Wilde J.
delivered the opinion of the Court.
A large proportion of the funds now in their hands was received from Jones & Co. after the service of the plaintiff’s writ, for and on account of two brigs and their cargoes, which had been assigned previously thereto to the trustees, subject however to an assignment before made to Jones & Co. for the security of a demand due to them from Ludlow. These brigs were absent at sea at the time, of the assignments, and the trustees contend, that under these circumstances this property was not attachable in their hands by virtue of the present process. On the other hand, the plaintiff contends, that as a valuable interest passed to the trustees by virtue of the assignment, the goods must be considered as in the constructive possession of the trustees ; and that the proceeds of sale, which have since come to their hands, are bound to respond the judgment which may be recovered in this suit.
In the case of Willard v. Sheafe and Tr. 4 Mass. R. 235, it was decided, that the trustee was not chargeable for a part of a cargo belonging to the principal, which he had left in the hands of certain merchants, in a foreign port, to be disposed of on the joint account of all concerned, although after the service of the writ upon him he had received the proceeds of the sale. And in Grant et al. v. ShaW and Tr. 16 Mass. R. 344, it was held, that the consignee of goods cannot be charged as trustee, until he has accepted the consignment and the goods have arrived.
These cases were decided on the ground that a trustee is not chargeable for personal property belonging to the prin[31]*31eipal, of which he has only the constructive possession; but it must be in his actual possession, or within his control, so that he may be able to turn it out, to be disposed of on execution.1 This we consider a reasonable construction of the statute; a different one might expose the trustee to manifest injustice. At the time of the service of the plaintiff’s writ the property in question was at sea, or in some foreign port. It was beyond the control of the trustees, and has in truth never since been in their possession. One vessel was lost at sea, and the other, with her cargo, was disposed of by Jones & Co. to whom it was first assigned. The trustees had not even a constructive possession, for they had no right of possession against Jones & Co. the first assignees or mortgagees, and while the lien in their favor continued, the property was not attachable, either in the common form, or in the hands of the trustees. Nor can the trustees be charged on account of the liability of Jones & Co. to account for the surplus of the assigned property, after the payment of their own demands against Ludlow. This liability was contingent; the vessels might be lost, and some difficulty might occur to prevent a recovery on the policies. Besides, if it were absolute, the trustees were not liable until they actually received payment.
Upon no ground, therefore, can the trustees be charged with the proceeds of the sale of this property. And for the same reasons they cannot be charged for the property at St. Salvador.
Another item of considerable amount is the 300 barrels of beef, supposed to be deposited under Boylston market. By the answers of the trustees it appears that no beef was there deposited. Nothing was delivered to them but the contract or engagement of one Whiting to deliver to Ludlow 300 barrels of beef. On this contract an action was instituted by the trustees, but judgment was not recovered until after the service of the plaintiff’s writ. It was an action involved in doubt and difficulty; and were it otherwise, still the trustees are not chargeable for a mere chose in action.
[32]*32Deducting these several items from the account stated, a large balance wdl remain in favor of the trustees, and the other questions relating to the claims of the United States, the trustees’ expenses, &c., become immaterial.
But it has been argued, that the assignment to the trustees was fraudulent, and therefore that the trustees have no lien on the funds in their hands even for their own demands. It is true that in case of a fraudulent assignment no lien is created in favor of the assignee, nor can such an assignment be set up to defeat the attachment of a creditor ; as was decided in the case of Burlingame v. Bell, and in the case of Harris et al. v. Sumner; but it does not follow that the trustees are liable for the whole funds in their hands, without any deduction for their own boná fide demands, and if these exceed the amount of the funds, they are not chargeable.1 The question in this case is whether the trustees had any credits of Ludlow in their hands, or whether, on a just settlement of all bona fide demands between them, there was a balance due to the principal.
But it is unnecessary to decide this point, since we are 01 opinion that the assignment cannot from the disclosure of the trustees be held fraudulent. It purports to have been made for the benefit of all the creditors, and there is no reason to doubt that the whole property assigned would have gone for the payment of debts, according to the terms of the contract, if this and other attachments had not intervened to prevent.
The clause relied on as indicating fraud may be some evidence of it, but it is not conclusive, and may be capable of a satisfactory explanation. The clause is as follows ; — “ To pay the surplus, if any (after paying certain creditors) to the said Ludlow, and in like manner to pay over any dividend which would have become payable to any creditor, if he had not neglected to become a party within two months after the making of said assignment.” 2
As to the agreement to pay over the surplus, it is clear that it could have no effect, because the debts greatly exceeded the value of the property. It was probably introduced as a matter of form, by the person who drew the assignment, and passed without notice ; for it seems impossible there could have been an expectation that a surplus would remain after payment of the debts. As to the stipulation to pay over to Ludlow the dividends of creditors who should neglect to become parties to the assignment, the presumption is, that it was inserted for the purpose of hastening the creditors, so as to bring the settlement of the concern to a speedy conclusion. This case therefore is not like the case of Harris & al. v. Sumner, before referred to, in which a large provision was secured to the debtor unconditionally. The Court held that such a provision was conclusive evidence of fraud. In the case under consideration we cannot infer that it was the intention of the parties to make provision for the benefit of the debtor, for it could not be presumed that the creditors would refuse to accede to an - arrangement evidently made for their benefit,* 1 and there could have been no expectation of a surplus.
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Wilde J.
delivered the opinion of the Court.
A large proportion of the funds now in their hands was received from Jones & Co. after the service of the plaintiff’s writ, for and on account of two brigs and their cargoes, which had been assigned previously thereto to the trustees, subject however to an assignment before made to Jones & Co. for the security of a demand due to them from Ludlow. These brigs were absent at sea at the time, of the assignments, and the trustees contend, that under these circumstances this property was not attachable in their hands by virtue of the present process. On the other hand, the plaintiff contends, that as a valuable interest passed to the trustees by virtue of the assignment, the goods must be considered as in the constructive possession of the trustees ; and that the proceeds of sale, which have since come to their hands, are bound to respond the judgment which may be recovered in this suit.
In the case of Willard v. Sheafe and Tr. 4 Mass. R. 235, it was decided, that the trustee was not chargeable for a part of a cargo belonging to the principal, which he had left in the hands of certain merchants, in a foreign port, to be disposed of on the joint account of all concerned, although after the service of the writ upon him he had received the proceeds of the sale. And in Grant et al. v. ShaW and Tr. 16 Mass. R. 344, it was held, that the consignee of goods cannot be charged as trustee, until he has accepted the consignment and the goods have arrived.
These cases were decided on the ground that a trustee is not chargeable for personal property belonging to the prin[31]*31eipal, of which he has only the constructive possession; but it must be in his actual possession, or within his control, so that he may be able to turn it out, to be disposed of on execution.1 This we consider a reasonable construction of the statute; a different one might expose the trustee to manifest injustice. At the time of the service of the plaintiff’s writ the property in question was at sea, or in some foreign port. It was beyond the control of the trustees, and has in truth never since been in their possession. One vessel was lost at sea, and the other, with her cargo, was disposed of by Jones & Co. to whom it was first assigned. The trustees had not even a constructive possession, for they had no right of possession against Jones & Co. the first assignees or mortgagees, and while the lien in their favor continued, the property was not attachable, either in the common form, or in the hands of the trustees. Nor can the trustees be charged on account of the liability of Jones & Co. to account for the surplus of the assigned property, after the payment of their own demands against Ludlow. This liability was contingent; the vessels might be lost, and some difficulty might occur to prevent a recovery on the policies. Besides, if it were absolute, the trustees were not liable until they actually received payment.
Upon no ground, therefore, can the trustees be charged with the proceeds of the sale of this property. And for the same reasons they cannot be charged for the property at St. Salvador.
Another item of considerable amount is the 300 barrels of beef, supposed to be deposited under Boylston market. By the answers of the trustees it appears that no beef was there deposited. Nothing was delivered to them but the contract or engagement of one Whiting to deliver to Ludlow 300 barrels of beef. On this contract an action was instituted by the trustees, but judgment was not recovered until after the service of the plaintiff’s writ. It was an action involved in doubt and difficulty; and were it otherwise, still the trustees are not chargeable for a mere chose in action.
[32]*32Deducting these several items from the account stated, a large balance wdl remain in favor of the trustees, and the other questions relating to the claims of the United States, the trustees’ expenses, &c., become immaterial.
But it has been argued, that the assignment to the trustees was fraudulent, and therefore that the trustees have no lien on the funds in their hands even for their own demands. It is true that in case of a fraudulent assignment no lien is created in favor of the assignee, nor can such an assignment be set up to defeat the attachment of a creditor ; as was decided in the case of Burlingame v. Bell, and in the case of Harris et al. v. Sumner; but it does not follow that the trustees are liable for the whole funds in their hands, without any deduction for their own boná fide demands, and if these exceed the amount of the funds, they are not chargeable.1 The question in this case is whether the trustees had any credits of Ludlow in their hands, or whether, on a just settlement of all bona fide demands between them, there was a balance due to the principal.
But it is unnecessary to decide this point, since we are 01 opinion that the assignment cannot from the disclosure of the trustees be held fraudulent. It purports to have been made for the benefit of all the creditors, and there is no reason to doubt that the whole property assigned would have gone for the payment of debts, according to the terms of the contract, if this and other attachments had not intervened to prevent.
The clause relied on as indicating fraud may be some evidence of it, but it is not conclusive, and may be capable of a satisfactory explanation. The clause is as follows ; — “ To pay the surplus, if any (after paying certain creditors) to the said Ludlow, and in like manner to pay over any dividend which would have become payable to any creditor, if he had not neglected to become a party within two months after the making of said assignment.” 2
As to the agreement to pay over the surplus, it is clear that it could have no effect, because the debts greatly exceeded the value of the property. It was probably introduced as a matter of form, by the person who drew the assignment, and passed without notice ; for it seems impossible there could have been an expectation that a surplus would remain after payment of the debts. As to the stipulation to pay over to Ludlow the dividends of creditors who should neglect to become parties to the assignment, the presumption is, that it was inserted for the purpose of hastening the creditors, so as to bring the settlement of the concern to a speedy conclusion. This case therefore is not like the case of Harris & al. v. Sumner, before referred to, in which a large provision was secured to the debtor unconditionally. The Court held that such a provision was conclusive evidence of fraud. In the case under consideration we cannot infer that it was the intention of the parties to make provision for the benefit of the debtor, for it could not be presumed that the creditors would refuse to accede to an - arrangement evidently made for their benefit,* 1 and there could have been no expectation of a surplus. It appears also, that after the expiration of the time first allowed for the creditors to become parties, the time was further extended ; which confirms the presumption that the clause in question was not introduced for the purpose of making any provision for the debtor.
We are therefore of opinion that the assignment to the trustees was valid, and binding on the parties who had signed it previously to the service of the plaintiff’s writ; and as creditors had then signed, whose demands exceeded the value of the property conveyed to the trustees, the assign[33]*33ment cannot be impeached by the other creditors of Ludlow, who neglected to become parties.
Trustees discharged.
Parker C. J. did not sit in this case.