Opinion of the Court by
Judge Dietzman
Affirming in part and reversing in part.
This is an action to construe the will of Mrs. Josephine Clay. The will reads as follows:
“I, Josephine Clay, of Fayette county, Kentucky, do make and declare this to be my last will and
testament, hereby revoking any and all wills heretofore made. After my funeral expenses and just debts are paid I direct that one thousand dollars be paid to St. Joseph’s hospital, Lexington, Kentucky. I will and devise to my two daughters Lucretia C. Simpson and Mary W. Anderson all my property, personal and real. The personal property an absolute gift which they will divide between themselves, lovingly and equally. The real estate, however, is to be subject to the following conditions: It shall be managed by my two daughters (without the control or interference of any husband they now have or may have) and the emoluments to be divided equally between the two, but shall not be sold until the death of my last surviving daughter; then it is to be divided equally among my daughters ’ children to share alike; at the death of one of my daughters her place in the management of the estate shall be supplied by one of her children.
“It is my earnest wish that the future heirs may so arrange that Ashland may not pass out of the possession of my descendants. I repeat that there shall be no sale of the land until it becomes subject for division among the heirs as set forth above.
“I appoint my daughters, Lucretia C. Simpson and Mary W. Anderson, joint executors of this my last will and testament without security, and direct that there shall be no appraisement of my estate. I direct that my daughters be not required to make any settlement with the courts. My estate is left entirely in the hands of my daughters without intervention of the courts.
“In witness whereof I sign my name and affix my seal this 31 day of October, 1910.
“Josephine Clay.
“I make this codicil to state that my Missouri land is not included in the foregoing trust estate, but may be sold and used by my daughters as they incline. In all other respects the above will is ratified and confirmed.
“In witness whereof I sign my name and affix my seal this 31 October, 1910.
“Josephine Clay.
“I make to the foregoing will this my codicil to bequeath to my grandson, Henry Clay Simpson, the
gold watch that belonged to his great-great-grandfather, Henry Clay. In all other respects the f oregoing will is ratified and confirmed this 15 May, 1917.
“ Josephine Clay.”
The only point in controversy between the parties to this suit is as to the nature of the estates tbe devisees of the real estate devised in the body of the will take. The lower court adjudged that the devisees, Lucretia C. Simpson and Mary W. Anderson, took a life estate and that the appellants, Henry Clay Anderson and Matthew William Anderson, children of said Mary W. Anderson, and the appellees, Eugene Irwin Simpson, Henry Clay Simpson and Josephine Clay Simpson, children of Lucretia C. Simpson, all of whom were living at the time of the death of the testatrix, took a vested remainder in this vested real estate
per capita,
which remainder was subject to be opened up upon the birth thereafter of any other children to said Mary W. Anderson or Lucretia C. Simpson, who on being being- born would share
per capita
witb these now living in such remainder. Tbe court further adjudged that should either Lucretia C. Simpson or Mary W. Anderson die before the other then the survivor was entitled to one-half of the returns and profits from the real estate for and during her life,- and that the other half of such profits should be divided among the above defined remaindermen
per capita.
The judgment also provided that the provision in the will to the effect that the land should not be sold until the death of the last surviving- daughter was valid.
It is not seriously contended on this appeal that so much of the judgment of the court which adjudged that the testatrix’s daughters did not take a fee in this realty is not correct. We think this so plainly manifest from a reading of the will that we will not spend further time on this branch of the case.
The judgment that the restriction on the alienation of the property during the lives of these daughters was valid is also correct. Sparrow v. Sparrow, 171 Ky. 101, 186 S. W. 904.
The main contention of the appellants is that the provision in this will governing the remainder interests should be construed to require a division
per stirpes
rather than a division
per capita.
The motive for this position on the part of appellants is that Mrs. Anderson, one of the two daughters of Mrs. Clay, has but two chil
dren, whereas Mrs. Simpson, the other daughter, has three, and inasmuch as it is highly unlikely, due to the age of these two daughters, that either one of them will ever have any more children, the
per capita
division would result in the Simpson branch of the family ultimately getting three-fifths of the estate, whereas the Anderson branch would get but two-fifths. It is insisted that the testatrix meant and intended that the two branches should share equally. In the very recent case of Dennis v. Shirley, 212 Ky. 114, 278 S. W. 591, this court had before it this matter of construing a will to ascertain whether a
per capita
or a
per stirpes
division was intended, and, after considering many previously decided eases bearing on the point, we said:
“In solving the question, the first thing to be determined is the intention of the testator as gathered from the language of his entire will bearing upon the question for solution, since that intention is the only one that the courts are authorized to enforce. In determining whether he intended a
per capita
or a
per stirpes
distribution certain rules have been established which are discussed, considered and applied in a great number of cases from this court, the three latest of which are Prather v. Watson, 187 Ky. 709, 220 S. W. 532; Fischer v. Lange, 190 Ky. 669, 228 S. W. 684, and Rogers v. Burress, 199 Ky. 766, 251 S. W. 980. ... In the opinion in the Rogers case it is said: ‘We have held in an unbroken line of cases that unless a contrary intention should be discoverable from the will, a provision for a division ‘equally’ or ‘share and share’ alike between or among two or more persons or groups means a
per capita
and not a
per stirpes
distribution. ’ ’
In this Dennis case we held that a remainder devised “to my legal heirs in equal shares with one exception, viz., Eva Reed, my granddaughter, has now in her possession one sewing machine and one organ, which I now give her, and same shall not be charged to her again,” was a
per capita
and not a
per stirpes
division.
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Opinion of the Court by
Judge Dietzman
Affirming in part and reversing in part.
This is an action to construe the will of Mrs. Josephine Clay. The will reads as follows:
“I, Josephine Clay, of Fayette county, Kentucky, do make and declare this to be my last will and
testament, hereby revoking any and all wills heretofore made. After my funeral expenses and just debts are paid I direct that one thousand dollars be paid to St. Joseph’s hospital, Lexington, Kentucky. I will and devise to my two daughters Lucretia C. Simpson and Mary W. Anderson all my property, personal and real. The personal property an absolute gift which they will divide between themselves, lovingly and equally. The real estate, however, is to be subject to the following conditions: It shall be managed by my two daughters (without the control or interference of any husband they now have or may have) and the emoluments to be divided equally between the two, but shall not be sold until the death of my last surviving daughter; then it is to be divided equally among my daughters ’ children to share alike; at the death of one of my daughters her place in the management of the estate shall be supplied by one of her children.
“It is my earnest wish that the future heirs may so arrange that Ashland may not pass out of the possession of my descendants. I repeat that there shall be no sale of the land until it becomes subject for division among the heirs as set forth above.
“I appoint my daughters, Lucretia C. Simpson and Mary W. Anderson, joint executors of this my last will and testament without security, and direct that there shall be no appraisement of my estate. I direct that my daughters be not required to make any settlement with the courts. My estate is left entirely in the hands of my daughters without intervention of the courts.
“In witness whereof I sign my name and affix my seal this 31 day of October, 1910.
“Josephine Clay.
“I make this codicil to state that my Missouri land is not included in the foregoing trust estate, but may be sold and used by my daughters as they incline. In all other respects the above will is ratified and confirmed.
“In witness whereof I sign my name and affix my seal this 31 October, 1910.
“Josephine Clay.
“I make to the foregoing will this my codicil to bequeath to my grandson, Henry Clay Simpson, the
gold watch that belonged to his great-great-grandfather, Henry Clay. In all other respects the f oregoing will is ratified and confirmed this 15 May, 1917.
“ Josephine Clay.”
The only point in controversy between the parties to this suit is as to the nature of the estates tbe devisees of the real estate devised in the body of the will take. The lower court adjudged that the devisees, Lucretia C. Simpson and Mary W. Anderson, took a life estate and that the appellants, Henry Clay Anderson and Matthew William Anderson, children of said Mary W. Anderson, and the appellees, Eugene Irwin Simpson, Henry Clay Simpson and Josephine Clay Simpson, children of Lucretia C. Simpson, all of whom were living at the time of the death of the testatrix, took a vested remainder in this vested real estate
per capita,
which remainder was subject to be opened up upon the birth thereafter of any other children to said Mary W. Anderson or Lucretia C. Simpson, who on being being- born would share
per capita
witb these now living in such remainder. Tbe court further adjudged that should either Lucretia C. Simpson or Mary W. Anderson die before the other then the survivor was entitled to one-half of the returns and profits from the real estate for and during her life,- and that the other half of such profits should be divided among the above defined remaindermen
per capita.
The judgment also provided that the provision in the will to the effect that the land should not be sold until the death of the last surviving- daughter was valid.
It is not seriously contended on this appeal that so much of the judgment of the court which adjudged that the testatrix’s daughters did not take a fee in this realty is not correct. We think this so plainly manifest from a reading of the will that we will not spend further time on this branch of the case.
The judgment that the restriction on the alienation of the property during the lives of these daughters was valid is also correct. Sparrow v. Sparrow, 171 Ky. 101, 186 S. W. 904.
The main contention of the appellants is that the provision in this will governing the remainder interests should be construed to require a division
per stirpes
rather than a division
per capita.
The motive for this position on the part of appellants is that Mrs. Anderson, one of the two daughters of Mrs. Clay, has but two chil
dren, whereas Mrs. Simpson, the other daughter, has three, and inasmuch as it is highly unlikely, due to the age of these two daughters, that either one of them will ever have any more children, the
per capita
division would result in the Simpson branch of the family ultimately getting three-fifths of the estate, whereas the Anderson branch would get but two-fifths. It is insisted that the testatrix meant and intended that the two branches should share equally. In the very recent case of Dennis v. Shirley, 212 Ky. 114, 278 S. W. 591, this court had before it this matter of construing a will to ascertain whether a
per capita
or a
per stirpes
division was intended, and, after considering many previously decided eases bearing on the point, we said:
“In solving the question, the first thing to be determined is the intention of the testator as gathered from the language of his entire will bearing upon the question for solution, since that intention is the only one that the courts are authorized to enforce. In determining whether he intended a
per capita
or a
per stirpes
distribution certain rules have been established which are discussed, considered and applied in a great number of cases from this court, the three latest of which are Prather v. Watson, 187 Ky. 709, 220 S. W. 532; Fischer v. Lange, 190 Ky. 669, 228 S. W. 684, and Rogers v. Burress, 199 Ky. 766, 251 S. W. 980. ... In the opinion in the Rogers case it is said: ‘We have held in an unbroken line of cases that unless a contrary intention should be discoverable from the will, a provision for a division ‘equally’ or ‘share and share’ alike between or among two or more persons or groups means a
per capita
and not a
per stirpes
distribution. ’ ’
In this Dennis case we held that a remainder devised “to my legal heirs in equal shares with one exception, viz., Eva Reed, my granddaughter, has now in her possession one sewing machine and one organ, which I now give her, and same shall not be charged to her again,” was a
per capita
and not a
per stirpes
division.
In the present case the provision is that the property is to be divided “among my daughters’ children to share alike.” Under the Dennis case this requires a
per capita
division unless we can discover a contrary intention from the will. We are not able to see where any such contrary
intention does appear, and for that reason the judgment of the lower court holding' that the remaindermen took
per capita
and not
per stirpes
is correct. It also correctly held that their vested remainder was subject to be opened up on the possible birth of any other children to either Mrs. Anderson or Mrs. Simpson. Slote v. Reiss, 153 Ky. 30, 154 S. W. 405.
This leaves for determination the precise character of the estate the daughters took, and further that part of the judgment which holds that after the death of either of the daughters, and prior to the death of the other, the remaindermen will share
per capita
in the rents and profits of the realty enjoyed theretofore by the daughter so dying’. The will plainly indicated that the testatrix did not intend for the remaindermen to enjoy any part of the estate until both daughters were dead. It provides that the realty is hot to be sold until these daughters are dead and then it is to be divided among the grandchildren. We gather from this that the testatrix did not intend for these grandchildren to come into the enjoyment of their remainder interest until their mothers were both dead. We then have presented a devise to' the two daughters as tenants in common with a gift over on the death of both. The disposition of the share of the daughter who dies first depends, of course, on the construction of the will. Clearly the remaindermen are not entitled, for the event on which they are to take, the death of both daughters, has not happened. Scott v. Bargeman, 2 P. Wms. 68. Nor should we hold, unless compelled to, that the testatrix died, as to this share, intestate, for a construction resulting in intestacy is to be avoided if it can reasonably de done. It may then be urged that a cross-limitation should be implied under which the surviving daughter would take the whole of the estate until her death. Loring v. Coolidge, 99 Mass. 191; Douglas v. Parsons, 22 Ohio St. 526. But if the provisions of the will clearly rebut the presumption of a cross-remainder, none can be implied. Such is the case here. The provision that “at the death of one of my daughters, her place in the management of the estate shall be supplied by one of her children” indicates that the testatrix intended that this half of the income of the estate should not pas.s to the surviving daughter but remain in the other branch of the family until both daughters were dead. If the surviving daughter was to get all the income, there was no reason why she should not be the sole manager of it. The corpus could
not be touched until the remainder fell in. Only those could be interested in the protection of the income who would share in it. We therefore conclude that, in vesting the management of the property for income in not only the surviving daughter but also in a child of the daughter who had died, the testatrix clearly showed that she did not intend to vest the whole income in the surviving daughter. The implication of a cross-limitation is therefore clearly rebutted by the provision of the will. It is equally as clear that the testatrix intended that the share of the daughter dying should g’o as a part of such daughter’s estate. We therefore conclude that the devise here in question was a devise to each of the daughters for the life of the survivor. See Henry v. Henderson, 103 Miss. 48, 60 South. 33. In such state of case the daughter who survives has an estate in her part for life while the estate of the other daughter, on her death, will assume the character of an estate
pur outer vie,
which, under our statute, in the event of intestacy goes to the personal representative as personal property to be distributed by him as such. Cf. Tiffany on Real Property, second edition, vol. 1, pp. 74, 75; Bignold v. Giles, 4 Drewry 343; Kentucky Statutes, section 3861.
Insofar as the judgment of the lower court conforms to the views herein expressed, it is affirmed, and in so far as it conflicts therewith, it is reversed, with instructions to the trial court to modify it in accordance therewith.