NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
No. 17-1061
UNITED STATES COURTS OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
ANDREW JOHN MILLER, ) FILED ) Jun 12, 2018 Petitioner-Appellant, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT DUNCAN MACLAREN, Warden, ) COURT FOR THE WESTERN ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN Respondent-Appellee. ) ) )
BEFORE: SUHRHEINRICH, GIBBONS, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.
JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. This case arises out of the August 31, 2000
murders of Marinus and Sary Polderman, aged 93 and 91, respectively, and their daughter, Anna
Lewis, aged 63. Petitioner Andrew John Miller was convicted in Michigan state court of felony
murder, perjury, and first-degree home invasion for his involvement in the murders. He appealed
his convictions, raising, among other arguments, the claim that his Confrontation Clause rights
were violated when an unavailable witness’s preliminary examination transcript was read to the
jury at trial. The state court affirmed his convictions and he filed a petition for a writ of habeas
corpus, which was denied by the district court. Because the Michigan state court’s decision was
not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law, we affirm the
district court’s judgment. No. 17-1061, Miller v. MacLaren
I.
A.
The Poldermans and Lewis were killed in a home invasion perpetrated by Andrew John
Miller (the petitioner), his sister Brandy Miller (“Brandy,” for ease of identification), Jerome
Williams, Ben Platt, and Angela McConnell. Planning to steal money from the Poldermans, the
group took Miller’s truck and his mother-in-law’s Lincoln to the residence, where Brandy and
McConnell pretended to have car trouble in order to gain entry into the home. The men entered
the residence shortly thereafter without permission. The attempted robbery devolved into violence
when Mr. Polderman tried to get the group to leave the house. Miller and Williams started beating
him and dragged him into the basement, while Brandy and McConnell struggled with Mrs.
Polderman, who fell down the basement stairs. Miller then cut Mrs. Polderman’s throat. Anna
Lewis, who lived nearby and had arrived to drop off some groceries, came into the house, saw
blood in the kitchen and started calling for her parents. McConnell hit her on the head several
times with a tire iron, and Miller stabbed Lewis in the chest. The group left the Polderman
residence, took showers at Miller’s home, and burned their clothes. The seat cover in Miller’s
truck was also removed and burned.
After almost seven years, the police developed leads that finally led them to Miller, Brandy,
Williams, Platt, and McConnell. During the investigation, Miller was summoned for two
investigative subpoenas and gave statements to police on March 13, 14, and 15, 2007. He initially
admitted that he had been at the Poldermans’ house on the day of the murders, that the women had
pretended to have car trouble to gain access, and that he had gone back to the house after the
murders with Williams and Platt to wipe fingerprints and destroy evidence. At the end of his final
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interview, though, Miller changed his story and denied that he had ever been at the Poldermans’
house.
Miller and the four other group members were charged with the murders in 2007. Brandy
and McConnell both entered into plea agreements in exchange for their cooperation, but
McConnell withdrew her plea before Miller’s trial. Before withdrawing her plea, she had testified
under oath at Miller’s preliminary hearing, where she was subjected to cross-examination.
B.
Miller’s trial began on May 14, 2008. McConnell, who would be going to trial herself after
the revocation of her plea, invoked her Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. The
court declared her unavailable, so the prosecution sought to introduce her preliminary hearing
transcript at trial. Miller moved to suppress the transcript, arguing that admitting it would violate
his Confrontation Clause rights because, although he had been able to cross-examine McConnell
at the preliminary hearing, he did not have the opportunity to cross-examine her about the
withdrawal of her plea deal and her contention that her previous statements were lies. The court
denied Miller’s motion, finding that he had an adequate opportunity to cross-examine McConnell
during the preliminary hearing. However, it agreed to allow the defense to read McConnell’s letter
recanting her testimony for impeachment purposes. It refused to allow the defense to introduce
evidence of McConnell’s formal plea withdrawal because it found that such evidence would be
more unfairly prejudicial than probative under Rule 403 and was not relevant to McConnell’s
character for truthfulness. See Mich. R. Evid. 403.
At trial, McConnell’s preliminary hearing testimony was read to the jury in the following
manner: the prosecutor and defense counsel read the questions that they had asked McConnell,
and another person read the answers that she had given. Miller’s attorney also read the questions
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that another defendant’s attorney had asked her on cross-examination during the preliminary
hearing. McConnell’s letter of recantation was also read to the jury, although certain statements
were redacted to exclude information about her formal plea withdrawal. The version read to the
jury still included many statements that McConnell fabricated her testimony, such as: “I have lied.
I went with the stories that I have been told”; “I was spoon fed these stories”; and “I have lied
about everything that I have testified to.” CA6 R. 16, Appendix: Jury Trial Vol. 5 Excerpt, at 116.
The letter read to the jury also claimed that McConnell was told by her attorney that she should
plead guilty because she “would not be able to beat the case,” and that she “was scared and told
that [she] would never see [her] kids or family outside of bars.” Id. at 117.
In accordance with her plea agreement, Brandy Miller testified at her brother’s trial, and
her testimony implicated Miller’s direct involvement in the murders. She stated that she was in
the Polderman house with Miller, Williams, Platt, and McConnell. She testified that she saw
Miller and Williams forcing Mr. Polderman from the back bedroom towards the front of the house,
and that Mr. Polderman had a bleeding cut on his forehead. She stated that after Mr. Polderman
tried to reach for the phone, he was “attacked again in the kitchen” by Miller and Williams, who
then dragged him into the basement, where she later saw him on the ground and “there was a lot
of blood.” CA6 R. 16, Appendix: Jury Trial Vol. 3 Excerpt, at 103–04. She also testified that
Miller cut Mrs. Polderman’s throat after she fell down the stairs.
The jury heard and saw excerpts from the recordings of the March 2007 interviews between
Miller and the police. Additionally, another witness, Nathan McDaniel, testified that he had been
an inmate at the Kalamazoo County Jail with Miller, and Miller confessed to him that he was
involved in the murders and that he took a .22-caliber rifle from the home. People v. Miller, No.
286580, 2010 WL 1629084, at *4 (Mich. Ct. App. 2010).
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On May 22, 2008, the jury convicted Miller of three counts of felony murder, one count of
perjury, and one count of first-degree home invasion. He was sentenced to life in prison without
the possibility of parole. Miller appealed his convictions and raised several issues, including the
argument that the admission of McConnell’s statement violated his Confrontation Clause rights.
Miller, 2010 WL 1629084, at *1. The Michigan Court of Appeals affirmed his convictions,
holding that “[a] review of the record indicates that defense counsel effectively cross-examined
McConnell on all of the relevant aspects of the case and attacked McConnell’s credibility at the
preliminary examination.” Id. at *1, *7. Miller also was able to impeach McConnell at trial by
reading her letter recanting her testimony into evidence, and he “fail[ed] to show how any cross-
examination concerning the letter would not have been duplicative of the contents of the letter
itself.” Id. at *1. Miller then filed for leave to appeal to the Michigan Supreme Court, which
denied his petition. People v. Miller, 794 N.W.2d 35, 36 (Mich. 2011).
C.
In February 2012, Miller filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254. The magistrate judge recommended denying the petition, and the district court adopted
the report in full. The district court also denied a certificate of appealability. This court
subsequently granted a certificate of appealability with respect to his Confrontation Clause claim.
II.
This court “review[s] the district court’s legal conclusions in a habeas proceeding de novo
and its factual findings under the clear-error standard.” Davis v. Lafler, 658 F.3d 525, 530 (6th
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Cir. 2011). Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), we
may not grant a state prisoner habeas relief unless the state court’s determination:
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). AEDPA presents a very difficult standard for habeas petitioners to meet.
See, e.g., Woods v. Donald, 135 S. Ct. 1372, 1376 (2015) (“AEDPA’s standard is intentionally
difficult to meet.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); Burt v. Titlow, 571 U.S. 12, 19
(2013) (“AEDPA erects a formidable barrier to federal habeas relief for prisoners whose claims
have been adjudicated in state court.”). “A state court’s determination that a claim lacks merit
precludes federal habeas relief so long as ‘fairminded jurists could disagree’ on the correctness of
the state court’s decision.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101 (2011) (quoting Yarborough
v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 664 (2004)).
III.
Miller argues that the admission of McConnell’s preliminary examination transcript
entitles him to habeas relief because it is clearly established federal law that a preliminary
examination never affords a defendant the opportunity for adequate cross examination, or, in the
alternative, under the specific facts of his case he was not afforded an adequate opportunity for
cross examination, and the state court’s determination was an unreasonable application of clearly
established federal law. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). Miller fails to meet AEDPA’s high bar, since
he cannot show that there is clearly established federal law supporting his arguments.
Furthermore, even if there was error, it was harmless because Miller was able to impeach
McConnell’s credibility at trial by reading her recantation letter to the jury, and there was ample
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additional evidence of Miller’s involvement in the murders, including eyewitness testimony from
Miller’s sister and incriminating statements made by Miller himself.
“Identifying clearly established federal law is . . . the ‘threshold question under AEDPA.’”
Dewald v. Wriggelsworth, 748 F.3d 295, 299 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S.
362, 390 (2000)). In determining what constitutes clearly established federal law, “we must
consult ‘the holdings, as opposed to the dicta, of [the Supreme] Court’s decisions as of the time of
the relevant state-court decision.’” Id. (quoting Carey v. Musladin, 549 U.S. 70, 74 (2006))
(alteration in original).
The Sixth Amendment states: “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the
right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him . . . .” U.S. CONST. amend. VI. Certain
Sixth Amendment principles are, without a doubt, clearly established in federal jurisprudence.
Crawford v. Washington provides the governing standard for admission of testimonial hearsay in
a criminal trial: “the Sixth Amendment demands what the common law required: unavailability
and a prior opportunity for cross-examination.” 541 U.S. 36, 68 (2004). Both parties agree that
McConnell was unavailable. Thus, the only issue is whether Miller had a prior opportunity to
cross-examine McConnell. The question then becomes how clearly established federal law defines
“prior opportunity to cross-examine.”
The Confrontation Clause “has long been read as securing an adequate opportunity to
cross-examine adverse witnesses.” United States v. Owens, 484 U.S. 554, 557 (1988). Miller
argues that under clearly established federal law, a preliminary examination never affords the
required “adequate opportunity” for cross-examination, quoting the following statement from the
Supreme Court decision in Barber v. Page:
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The right to confrontation is basically a trial right. . . . A preliminary hearing is ordinarily a much less searching exploration into the merits of a case than a trial, simply because its function is the more limited one of determining whether probable cause exists to hold the accused for trial.
390 U.S. 719, 725 (1968). In Barber, a witness testified at the petitioner’s preliminary hearing
and the petitioner chose not to cross-examine him at that time. Id. at 720. At the time of trial, the
witness was incarcerated over 200 miles from the trial court, and the state argued that this distance
rendered him unavailable. Id. The Court held that admission of the witness’s preliminary hearing
transcript violated the petitioner’s Confrontation Clause rights. Id. at 721.
Miller’s interpretation of Barber—as establishing a clear rule that preliminary hearings
never provide an adequate opportunity for cross-examination—is incorrect. First, Barber’s
statements about the nature of the right to confrontation left room for exceptions. The Court stated
that the confrontation right is “basically” a trial right, and that a preliminary examination hearing
is “ordinarily” less probing into the merits than a trial. Id. at 725. Additionally, the Barber
petitioner had not actually exercised his right to cross-examine the witness at the preliminary
hearing. Id. at 720. More importantly, the witness in Barber was not, in fact, unavailable; instead,
the State had failed to make a “good-faith effort to obtain his presence at trial.” Id. at 724–25.
The Court noted that there could be exceptions in different circumstances: “[w]hile there may be
some justification for holding that the opportunity for cross-examination of a witness at a
preliminary hearing satisfies the demand of the confrontation clause where the witness is shown
to be actually unavailable, this is not, as we have pointed out, such a case.” Id. at 725–26.
Indeed, in a case decided just two years later, the Court was careful to emphasize that
Barber left space for exceptions, holding that where a witness was uncooperative on the stand at
trial, admission of the witness’s preliminary hearing testimony was not prohibited by the Sixth
Amendment. California v. Green, 399 U.S. 149, 151–52, 166 (1970). Therefore, it is not “clearly
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established law” that a preliminary hearing never provides an adequate opportunity for cross-
examination; on the contrary, the law is clear that sometimes it can provide such an opportunity.
Furthermore, this circuit has already rejected the argument that Miller now makes. In
Williams v. Bauman, we held that the petitioner’s “suggestion that his preliminary hearing
categorically did not afford him an adequate opportunity to cross-examine” failed under AEDPA
because he did not “identify any Supreme Court precedent supporting his contention.” 759 F.3d
630, 635–36 (6th Cir. 2014). While the efficacy of cross-examination during a preliminary hearing
may be debatable, “[i]f there is room for reasonable debate on the issue, the state court’s decision
to align itself with one side of the argument is necessarily beyond th[e] court’s power to remedy
under § 2254, even if it turns out to be wrong.” Id. at 636. Similarly, in Al-Timimi v. Jackson, we
held that while “the Supreme Court has acknowledged that a preliminary hearing generally
involves a less searching exploration into the merits of a case than does a trial[,] . . . . this statement
was dicta, not clearly established law for the purposes of AEDPA.” 379 F. App’x 435, 438 (6th
Cir. 2010) (internal citation omitted). Finally, at least two other circuits have rejected habeas
petitioners’ claims that introduction of unavailable witnesses’ preliminary examination transcripts
violated their Confrontation Clause rights. See Howell v. Trammell, 728 F.3d 1202, 1215–18 (10th
Cir. 2013); Maxwell v. Roe, 628 F.3d 486, 491 n.1 (9th Cir. 2010).
Thus, the only clearly established federal law that is applicable here is Crawford’s mandate
that where testimonial hearsay is admitted, the declarant must have been unavailable and the
defendant must have had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the declarant. See 541 U.S. at 68.
Next, we must decide whether the state court’s decision was contrary to, or an unreasonable
application of, Crawford’s requirement that Miller must have had a prior opportunity to adequately
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cross-examine McConnell. Miller argues that the state courts unreasonably applied federal law
because under the facts of his case, he was not afforded an adequate opportunity to cross-examine
McConnell. McConnell’s recantation of her original testimony and formal plea withdrawal, he
claims, raised new factual issues that could not have been subject to cross-examination during the
preliminary hearing.
“A state court judgment is the result of an unreasonable application of clearly established
law for AEDPA purposes when the state court ‘correctly identifies the governing legal rule but
applies it unreasonably to the facts of a particular prisoner’s case.’” Hill v. Anderson, 881 F.3d
483, 490 (6th Cir. 2018) (quoting Williams, 529 U.S. at 408–09). A state court’s decision is only
an unreasonable application of clearly established law where it is “‘objectively unreasonable,’ not
merely wrong; even ‘clear error’ will not suffice.” White v. Woodall, 134 S. Ct. 1697, 1702 (2014)
(quoting Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 75–76 (2003)). “The Supreme Court has repeatedly
instructed that a state court’s resolution of an issue is not necessarily unreasonable, even if it is
incorrect.” Williams, 759 F.3d at 635. We hold that the Michigan court did not “unreasonably
apply” Crawford’s requirement that a defendant have a prior opportunity to adequately cross-
examine an unavailable declarant.
Miller relies primarily on our case Blackston v. Rapelje for his argument that the state
court’s decision was an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law. In Blackston,
the petitioner was granted a retrial, but two of the prosecution’s key witnesses recanted their
testimony via written statements before the second trial. 780 F.3d 340, 346 (6th Cir. 2015). The
judge declared them unavailable at trial since they refused to respond to questioning and ordered
their testimony from the petitioner’s first trial read into the record. Id. at 346–47. The judge also
overruled the defense’s request that the witnesses’ recanting statements be read to the jury. Id. at
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347. A panel of this court affirmed the district court’s conditional grant of a writ of habeas corpus,
holding that the petitioner’s Confrontation Clause rights were violated and that the error was not
harmless. Id. at 362. We concluded that “[t]here is a clearly established right to impeach the
credibility of an adverse witness using the witness’s own inconsistent statements.” Id. at 348.
Because the witnesses’ recantations were inconsistent with their trial testimony and were
“prototypical impeachment material,” the state court’s decision to exclude the statements
unreasonably denied the petitioner that right. Id. at 353–54.
Blackston is easily distinguishable, as it only recognized a clearly established right to
impeach witnesses—and here, Miller was able to do just that. Unlike the petitioner in Blackston,
Miller’s defense was permitted to read McConnell’s recantation letter into the record. The jury
heard her statements, “I have lied. . . . I was told these lies by the detective . . . . I was spoon fed
these stories and told that someone else told this by the detectives.” CA6 R. 16, Appendix: Jury
Trial Vol. 5 Excerpt, at 116. The fact that Miller was unable to introduce evidence of McConnell’s
formal plea withdrawal does not run afoul of Blackston because, as the district court noted, her
plea withdrawal in and of itself had nothing to do with her character for truthfulness. See Nevada
v. Jackson, 569 U.S. 505, 512 (2013) (“[T]his Court has never held that the Confrontation Clause
entitles a criminal defendant to introduce extrinsic evidence for impeachment purposes.”). What
mattered for impeachment purposes were McConnell’s statements that she had lied, and the jury
heard those statements.
Moreover, Miller was not denied the ability to effectively cross-examine McConnell
simply because he was unable to cross-examine her about her plea withdrawal. He cross-examined
her extensively at the preliminary hearing, he was able to introduce her letter of recantation at trial,
and he points to no Supreme Court precedent that would support his argument that the
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Confrontation Clause requires the ability to cross-examine an unavailable witness about her
inconsistent statements when those statements were read to the jury. In fact, there is language
from Green that points to the opposite conclusion: “The most successful cross-examination at the
time the prior statement was made could hardly hope to accomplish more than has already been
accomplished by the fact that the witness is now telling a different, inconsistent story, and—in this
case—one that is favorable to the defendant.” 399 U.S. at 159. Here, it is not clear what else
Miller would have accomplished by cross-examining McConnell about her plea withdrawal.
Indeed, such cross-examination could have been counter-productive, because McConnell’s new
version of events was favorable to Miller. Miller is asking this court not to apply Blackston, but
to expand it and create a new right. And a newly-created right cannot be “clearly established,” nor
can it be announced on habeas review.
Because the state court’s decision comports with clearly established federal law, in that
McConnell was unavailable, Miller had a prior opportunity to cross-examine McConnell, and he
was able to impeach her by reading her inconsistent statements to the jury, Miller cannot show that
there was constitutional error that warrants habeas relief.
IV.
Even if there was constitutional error, Miller is not entitled to habeas relief unless he can
show that the error “had substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s
verdict.” Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 623 (1993) (quoting Kotteakos v. United States,
328 U.S. 750, 776 (1946)). A “substantial and injurious effect or influence” means “actual
prejudice.” See id. at 637–38; see also, e.g., Fry v. Pliler, 551 U.S. 112, 119 (2007); Gover v.
Perry, 698 F.3d 295, 299 (6th Cir. 2012). “The inquiry cannot be merely whether there was enough
to support the result, apart from the phase affected by the error. It is rather, even so, whether the
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error itself had substantial influence. If so, or if one is left in grave doubt, the conviction cannot
stand.” O’Neal v. McAninch, 513 U.S. 432, 438 (1995) (quoting Kotteakos, 328 U.S. at 764–65)
(emphasis omitted). Miller fails to meet Brecht’s “substantial and injurious effect” requirement.
Any error from admitting McConnell’s preliminary examination testimony was mitigated
by admission of her recantation statement, where she repeatedly asserted that she lied. In fact, her
recantation letter explicitly states: “I have lied”; “I was spoon fed these stories”; “I have lied about
everything that I have testified to.” CA6 R. 16, Appendix: Jury Trial Vol. 5 Excerpt, at 116. She
stated specifically that she fabricated all of her testimony about the events in the Polderman house:
“[A]nother lie that I told was that I seen [sic] Jerome, Ben, and Andrew [Miller] come out of the
house with blood on them. I was never there to see anyone [sic] of them come out of the house at
all.” Id. at 117. At the very least, those statements cast serious doubt on McConnell’s credibility,
making it less likely that the jury would rely heavily on her preliminary examination testimony
when deciding whether Miller was guilty.
Further, although courts are instructed not to conduct a bare sufficiency of the evidence
inquiry when determining whether the error had a substantial and injurious effect on the verdict,
we note that the other evidence introduced against Miller was more than adequate to support his
conviction. Brandy testified against Miller in court, describing the murders and Miller’s role in
them in great detail (and it’s worth remarking that Brandy was testifying against her own brother,
whereas McConnell had no such familial relationship with Miller). Miller also admitted to police
officers that he had been at the Poldermans’ house on the day of the murders, that the women had
pretended to have car trouble to gain access, and that he had gone back to the house after the
murders with Williams and Platt to wipe fingerprints and destroy evidence. The jury heard and
saw recordings from these interviews with police. The jury also heard from Nathan McDaniel,
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who had been an inmate at the Kalamazoo County Jail with Miller, and who testified that Miller
confessed to involvement with the murders. Miller, 2010 WL 1629084, at *4. Even without
McConnell’s testimony, there was ample evidence for a jury to find Miller guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt. Since McConnell’s statement of recantation was read to the jury, mitigating any
error introduced by reading her preliminary hearing testimony, and there was abundant additional
evidence implicating Miller in the crimes, we conclude that any error was harmless and did not
have a “substantial and injurious effect or influence” on the verdict.
V.
We therefore affirm the judgment of the district court.
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