ACCEPTED 12-15-00068-CR TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS TYLER, TEXAS 9/17/2015 4:14:55 PM Pam Estes CLERK
Nos. 12-15-00068-CR & 12-15-00069-CR FILED IN 12th COURT OF APPEALS IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE TYLER, TEXAS 12TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF TEXAS AT TYLER 9/17/2015 4:14:55 PM PAM ESTES Clerk
ANDREW PJ WHITAKER, APPELLANT
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
APPELLEE'S BRIEF
FROM THE 420TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT NACOGDOCHES COUNTY, TEXAS THE HONORABLE EDWIN A. KLEIN, PRESIDING
TRIAL CAUSE NUMBERS F1421007 AND F1521497 Respectfully submitted,
KEVIN BELANGER Assistant District Attorney Oral argument is requested, Nacogdoches County, Texas but only ifAppellant is also State Bar No. 24094534 requesting oral argument. 101 W. Main St., Ste. 250 Nacogdoches, Texas 75961 Phone:(936)560-7766 FAX: (936) 560-6036
11 IDENTITY OF PARTIES & COUNSEL
Appellant. ............................................................ ANDREW PJ WIDTAKER
Winfred A. Simmons, II APPELLATE COUNSEL
Appellee............................................................... TfIE STATE OF TEXAS
Kevin Belanger Assistant District Attorney APPELLATE COUNSEL
Cristin Lane Assistant District Attorney TRIAL COUNSEL
Andrew Jones Assistant District Attorney TRIAL CO-COUNSEL
l1l TABLE OF CONTENTS
IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL .......................................................... .iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... iv
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES ..................................................................................... v
STATEMENT OF TIIB CASE ................................................................................. 1
ISSUES PRESENTED .............................................................................................. 3
STATEMENT OF FACTS ........................................................................................ 3
SlJMMARY OF TIIE STATE'S ARGUMENT ....................................................... 5
STATE'S RESPONSE TO APPELLANT'S ARGUMENT ..................................... 6
PRAYER.................................................................................................................. 15
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ................................................................................ 16
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIAN"CE ...................................................................... 17
IV INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
STATUTES PAGE
TEX. PENAL CODE (2015)
Sec. 6.03 .............................................................................................................. 11
Sec. 8.02(a) ............................................................................... 13
Sec. 31.07 ................................................................................. 10
RULES
TEX. R. APP. P. (2011)
R. 38 ...................................................................................................................... 1
FEDERAL CASES PAGE
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979) ................................................ 9
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984) ..................................... 12
STATE CASES PAGE
Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) ....................... 7,8
Barnes v. State, 876 S.W.2d 316 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) .......................... 9
Banks v. State, 530 S.W.2d 940 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975) ........................... 14
Benavides v. State, 763 S.W.2d 587 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1988,pet. refd) ...............................................................................................................................9
Burden v. State, 55 S.W.3d 608 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) .................................... 9
Gollihar v. State, 46 S.W.3d 243 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) ................................ 10
v STATE CASES (CON'T) PAGE
Kingv. State, 29 S.W.3d 556 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) .................................. 9, 10
Losada v. State, 721 S.W.2d 305 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) ................................ 10
McQueen v. State, 781 S.W.2d 600 {Tex. Crim. App. 2001) .................. 11
Okonkwo v. State 398 S.W.3d 689 {Tex. Crim App. 2013) .................. 12, 13
Posey v. State, 966 S.W.2d 57 {Tex. Cr. App. 1998) .......................... 5, 6, 7, 8
Tolbert v. State, 306 S.W.3d 776 (Tex. Crim App. 2010) ......................... .12
Vasquez v. State, 830 S.W.2d 948 {Tex. Crim. App. 1992) ........................ 12
Williams v. State, 692 S.W.2d 671 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) ............................... 9
VI Nos. 12-15-00068-CR & 12-15-00069-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE 12TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF TEXAS AT TYLER
TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS:
COMES NOW, Appellee, the State of Texas, by and through the
undersigned Assistant District Attorney, and respectfully submits this brief in
response to Appellant, Andrew PJ Whitaker, pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 38, urging
the Court to overrule Appellant's alleged point of error and affirm the judgment
and sentence of the trial court in the above-numbered cause.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
On June 20, 2014, Andrew PJ Whitaker was indicted in cause number
F1421007 in a one count indictment for a State Jail Felony offense of
I Unauthorized Use of a Vehicle committed on or about June 3, 2015. (F1421007, 1
C.R. 6). On February 6, 2015, Andrew PJ Whitaker was indicted in cause number
F1521497 in a one count indictment for a Class A Misdemeanor offense of
Evading Arrest committed on or about June 6, 2015. (F1521497, 1 C.R. 6). This
offense was further aggravated by the fact that Appellant used a vehicle in the
commission of the offense, and had previously been convicted of the felony
offense of Robbery. Ibid.
Appellant entered his plea of not guilty to in both cases on February 24,
2015. (3 R.R. 9:19-22). On February 24, 2015, a jury found Appellant guilty in
cause numbers F1421007 and F1521497; Unauthorized Use of a Motor Vehicle
and Evading Arrest, respectively. (3 R.R. 116: 1-8). The offenses for which
Appellant was found guilty were alleged to have occurred on or about June 3 and 6
of2015. (Fl421007, 1 C.R. 6; F1521497, 1 C.R. 6).
On February 25, 2015, the jury assessed Appellant's punishment at 2 years
confinement in a State Jail Facility in cause number F1421007, and 13 years
confinement to be served in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice in cause
number F1521497. (5 R.R. 28:7-20). Appellant's Notice of Appeal was filed on
February 26, 2015 with the district clerk's office. (F1421007 1 C.R. 36; F1521497
1C.R.25).
2 ISSUES PRESENTED
Appellant presents four issues to be addressed by this Court:
1) Whether the defendant was deprived of a fair trial when the defense of
mistake of fact was raised by the evidence, but was not submitted to the
jury as part of the charge, and its absence was not objected to,
2) Whether the evidence of unauthorized use of a vehicle was sufficient for
the trier of fact to find the defendant guilty,
3) Whether the failure of defense counsel to request an instruction on
mistake of fact or to object to its absence constituted ineffective
assistance of counsel, and
4) Whether the defendant was sufficiently harmed by failure to prove venue
to require a new trial.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
On February 24, 2015, testimony and evidence were presented in the trial
court. Such evidence established that Jesus Barrios Quezada lived in Nacogdoches
County and owned a 2002 Dodge truck. (3 R.R. 16:16-17:7). On June 3, 2014,
Guadalupe Barrios Quezada, Jesus' sister, arrived at Jesus' home and noticed that
the Dodge truck was missing. (3 R.R. 11:11-12:8). She phoned Jesus about the
missing vehicle, then called 911. (3 R.R. 12:9-23). Mr. Barrios Quezada did not
give Appellant, Andrew PJ Whitaker, permission to use his truck. (3 R.R. 18:17-
3 19:4).
On June 6, 2014, at approximately 4:00 A.M., Deputy Austin McDonald
was working patrol. (3 R.R. 28:24-29:3). Deputy McDonald noticed a tan Dodge
truck commit a traffic offense. (3 R.R. 29:9-13). Deputy McDonald then
attempted to stop the vehicle, which fled down highway 59. (ST. Ex. 1; 3 R.R. 32-
21 ). During the pursuit, Deputy McDonald ran the plates on the Dodge truck, and
dispatch reported back that it was a stolen vehicle. (3 R.R. 33:21-34:4). After a
lengthy pursuit, the truck became stuck in a median on highway 59, and the
suspect driving the vehicle fled into the nearby woods. (3 R.R. 36:21-24). Deputy
McDonald then caught up to and apprehended the suspect, who turned out to be
Andrew PJ Whitaker. (3 R.R. 37:5-22).
At the conclusion of the State's case-in-chief, the State rested. (3 R.R. 67:2-
3). The defense then called Appellant Andrew PJ Whitaker to the stand. (3 R.R.
73: 13-14). Appellant stated that he borrowed the truck in exchange for 10 dollars
from a man named "Runny". (3 R.R. 77:8-23, 75:24-76:6). The defense then
rested. (3 R.R. 90:25). After closing remarks, the jury deliberated. (3 R.R. 112:2-
115:10). The jury returned a guilty verdict as to cause numbers F1421007 and
f 1521497. (4 R.R. 4:14-21).
The punishment phase of the trial followed the guilt/innocence phase. (8
R.R. 7:24). Testimony was elicited and evidence was admitted remarking as to
4 Appellant's past and character. (4 R.R. 5:17-13:16). Again, the jury deliberated,
returning a sentence of 2 years confinement on cause F 1421007 and 13 years
confinement on cause Fl521497. (4 R.R. 28:7-20). The sentence in cause
Fl421007 was to be served in state jail, and the sentence in cause Fl521497 was to
be served in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice-Institutional Division with
each count to run concurrently with one another. Ibid.
SUMMARY OF THE STATE'S ARGUMENT
Appellant is not entitled to have his conviction overturned by this Court.
Appellant's first argument is that the trial court has a sua sponte duty to instruct the
jury on unrequested defense issues. Such an argument is without merit - case law
is clear on this point. Posey v. State, 966 S. W.2d 57 {Tex. Cr. App. 1998).
Appellant's second argument, that the evidence of unauthorized use of a motor
vehicle was not sufficient for the jury to return a verdict of guilt, is also without
merit. A rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of
Unauthorized Use of a Vehicle proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Appellant's
third argument is that Appellant's trial counsel's failure to request a jury
instruction on mistake of fact or to object to its absence constituted ineffective
assistance of counsel. This argument is also without merit. Trial counsel's failure
to request the instruction and object to its absence was a strategic decision by
counsel, and there is no reason to believe that but for the different instruction, the
5 result of the trial would be different. Finally, Appellant also argues that he
requires a new trial as the State did not prove venue when it did not elicit evidence
that the crime occurred in Texas - only that the crime occurred in Nacogdoches
County - and that Appellant was substantially harmed as a result of this error.
This argument has no merit - the State proved that the offense occurred in
Nacogdoches County, and therefore proved venue through circumstantial evidence.
Furthermore, any possibility of harm to Appellant would be a legal fiction.
Accordingly, Appellant's conviction and sentence should be upheld.
STATE'S RESPONSE TO APPELLANT'S ARGUMENT
A. The trial court does not have a sua sponte duty to instruct the jury on an
unrequested mistake of fact issue.
It is not disputed that when Appellant testified at trial, in doing so he raised
the defense of mistake of fact to the jury. The State further does not dispute that
Appellant's defense was "obvious, he believed he had consent of the owner to
possess the vehicle". The State further agrees with Appellant's concession that the
Posey court has held that omission of mistake of fact from a jury charge does not
deny the Appellant a fair trial. Id. at 71. However, Appellant's assertion that
Posey must be distinguished because the defendant did not testify on his own
behalf at trial in that case is disingenuous, as evidence of mistake of fact was
6 submitted to the jury in Posey in the defense' case in chief, even if the defendant
himself did not testify.
In Posey, the defendant was stopped in a Jaguar by a deputy, and the deputy
noticed that the car was not registered in the defendant's name. Posey at 58. The
deputy noticed that the inside door panel of the driver's side of the
Jaguar was pulled back and the alarm system was cut. Ibid. The defendant told
the deputy that a man named "Chuck" had given him permission to use the vehicle,
and inside the glove compartment of the Jaguar were some repair bills with the
name "Chuck" written on them. Ibid. The owner was in fact a woman named
Wanda Thomas, who did not give anybody permission to use her vehicle, which
she had parked at Hobby Airport on November 4, 1993. Ibid. Though the
defendant did not testify at trial, he did produce two witnesses. Ibid. The
witnesses stated that they saw a man named Charles Yates give the keys to the
Jaguar to the defendant on November 7, 1993. Ibid. This testimony was not
contradicted by any evidence from the State other than impeachment evidence and
cross-examination. Id. at 59. The state argued in closing that the defense'
arguments were not worthy of belief. Ibid. There was no mistake of fact
instruction in the jury charge - the defendant did not request it, nor did he object to
its absence at trial. Ibid.
7 The court in Posey upheld the verdict at trial, on the basis that the harm
analysis of Almanza v. State does not apply until the court finds an error in the jury
charge. Id at 61, citing Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 174 (Tex. Crim. App.
1984). The Almanza court set out a framework for analysis on appeal to preserved
and unpreserved errors in a jury charge based on its interpretation of Article 36.19
of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. See Almanza at 171-74. Because
Almanza and Article 36.19 are solely concerned with the harm analysis, neither is
instructive on whether an error actually occurred. See Posey at 60. "Therefore, the
question boils down to whether Article 36.14 imposes a duty on trial courts to sua
sponte instruct the jury on defensive issues, or whether article 36.14 permits a
defendant to complain for the first time on appeal about the omission of
unrequested defensive issues in the charge." Id at 60-61. The Posey court found
that the plain language of 36.14 makes clear that a defendant must object to the
charge to preserve error, and that the trial court does not have a duty to instruct a
jury sua sponte on defensive issues. See Posey at 61-62. Therefore, as there was
no error, the harm analysis under 36.19 and the Almanza court did not apply. Id at
62.
This case and Posey are functionally identical. The distinction Appellant
attempts to make is irrelevant - even though the defendant in Posey did not testify,
evidence was submitted to the jury, and argued at closing, that the defendant was
8 mistaken in his belief that he had permission from the lawful owner to use the
vehicle. The state, as it did in the instant case, argued that the defense case did not
hold water. Because the charge to the jury was not objected to at trial, and because
the trial court does not have a duty to sua sponte instruct the jury on defensive
issues, no error occurred, and the Almanza harm analysis does not apply.
B. The evidence of Unauthorized Use of a Vehicle was legally sufficient for
the jury to return a guilty verdict.
a. The Legal Sufficiency Standard of Review
The relevant question in a legal sufficiency review is not whether there is
any evidence to support a conviction, but whether there is sufficient evidence for a
rational trier of fact to find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia,
443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979); Kingv. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex. Crim. App.
2000). In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence under the criminal
standard, all the evidence should be viewed in the light most favorable to the
judgment in order to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found
the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S.
at 319; Burden v. State, 55 S.W.3d 608, 612 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).
The trier of fact, in this case the jury, is the exclusive judge of the credibility
of witnesses and of the weight to be given their testimony. Barnes v. State, 876
S.W.2d 316, 321 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); Williams v. State, 692 S.W.2d 671, 676
9 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). The jury is entitled to draw reasonable inferences from
the evidence. Benavides v. State, 763 S.W.2d 587, 588-89 (Tex. App.-Corpus
Christi 1988,pet. refd). Moreover, reconciliation of any conflict in the evidence
is within the exclusive province of the jury. Losada v. State, 721 S.W.2d 305, 309
(Tex. Crim. App. 1986). Although this Court's analysis should properly consider
all the evidence presented at trial, it should not re-weigh the evidence and
substitute its judgment for that of the jury. King, 29 S.W.3d at 562.
The legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the
offense as defined by the hypothetically correct jury charge, which is a charge that
accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment, and does not
unnecessarily increase the State's burden. Gollihar v. State, 46 S.W.3d 243, 253
(Tex. Crim. App. 2001).
b. Application of the Law to the Facts of this Case
There was legally sufficient evidence for a rational trier of fact to find every
essential element proved beyond a reasonable doubt and that Appellant committed
the offense of Unauthorized Use of a Vehicle. A person commits the offense of
Unauthorized Use of a Vehicle ifhe 1) intentionally or knowingly 2) operates
another's boat, airplane, or motor-propelled vehicle 3) without the effective
consent of the owner. TEX. PENAL CODE §31.07 (2015).
As for the culpable mental states, Texas law defines them as follows:
10 A person acts intentionally ... with regard to the nature of his conduct or to a result of his conduct when it is his conscious objective or desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result.
A person acts knowingly ... with respect to the nature of his conduct or to the circumstances surrounding his conduct when he is aware of the nature of his conduct or that the circumstances exist. A person acts knowingly ... with respect to a result of his conduct when he is aware that his conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result.
TEX. PENAL CODE §6.03 (2015).
In the instant case, it is not in dispute that Appellant operated another's motor-
propelled vehicle without the effective consent of the owner-what is in dispute is
whether or not he did so knowingly. In this regard, the opinion in McQueen v.
State is instructive. McQueen v. State, 781 S. W.2d 600 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001 ).
The McQueen court held that Unauthorized Use of a Vehicle encompassed two
"conduct elements" which make the overall conduct criminal - that the defendant
intentionally or knowingly operated a motor vehicle, knowing that such operation
was without the effective consent of the owner. McQueen at 604.
In the instant case, as in McQueen, Mr. Quezada's testimony that he did not
give Appellant permission to use his vehicle proved, from a sufficiency standpoint,
that Appellant knew that he did not have Mr. Quezada's permission. As to the
affirmative defense of mistake of fact, that Appellant had "Runny"' s permission to
use the vehicle and that he believed that "Runny" owned the vehicle, the finder of
fact was free to reject this evidence.
11 C. Appellant's Counsel was not ineffective for failing to request a mistake
of fact instruction or object to its absence.
The relevant question in an ineffective assistance of counsel argument is first
whether in light of all the circumstances, the acts or omissions of trial counsel were
so outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance as to implicate the
adversarial nature of the proceeding. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 690
(1984). "Defensive issues frequently 'depend upon trial strategy and tactics"', and
therefore the failure to request or object to the lack of any possibly available
defensive instruction is not necessarily objectively unreasonable . Okonkwo v.
State 398 S.W.3d 689, 397(Tex. Crim App. 2013), citing Tolbert v. State, 306
S.W.3d 776, 779-82 (Tex. Crim App. 2010). "Just because a competent defense
attorney recognizes that a particular defense might be available to a particular
offense, he or she could also decide it would be inappropriate to propound such a
defense in a given case." Vasquez v. State, 830 S.W.2d 948, 950 (Tex. Crim. App.
1992).
Trial counsel's conduct in the instant case certainly falls within the scope of
providing a competent defense, and the Okonkwo decision is particularly
instructive. In Okonkwo, the Appellant was charged with forgery of money.
Okonkwo at 692. The Appellant's defense was that he did not know that the
money was counterfeit, and his trial counsel did not request, nor object to the
12 absence of a mistake of fact instruction in the jury charge. However, the Okonkwo
Court on appeal found that trial counsel's actions were objectively reasonable,
given that a mistake of fact instruction could have arguably mislead the jury into
decreasing the state's burden of proof. Id at 696.
"the instructions on the forgery elements required the State to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant actually knew the bills were forged. By comparison, had counsel pursued an instruction on mistake of fact to address his second alternative theory, the jury would have also had to decide whether that belief was reasonable. See TEX. PENAL CODE§ 8.02(a). This would have been problematic for appellant because the instruction would have decreased the State's burden of proof by permitting the jury to convict him if it concluded that his mistake was unreasonable, even if it found that the belief was honest. Therefore, counsel was not objectively unreasonable in failing to request an instruction that may have caused the jury to convict him based on a lessened burden of proof."
Id at 696.
Counsel's strategy in the instant case could easily have followed the same
line of logic as the Okonkwo court - had counsel successfully requested a mistake
of fact defense be included in the jury charge, the jury might have been misled that
the State's burden of proof was not to prove that Appellant knew that he did not
have the permission of the rightful owner to operate the motor vehicle, but instead
that Appellant's belief that he had consent to use the motor vehicle was objectively
unreasonable. Therefore, as Appellant's counsel at trial acted to protect his client
from a lowered burden of proof, it cannot be said that trial counsel's strategy
rendered his performance ineffective.
13 D. The State successfully proved that the crime occurred within the state of
Texas through circumstantial evidence.
Appellant's argument that the State did not properly prove venue is without
merit. The evidence established that Mr. Barrios Quezada lived in
Nacogdoches County, and kept his 2002 Dodge truck at his home there. (3
R.R. 16: 16-17 :7). Deputy McDonald also testified that he was on patrol on
Highway 7 in Nacogdoches County when he first attempted to pull Appellant
over. (3 R.R. 29:3-8).
Appellant states in his motion, and the State agrees, that venue need only be
proven by a preponderance of the evidence. Banks v. State, 530 S.W.2d 940,
943 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975). Though there is no direct evidence that
Nacogdoches County is in the State of Texas, there is circumstantial evidence
given that there is no other Nacogdoches County in the entire United States of
America or the State of Texas. This circumstantial evidence was never
contradicted by counsel at trial or on appeal, and certainly meets the standard of
preponderance of evidence to prove venue.
Furthermore, Appellant cannot articulate any actual harm that was suffered
at a result of the State's failure to prove that venue was proper in Nacogdoches
County. Appellant raises the spectre of forum shopping within the state of
Texas, however this argument is without merit, as again, there is only one
14 Nacogdoches County in the State of Texas and the entire United States of
America.
PRAYER
WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, the undersigned counsel for
the State of Texas respectfully requests and prays that this Honorable Court
overrule Appellant's Point of Error and affirm the judgment and sentence of the
420th Judicial District Court of Nacogdoches County, Texas.
Respectfully submitted,
KEVIN BELANGER Assistant District Attorney Nacogdoches County, Texas
State Bar No. 24094534 101 W. Main St., Ste. 250 Nacogdoches, TX 75961 Phone: (936) 560-7766 FAX: (936) 560-6036
15 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
A true copy of the State's briefhas been served via FAX/certified mail/hand
delivery to counsel for Appellant, Winfred A. Simmons II, on this, the 17th day of
September, 2015.
~ Kevin Belanger
16 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
Pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.4, I hereby certify that this
brief contains 3,436 words-excluding the caption, identity of parties, table of
contents, index of authorities, signature, proof of service, certification, and
certificate of compliance. This is a computer-generated document created in
Microsoft Word, using 14-point typeface for all text. In making this certificate of
compliance, I am relying on the word count provided by the software used to
prepare the document.
'Ke\lil;Belanger