, 2016, Hopkins filed a Notice 5 of Compliance, avowing that he had delivered a CD containing all correspondence from 6 Andrich’s case, but when Andrich reviewed the CD, he determined that Hopkins had 7 “frustrated Plaintiff’s attempts to file for post-conviction relief” by “suppressing” the text 8 messages from Thrasher, Thrasher’s notes, and Andrich’s October 2, 2015 letter to 9 Thrasher. (Doc. 19 ¶¶ 113-118.) Andrich further alleges that he filed his PCR on 10 December 11, 2017, “without the correspondence and documents necessary to comply with 11 Ariz. R. Crim. P. 32.5(a)&(d), because [] Hopkins refused to provide them . . . .” (Id. 12 ¶ 139.) Based on these allegations, Andrich knew of his injury when he reviewed the CD 13 from Hopkins, but he does not say on what date he reviewed the CD. At the latest, Andrich 14 knew of his injury by December 11, 2017, when he filed his PCR, because he knew he did 15 not have the correspondence and documents he believes he needed to file a successful PCR. 16 Therefore, Andrich had until December 11, 2019 to file his claims against Hopkins. 17 Because Andrich did not file his original Complaint naming Hopkins as a Defendant until 18 June 22, 2020, his claims against Hopkins in Counts One, Three, and Four are barred by 19 the statute of limitations, and the Court will dismiss these claims.5 20 B. Counts Seven and Nine (State Law Claims) 21 Andrich asserts an abuse-of-process claim in Count Seven and an aiding and 22 abetting claim in Count Nine against Hopkins. Hopkins says he joins in Thrasher’s Motion 23 to Dismiss as to these two claims. (Doc. 28 at 8.) The Court will therefore discuss these 24 claims in the next section when it addresses Thrasher’s Motion. 25 . . . . 26
27 5 Because the Court is dismissing the claims against Hopkins in Counts One, Three, and Four on the basis that Hopkins did not act under color of state law and as barred by the 28 statute of limitations, the Court will not address Hopkins’ additional argument that all claims against him are barred by res judicata and/or collateral estoppel. (Doc. 28 at 8-9.) 1 V. Defendant Thrasher’s Motion to Dismiss 2 Thrasher moves to dismiss Counts Six (aiding and abetting), Seven (abuse of 3 process), Eight (conversion), Ten (fraudulent concealment), and Eleven (abuse of process) 4 on the basis that those Counts are barred by the statute of limitations, fail to state a claim, 5 and are precluded because Andrich previously litigated and lost the claims in state trial and 6 appellate courts.6 (Doc. 33 at 1-2.) 7 A. Count Six 8 Andrich alleges in Count Six that Thrasher “aided and abetted Meyers’ conversion 9 and theft of Plaintiff’s possessions” on May 12, 2015. (Doc. 19 ¶¶ 198-205.) 10 Andrich bases Count Six on Meyers’ deposition testimony that on May 12, 2015, 11 Meyers asked Thrasher what to do with Plaintiff’s possessions, and Thrasher said he 12 “wanted nothing of [Andrich’s].” (Id. ¶ 202.) Andrich argues he did not learn about this 13 conversation until Meyer’s deposition on March 27, 2019, and therefore his claim did not 14 accrue until March 27, 2019. (Doc. 40 at 3.) 15 The statute of limitations on an aiding and abetting claim begins to run when the 16 plaintiff has, or should have had, sufficient information to bring the underlying primary 17 claim. Chonczynski v. Aguilera, No. 1 CA-CV 13-0728, 2014 WL 6790738, at *5 (Ariz. 18 App. Dec. 2, 2014) (citing Flannery v. Singer Asset Fin. Co., LLC, 94 A.3d 553, 567 n.23 19 (Conn. 2014) (“[T]he limitations period on a cause of action for aiding and abetting a tort 20 is the same as that for the underlying tort.”) 21 In this case, the underlying claim is Meyers’ alleged conversion of Andrich’s 22 property, which Andrich knew about by January 8, 2015, when Plaintiff alleges Steitz 23 informed Andrich, after recovering Andrich’s servers from Meyers, that the hard drives 24 had been removed and Meyers had donated Plaintiff’s clothing to charity.7 (See Doc. 19
25 6 Thrasher primarily bases this last argument on the fact that the state court declared 26 Andrich a vexatious litigant and not because the specific claims against Thrasher before this Court were actually litigated. (See Doc. 33 at 22-23.) 27 7 In Andrich’s state court lawsuit against Meyers, the trial court found that Steitz 28 only had personal knowledge as to the computer equipment he sold to Andrich before Andrich’s incarceration and “had no personal knowledge of what property [Andrich] left 1 ¶¶ 51, 55-56.) That same day, Andrich alleges he informed the Maricopa County 2 Attorney’s Office and Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office that Meyers had stolen his laptop 3 and server hard drives “containing Plaintiff’s copies of all former client files.” (Id. ¶¶ 62, 4 64.) Therefore, Andrich had sufficient information to bring his conversion claim against 5 Meyers on January 8, 2015, which is when the statute of limitations on his aiding and 6 abetting claim against Thrasher began to run, and he had until January 8, 2017 to file his 7 aiding and abetting claim against Thrasher.8 Because Andrich did not file this claim until 8 June 22, 2020, the claim is barred by the statute of limitations. 9 Alternatively, Plaintiff fails to state an aiding and abetting claim. A claim of aiding 10 and abetting requires proof of three elements: (1) the primary tortfeasor caused injury to 11 the plaintiff; (2) the defendant knows the primary tortfeasor’s conduct constitutes a breach 12 of duty; and (3) the defendant must substantially assist or encourage the primary tortfeasor 13 in achieving the breach. Wells Fargo Bank v. Ariz. Laborers, Teamsters and Cement 14 Masons Local No. 195 Pension Trust Fund, 38 P.3d 12, 23 (Ariz. 2002). 15 According to Andrich’s timeline of events, Meyers’ alleged conversion of Andrich’s 16 property was complete by January 8, 2015. Plaintiff does not allege that Thrasher had any 17 communication with Meyers until he emailed the state court’s order to compel to Meyers 18 on February 2, 2015, and Thrasher did not speak with Meyers until May 12, 2015, when 19 Plaintiff alleges Thrasher told Meyers he “wanted nothing of [Andrich’s].” (Doc. 19 ¶ 67.) 20 Therefore, Thrasher could not have substantially assisted or encouraged Meyers in 21 achieving a breach of any duty Meyers owed to Andrich because the alleged conversion 22 had already occurred before Thrasher was involved. 23 Accordingly, the Court will dismiss Count Six. 24 . . . . 25 . . . . 26
at Meyers’ house or whether Meyers removed hard drives from a server (as [Andrich] 27 alleged).” (Doc. 33-6 at 35.) 28 8 The state court likewise found that Andrich’s conversion claim against Meyers accrued on January 8, 2015, and that the claim was time barred. (Doc. 33-8 at 6.) 1 B. Counts Seven, Eight, and Ten 2 Andrich alleges in Count Seven that Thrasher and Hopkins “committed abuse of 3 process against Plaintiff when filing notices of completion that falsely stated each delivered 4 Andrich’s State v. Andrich file to Andrich.” (Id. ¶¶ 206-214.) Andrich alleges in Count 5 Eight that Thrasher converted Andrich’s State v. Andrich file by seizing and retaining parts 6 of the file that Thrasher determined relevant to Plaintiff’s ineffective assistance of counsel 7 claims against Thrasher. (Id. ¶¶ 215-219.) Andrich alleges in Count Ten that Thrasher 8 committed fraudulent concealment by withholding Andrich’s State v. Andrich file during 9 an ongoing petition for writ of habeas corpus and other matters. (Id. ¶¶ 227-231.) 10 Thrasher argues that Andrich was aware of the facts supporting his claims nearly 11 four years before he filed his Amended Complaint, as evidenced by Andrich’s Motion to 12 Extend filed on July 8, 2016 in state court accusing Thrasher of perjury, of converting 13 and/or concealing parts of Andrich’s file, and of omitting this information from Thrasher’s 14 Notice of Compliance. (Doc. 33 at 11-12, citing Ex. 6 (Doc. 33-2 at 51-72).) Because 15 Andrich was aware of the underlying facts supporting his allegations of abuse of process, 16 conversion, and fraudulent concealment on or before July 8, 2016, Thrasher contends the 17 statute of limitations expired on or before July 8, 2018. (Id. at 12.) Alternatively, Thrasher 18 argues that Andrich’s abuse of process claim in Count Seven accrued on August 3, 2016, 19 when Thrasher filed his Amended Notice of Compliance in state court, or on September 8, 20 2016, when Andrich acknowledged he received the Notice, and Plaintiff therefore had until 21 September 8, 2018, at the latest, to file his complaint. (Id. at 13-14.) 22 Plaintiff responds that “Thrasher withheld and continues to withhold specific parts 23 of Plaintiff’s State v. Andrich file,” that he did not suffer “ascertainable damages” until the 24 state court denied his PCR on June 20, 2018, and that the case continues forward today via 25 the Andrich v. Cimino petition. (Doc. 40 at 6.) Plaintiff further contends that Defendants 26 Thrasher and Hopkins’ “constructive fraud” against him supports equitable tolling because 27 they continue to withhold part of his file during ongoing judicial proceedings. (Id. at 7-8.) 28 1 In the primary constructive fraud case cited by Plaintiff, which involved a defendant 2 dentist who withheld medical information from the plaintiff, the Arizona Supreme Court 3 held that “[c]onstructive fraud arises out of a fiduciary or confidential relationship” and 4 continued until the plaintiff “became apprised of the true condition existing within his 5 mouth, or by the exercise of reasonable diligence should have learned the cause of his 6 illness.” Morrison v. Acton, 68 Ariz. 27, 25 (Ariz. 1948) (holding that constructive fraud 7 tolled the statute of limitations on the plaintiff’s claim for malpractice where the plaintiff 8 did not learn until he visited a different dentist that the defendant had left a piece of metal 9 in his mouth and did not inform the plaintiff this had happened). Constructive fraud is not 10 applicable in Andrich’s case because Andrich has not alleged that he ever learned that 11 Thrasher actually withheld material information from Andrich’s case file. Plaintiff merely 12 speculates there is something in his file that Thrasher did not turn over to him. 13 Andrich filed a declaration dated July 4, 2016 in state court, averring that as of the 14 date of the declaration, he did not have his file, specifically stating that Thrasher had 15 declined to print the text messages he exchanged with the state and other parties and had 16 not put the messages in Andrich’s file. (Doc. 33-2 at 71-72 ¶¶ 7, 8,13.) This shows that 17 Andrich was aware at least by July 4, 2016 of the facts supporting his claims of abuse of 18 process, conversion, and fraudulent concealment. Therefore, Andrich had until July 4, 19 2018 to file these claims against Thrasher. At the latest, Andrich had until December 11, 20 2018 to file his Complaint, which is two years after he filed his allegedly deficient PCR. 21 Because Andrich did not file his claims in Counts Seven, Eight, and Ten until June 22, 22 2020, those claims are barred by the statute of limitations, and the Court will dismiss those 23 claims. 24 C. Count Nine 25 Andrich alleges in Count Nine that Hopkins aided and abetted Thrasher’s theft of 26 Andrich’s State v. Andrich file by refusing to deliver the text messages and other parts of 27 the file and by filing a Notice of Compliance that Hopkins knew to be false at the time of 28 filing. (Doc. 19 ¶¶ 220-226.) 1 Plaintiff alleges that Hopkins filed his Notice of Compliance on April 27, 2016, 2 avowing that he had delivered a CD containing all correspondence from Andrich’s case, 3 but when Andrich reviewed the CD, he did not find the text messages, notes, and letters he 4 thought should be there. (Id. ¶¶ 113-118.) Thus, Plaintiff had until April 27, 2018—or at 5 the latest, until December 11, 2018, two years after he filed his allegedly deficient PCR— 6 to file this claim. Accordingly, this claim is time barred, and the Court will dismiss Count 7 Nine. 8 D. Count Eleven 9 Andrich alleges in Count Eleven that Thrasher committed abuse of process when he 10 sent a certification letter to Andrich on October 21, 2020 pursuant to Local Rule 12.1(c) 11 threatening Plaintiff “if Plaintiff did not dismiss this lawsuit to recover Plaintiff’s files in 12 Attorney Thrasher’s possession.”9 (Doc. 19 ¶ 234.) Specifically, Thrasher stated in his 13 letter that he “intend[ed] to pursue all remedies available under Arizona law including 14 counterclaims for abuse of process as well as breach of contract arising out of your failure 15 to honor the terms of your fee agreement with my firm.” (Id.) Andrich alleges that 16 Thrasher threatened breach of contract knowing there was a mandatory arbitration clause 17 in the fee agreement, which “precludes any breach of contract lawsuit,” and that Thrasher 18 used the Court’s Local Rule 12.1(c) process “for an ulterior purpose not proper in the 19 regular conduct of the proceedings” because Thrasher did not want to produce part of 20 Andrich’s file “that objectively evidence[s] ineffective assistance of counsel against 21 Thrasher.” (Id. ¶¶ 236, 238.) 22 Under Arizona law, an abuse of process claim requires a plaintiff to present evidence 23 that a defendant committed “a willful act in the use of judicial process . . . for an ulterior 24 purpose not proper in the regular conduct of the proceedings.” Fappani v. Bratton, 407 25 P.3d 78, 81 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2017) (quoting Nienstedt v. Wetzel, 651 P.2d 876, 881 (Ariz. 26
27 9 Local Rule of Civil Procedure 12.1(c) requires that a party moving to dismiss certify that the movant notified the opposing party of the issues asserted in the motion and 28 that the parties were unable to agree that the pleading was curable by a permissible amendment offered by the pleading party. 1 Ct. App. 1982)). Establishing an ulterior purpose requires “a showing that the process has 2 been used primarily to accomplish a purpose for which the process was not designed.” 3 Nienstedt, 6551 P.2d at 881 (citations omitted). “Unlike the tort of malicious prosecution, 4 which covers the initiation of criminal proceedings with malice and without probable 5 cause, abuse of process addresses misuse of process after proceedings have been initiated.” 6 Ludwig v. Arizona, No. CV 16-03826-PHX-DGC, 2018 WL 1015371, at *5 (D. Ariz. Feb. 7 22, 2018) (citing Joseph v. Markowitz, 551 P.2d 571, 573-74 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1976)). 8 “Thus, ‘abuse of process requires some act beyond the initiation of a lawsuit[.]’” Id. 9 (quoting Joseph, 551 P. 2d at 575). 10 Andrich fails to state a claim in Count Eleven because even if the arbitration clause 11 in the fee agreement precludes a “breach of contract lawsuit,” the language Plaintiff quotes 12 from Thrasher’s letter does not say that Thrasher would pursue a breach of contract claim 13 in any particular forum or that the arbitration agreement precluded bringing a breach of 14 contract counterclaim within the arbitration process. Therefore, Andrich fails to state a 15 claim, and the Court will dismiss Count Eleven. 16 VI. Defendant Phillis’s Motion to Dismiss 17 Defendant Phillis moves to dismiss the constitutional claims against her in Counts 18 One through Five on the basis that they are barred by the statute of limitations and fail to 19 state a claim. (Doc. 29.) 20 Andrich alleges in Count One that Phillis violated his First Amendment rights by 21 refusing to deliver Andrich’s entire file to Andrich, specifically all text messages, emails, 22 and Andrich’s October 2, 2015 letter to Thrasher, and refusing to purchase and provide 23 case law Andrich needed for his PCR, thereby denying Andrich access to the court. (Doc. 24 19 ¶¶ 154-166.) Andrich alleges in Count Two that Phillis retaliated against him for filing 25 a civil rights lawsuit, in violation of Andrich’s First Amendment rights. (Id. ¶¶ 167-174.) 26 Andrich alleges in Count Three that Phillis violated his First Amendment and Fourteenth 27 Amendment rights by withholding case law, documents, legal supplies and the state court 28 file that Andrich needed to bring a meritorious PCR. (Id. ¶¶ 175-182.) Andrich alleges in 1 Count Four that Phillis violated his First Amendment rights by withholding evidence 2 Andrich needs for his Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus, specifically the text messages, 3 emails, and Andrich’s October 2, 2015 letter to Thrasher. (Id. ¶¶ 183-192.) Andrich 4 alleges in Count Five that Phillis violated his Fourteenth Amendment rights by “a policy, 5 practice, or custom of either withholding trial court files, case law and legal supplies from 6 indigent defendants pursuing post-conviction relief pro se, or paying contract attorneys to 7 act as advisory counsel and intentionally withholding trial court files, case law and legal 8 supplies from indigent defendants,” and these policies, practices, or customs “were the 9 moving force behind Plaintiff’s inability to both present a ‘nonfrivolous’ or ‘arguable’ 10 underlying claim to the State v. Andrich trial court, and/or return 300 client files to former 11 clients as required by PDJ’s May 15, 2015 Order and Rule 72, Ariz. S.Ct.” (Id. ¶¶ 193- 12 197.) 13 Phillis argues that each of these claims is based on the same allegations that Phillis 14 conspired to withhold Andrich’s case file, legal materials, and a legal textbook, and by 15 withholding these materials, Phillis caused Andrich’s PCR to be denied on June 20, 2018. 16 (Doc. 29 at 3.) Phillis contends that these allegations are identical to the allegations 17 Andrich made against Phillis and McEachern in Andrich v. Ryan, which shows that 18 Plaintiff had full knowledge by at least July 3, 2017, “of the existence and nature of his 19 current claims against Phillis.” (Id. at 3, citing Ex. 2 ¶¶ 97-102 (First Amended Complaint 20 filed July 3, 2017 in Case No. 17-00047-TUC-RM) (Doc. 29-1 at 39-41).) 21 Andrich responds that his “backward-looking” claim against Phillis did not accrue 22 until June 20, 2018, when his PCR was denied, and that he timely filed his original 23 Complaint on June 22, 2020, since June 20, 2020 was a Saturday. (Doc. 39 at 4.) 24 Counts One, Three, Four, and Five all related to Phillis’ alleged role in Andrich 25 filing a deficient PCR on December 11, 2017. Therefore, Andrich knew by that date, at 26 the latest, of his injury because he knew he did not have the correspondence and documents 27 he believes he needed to file a successful PCR. As with Defendant Hopkins, Andrich had 28 until December 11, 2019 to file his claims in Counts One, Three, Four and Five against 1 Phillis. Because Andrich did not file his original Complaint naming Phillis as a Defendant 2 until June 22, 2020, his claims against Phillis in Counts One, Three, Four and Five are 3 barred by the statute of limitations, and the Court will dismiss these claims. 4 Andrich’s retaliation claim in Count Two is likewise barred by the statute of 5 limitations because Andrich alleges that Phillis retaliated against him for filing a civil rights 6 complaint in the District Court by withholding Andrich’s state court file, documents, and 7 case law “reasonably necessary for Plaintiff to research, draft and edit a meritorious PCR.” 8 (Doc. 19 ¶ 170.) Therefore, Andrich knew of the alleged retaliation by December 11, 2017 9 when he filed his PCR and had until December 11, 2019 to file his retaliation claim against 10 Phillis. Because Andrich did not file his Complaint by that date, the Court will dismiss 11 Count Two. 12 VII. Conclusion 13 The Court will grant all three Motions to Dismiss and will dismiss the First 14 Amended Complaint. All federal claims in this case are subject to the statute of limitations 15 defense such that amendment of those claims would be futile. The only claim that is not 16 subject to the statute of limitations defense is Andrich’s state law abuse-of-process claim 17 against Thrasher for Thrasher’s October 21, 2020 certification letter sent to Andrich on 18 October 21, 2020. The Court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the 19 remaining state law claim. See Ove v. Gwinn, 264 F.3d 817, 826 (9th Cir. 2001) (“A court 20 may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over related state-law claims once it has 21 ‘dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction’” (quoting 28 U.S.C. 22 § 1367(c)(3))); Gini v. Las Vegas Metro. Police Dep’t, 40 F.3d 1041, 1046 (9th Cir. 1994) 23 (when federal law claims are eliminated before trial, the court generally should decline 24 jurisdiction over state law claims and dismiss them without prejudice). 25 Accordingly, the Court will dismiss Andrich’s First Amended Complaint without 26 leave to amend. Moore v. Kayport Package Express, Inc., 885 F.2d 531, 538 (9th Cir. 27 1989) (“Leave to amend need not be given if a complaint, as amended, is subject to 28 dismissal.”). 1 IT IS ORDERED: 2 (1) Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss (Docs. 28, 29, 33) are granted. 3 (2) Plaintiff's First Amended Complaint (Doc. 19) and this action are dismissed as barred by the applicable statutes of limitation and for failure to state a claim. 5 (3) The Clerk of Court must enter judgment accordingly. 6 Dated this 4th day of June, 2021. 7 8 9 eh by) 10 4 WGUC Honorable Rostsiary □□□□□□□ 1] United States District □□□□□ 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28