Anaconda Copper Mining Co. v. Heinze

69 P. 909, 27 Mont. 161, 1902 Mont. LEXIS 101

Opinion

MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BRANTLY

delivered tbe opinion of tbe court.

Action in ejectment and for damages, in wbicb plaintiff seeks to recover possession of tbe Snow Bird quartz lode mining claim, situate in Silver Bow county, and tbe value of ores removed therefrom by tbe defendants'. Equitable relief by way of injunction is also sought to.restrain removal of ores pending tbe action, and perpetually, in case plaintiff succeeds in obtaining judgment.

Upon filing tbe complaint the plaintiff applied for and obtained an order requiring tbe defendants to show cause why they should not be enjoined pending tbe action. They appeared and filed a joint answer, and, after denying that they were guilty of trespassing upon tbe property, set up an equitable counterclaim, by wbicb they seek to obtain a decree adjudging tbe defendant F. Augustus Heinze tbe owner of it under a contract by wbicb he purchased it from tbe plaintiff, with other property, for tbe price of $100,000, wbicb has been fully paid. After a bearing tbe temporary injunction was denied. Tbe plaintiff has appealed.

. Tbe subjoined diagram's will serve to illustrate tbe contentions of tbe parties.

Tbe main controversy at tbe bearing turned upon tbe question where tbe apex of tbe vein in wbicb certain ore bodies are found is situated, — whether within tbe boundaries of tbe Snow Bird claim, or within those of tbe Johnstown and Rarus claims to tbe north, wbicb belong to tbe defendants, tbe Johnstown Mining Company and tbe Montana Ore Purchasing Company. Tbe plaintiff contended that tbe apex of a vein, known as tbe “Windlass Vein,” passes through tbe northeastern portion of tbe Pennsylvania claim in tbe direction indicated by tbe words “Windlass Vein” upon diagram 1, and that this apex is also found within the perpendicular planes descending into the earth through tbe exterior boundaries of tbe Snow Bird claim.

Tbe Snow Bird is a fractional claim, and a portion of it shown on diagram 1 is indicated by tbe letters G-, H, K, L, M. Portions of tbe Johnstown, and Rarus claims to tbe north are indicated by tbe letters G, O, D, I, K. Tbe Pennsylvania, to the south, belongs to tbe Boston & Montana Consolidated Cop1per & Silver Mining Company. Tbe lines AA and BB represent, substantially, parallel fault fissures extending through tbe country in a northeasterly and southwesterly direction, and dipping into tbe earth at an angle of about 50 degrees toward tbe northwest. Under tbe theory advanced by tbe plaintiff tbe fault occasioned by geological disturbances in tbe crust of tbe earth was attended by such a movement of tbe portion between tbe fissures as to cut off and destroy tbe identity and continuity of the vein to tbe east and west; and tbe Windlass vein, having its apex near tbe surface toward tbe east end line of tbe Pennsylvania, is cut off by tbe fault so that its top or apex descends into tbe earth under tbe face of tbe east fault fissure until it passes through tbe north side line of that claim into* tbe Snow Bird, thus presenting what plaintiff claims is a subfault apex within tbe boundaries of tbe latter. A A, represents tbe face of the east fault near tbe 900-foot level of tbe Rarus workings; BB tbe face of tbe west fault at or near tbe 1,000-foot level. Tbe vein, as it descends under tbe east fault fissure, enters tbe Snow Bird ground across tbe line Hi between tbe 800-and 900-foot levels, and, traversing tbe claim-under tbe dip of tbe fault, passes into tbe Johnstown across the line GrK about the 1,000-foot level. The plaintiff’s witnesses state that the vein is practically vertical. Let ns suppose a plane passed downward through the. earth in the direction of the strike and along the southeast wall of the vein fissure, and the portion of the earth toward the southwest rempved. To a person facing the northeast the vein would be exposed with the various levels ending at the east fault fissure represented by the line CE on diagram 2. This is the line of the subfault apex as contended for by the plaintiff, and, if its theory is correct, it is entitled to the portion of the vein intercepted by a plane passing through the line CE (AA, diagram 1) on the strike and dip of the fault, and perpendicular planes passing downward into the earth through the lines GrK and HI (diagram 1). The plaintiff introduced evidence tending to sustain this contention.

The defendants contended, and produced evidence tending to show, that the so-called “Windlass Vein” has no existence in fact; that there is a vein the top or apex of which is found in the Johnstown and Raras claims; that the vein dips to the south or southeast, and in its descent into the earth passes beyond the boundaries of these claims through the Snow Bird and into the Pennsylvania claim; that it has been so developed as.to demonstrate its continuity from its apex to the ore bodies in question; and that the apex of the vein being so situated with reference to the end lines of the Johnstown and Karas claims as to give extralateral rights thereon, the ore bodies belong to the defendant corporations by virtue of their ownership of the apex. While admitting that the fault runs through the country as plaintiff claims, they also produced evidence tending to show that it does not so interrupt the vein as to destroy its continuity and identity along its strike, but that it can be readily traced entirely through the fault by substantially continuous ore bodies of a character and composition identical with that on either side of it. There is no controversy but that defendants are entitled to follow the vein which has its apex on their claim; so that, if their contention as to its identity and continuity upon the dipi and strike through the fault is well founded, they are the owners of the ores in dispute.

1. The contention is made in this court that, it being made to appear that the defendants were at the time of the hearing engaged in removing ores from beneath the surface of the plaintiff’s ground, the burden was upon them to show that they are not trespassers, and that the evidence produced by them was not sufficient to warrant a refusal of the injunction. As the order must be reversed upon other grounds, We shall not now undertake to decide where the preponderance of the evidence is, but leave the whole matter to the discretion of the district court upon the evidence which the parties may produce at another hearing. We agree with the contention of the plaintiff, however, that in such cases the burden rests upon the defendant to show that he is not a trespasser, but that he possesses a title which justifies an intrusion upon the territory of his neighbor; and, unless the evidence is reasonably clear and satisfactory that the defendant is in the right, the injunction should be granted. In such cases the doubt, if any, should always be resolved in favor of granting the writ; but granting or refusing it is so much a matter of discretion in the trial court that this court will not interfere unless there has been a manifest abuse of discretion.

2. The defendants filed in support of their contention the affidavits of George H. Robinson and others. Objection was made to them on the ground that copies of them had not been served upon counsel for plaintiff, as required by the rules of the district court. The objection was overruled, counsel excepting. It does not appear from the record what are the provisions of the rule upon which counsel rely. We are therefore unable to say whether the ruling was erroneous.

3. The affidavit of Robinson was devoted mainly to a history of a certain cause heretofore tried and determined in the district court of Silver Bow county, in which there was an issue between the defendants in this cause and the Boston & Montana Consolidated Copper & Silver Mining Company as to the ownership of the vein in controversy in this action, the cause mentioned being designated on tbe calendar of the district court as “Cause No-. 7,837.” Judgment therein was for the defendants in this action. The plaintiff herein was not a party to the action. The findings and judgment of the court therein are referred to in the affidavit of Robinson, and made a part of it as fully as if set out therein. The other affidavits contained similar, though not such extended, references to the same matter. Objection was made to this evidence on the ground of its incomp eteney. The objection was overruled.

Counsel for the defendants undertake to justify this ruling of the court upon the theory that the references made to cause 7,337 and the result therein served to enlighten the court as to the issue in this cause-, and furnished aid to a proper determination of the respective rights of the parties. The matter was put in the form of affidavits, counsel say, in order to avoid the necessity of “having to present, as was the case in said cause No. 7,337, ten volumes, comprising about 6,000 pages, of testimony.” As we understand counsel, the affidavits were introduced for the purpose of showing that the issue before the court was the same as that in cause 7,337, and that the evidence upon which defendants based their claim of title in that controversy was the same as that upon which they would have to rely in case they took the time and trouble to establish it in the present controversy. In other words, since the court had theretofore in another action, upon an issue of -title between the defendant corporations and a stranger, heard a large amount of evidence, and had reached the conclusion that the said defendants were entitled to the ore bodies in controversy, and it would be inconvenient to go into the merits of the present case and establish title against the plaintiff, the plaintiff should be bound by hearsay statements or the court’s recollection of the evidence adduced in the other action, and the judgment of the court thereon. It requires no argument to demonstrate the fallacy of this reasoning. The evidence’was wholly incompetent as hearsay, and the findings and judgment of the court of no- binding effect whatever, except upon the parties to that action and their privies. The plaintiff was not, upon the record before us, even remotely interested in tbat controversy. Had tbe record in 1,837 been offered, instead of tbe affidavits, it should bave been excluded as exhibiting a res inter alios acta, and of no eviden-tiary value whatever. Tbe statements of tbe witnesses made at tbe bearing therein could, under no circumstances, be considered for any purpose in this case, except for impeachment, and then only after tbe attention of tbe particular witness testifying bad been called to tbe contradictory statements then made. Nor was tbe court at liberty, upon its recollection of tbe evidence in tbat case, to consider it in determining tbe rights of tbe plaintiff, but was bound to hear only legal evidence, offered and admitted in tbe regular way at the bearing, and to reach a conclusion thereon without reference to what bad theretofore appeared in other controversies touching tbe same subject matter between other parties. Knowledge of tbe issues to be tried is to be obtained from tbe allegations and contentions of tbe parties in tbe particular case, and not by reference to issues framed between other parties in other eases in tbe merits of which tbe parties whose rights are being tried bave no interest.

4. T’o show equitable title to tbe Snow Bird claim in F. Augustus Heinze, tbe defendants offered, and there were admitted in evidence, certain telegrams, and a receipt for tbe sum of $100,000, tbe purchase price agreed to be paid by said Heinze for tbe claim, with other property, as tbe result uf negotiations between him and J. B. Haggin, tbe president of tbe plaintiff during the year 1897. They are tbe following:

“New York, 10 September.

“Mr. Arthur P. Heinze:

“On deposit with tbe Anaconda Copper Mining .Company of one hundred thousand dollars, said company wi]l at once proceed to* obtain tbe requisite consent of its stockholders for selling, and will then sell and convey, to F. A. Heinze, or bis nominee, all its interest in tbe Sullivan claim, lot number two thirty-nine, and in and to tbe portion of tbe Snow Bird claim lying between tbe Pennsylvania, Karus, and Johnstown claimls, and east of tbe projection of tbe east end line of tbe St. Lawrence; and also1 assign any and all claims which it may bave for damages for trespass on said mines to date of said deed. Said deposit to be applied to tbe payment of purchase money when deed is ready for delivery. Answer.

“J. B. Haggin, Prest.”

“New York, 14 September.

“F. Aug. Heinze:

“That is not my proposition. Money must be d&posited with the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. No delay will be necessary except the legal publication, as sufficient stockholders, are represented here.

“J. B. Haggin.”

“New York, September 16th, 1897.

“Beceived of Montana Ore Purchasing Company the sum of one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000)'for deposit in pursuance of telegram to Arthur P. Heinze, dated September- 10th, 1897, of J. B. Haggin, president, for the purposes stated in said telegram.

“[Signed] J. B.‘ Haggin, Prest.”

It was shown by other evidence that negotiations for the purchase and sale had been pending for some time; that they had been conducted for the plaintiff by said Haggin; and that the receipt was for a deposit with Haggin for the company, pending consent of the stockholders, which Haggin undertook to secure. It was shown that the signature of Haggin to the receipt is genuine; but no other foundation was laid for the introduction of the telegrams, except that it was slioum that they had been received in the usual way at the office of the Western Union Telegraph Company at Butte, and delivered to- F. Augustus Heinze, or his brother, Arthur P. Heinze, who was acting for him, and that F. Augustus Heinze acted upon them in making the deposit. There was also evidence tending to show that the proposed sale for the company by Haggin had been enjoined at the suit of some of the stockholders, and'for that reason that it had not been consummated; also that the purchase price had been paid back to Heinze upon bis depositing in its place $150,000 in first mortgage bonds of the Montana Ore Purchasing Company as security for the performance of tbe contract on bis 'part in case the necessary consent of the stockholders should be obtained,.' and that these bonds are still in the hands of Haggin.

For present purposes we shall assume, without deciding, that the reference in the receipt to the telegram of September 10th, and the oral evidence, showing that the deposit was made in pursuance and as an acceptance of the proposition therein made, would have been sufficient preliminary proof to enable the court to admit and consider the telegrams and receipt as evidence in an action brought for the purpose of charging Hag-gin upon a contract made by him. It will be observed, however, that the proposition made was, not that the plaintiff would convey unconditionally, but that it would convey in case it could secure the necessary consent of the stockholders at a meeting to be held for that purpose-, which the president would proceed to do. Hnder the provisions of law in force at the time these negotiations took place, the board of directors of a mining corporation organized under the laws -of this state had no authority to sell, lease, mortgage, or otherwise dispose of its real estate, nor could the board confer such authority upon an agent, whether he was an officer or other person. Sections 492 and. 493 of the Fifth Division of the Compiled Statutes of 1887, brought forward into Civil Code (Secs. 1012, 1013), are applicable, and require any such disposition of property to- be authorized by consent of stockholders owning at least two-thirds of the shares of the capital stock at a meeting called and conducted as therein directed. Hnless these provisions of law are observed, a sale, lease, mortgage or other disposition of the property could not be made.

It is apparent from the telegram of September 10th that Haggin claimed no authority to act for the corporation, for he expressly states that the corporation will obtain authority in case the deposit should be made. Therefore, while he might possibly be personally liable under his undertaking to answer in damages for failure or refusal to carry it out, he did not, nor could he, bind the corporation by any promise or undertaking whatever in its behalf. Had he made an agreement in the name of the corporation, another question would be presented. As he did not, it is entirely clear that he did not, prima facie, bind the corporation, and there being no proof of authority in him to do so, the evidence offered to show equitable title was wholly incompetent. Why the security for the purchase price has been retained does not appear. The conveyance certainly ought to be made or this should be returned. But until the necessary authority is obtained by the board of directors, neither they nor the president can execute a conveyance, nor can a specific performance by the corporation itself be enforced.

5. The plaintiff offered to introduce evidence tending to rebut defendants’ evidence in chief to the effect that the vein could be traced through the fault by means of continuous ore bodies identical in composition and character with those found to the east and west of the fault and of substantial commercial value. The evidence consisted of a number of assays from samples taken from the fault matter, and tended to support the contention of the plaintiff that the fault matter consisted of country rock, which contained no mineral except such as could be found in the country rock anywhere in that locality. Upon objection this was excluded on the ground that it was a part of the plaintiff’s case in chief, and not proper rebuttal.

The plaintiff’s theory was, as we have said, that a prima facie case for an injunction was made out by a showing that the defendants were engaged in removing ore from beneath the surface of the Snow Bird claim. This it attempted to do. After the defendants had gone fully into' their evidence tending to ■establish title to the ore, basing their claim in part upon the identity and continuity of the vein through the fault matter, it was clearly competent for the plaintiff to rebut the evidence adduced in this behalf. It was, therefore, error to exclude the evidence offered, as it tended to1 fortify plaintiff’s contention, and to rebut the claim of defendants. If, as defendants contend, the plaintiff had gone into this phase of the evidence in chief, it would ordinarily have been within the discretion of the court to exclude further evidence upon this point; but the record discloses that it had not done so.

6. It is said by defendants that, even though the court below did commit error in admitting and in excluding evidence, the order should not be reversed on that ground, if there is sufficient competent evidence in the record to justify the refusal of the injunction. They cite Montana Ore Purchasing Co. v. Butte & Boston Consol. Mining Co., 25 Mont. 427, 65 Pac. 420. There is no doubt that this case states the general rule observed by this court in equity cases where it is reasonably apparent that the error committed in the admission or exclusion of the evidence has wrought no prejudice in the result This rule, however, has no application where the error complained of is fundamental, and it is not reasonably apparent that it did not result in prejudice. If the evidence admitted or excluded is trifling, or unimportant, as compared with the competent evidence. admitted and considered, and if its exclusion or admission could not have affected the result reached, the judgment or order appealed from will not be reversed on the ground of error in admitting or excluding it. Where, however, the evidence in question is of import, and by the ruling of the court thereon it is made reasonably apparent that it was so regarded by the court, and for that reason probably affected the result reached, the judgment or order based upon it cannot be sustained. The statement made in the case cited is not properly guarded, but it must be interpreted in the light of the conditions there presented. So interpreted, it is apparent that this court did not intend to lay down the broad declaration that a judgment or order made in an equity case will never be reversed upon appeal on the ground that the trial court has erred in admitting and excluding evidence. The intention was to follow, and not overturn, the rule correctly stated in Merchants' Nat'l Bank v. Greenhood, 16 Mont. 395, 41 Pac. 250, 851, which was cited in support of the view entertained of the evidence under consideration. In that case the evidence admitted was of doubtful relevancy and materiality. It was also trifling and unimportant, and could not have affected the result. In the present case the finding of the court may have been founded entirely upon the objectionable evidence, and, were it competent, such finding would have been justified. If this bad been excluded, and tbat admitted and considered wbicb was improperly excluded, it is possible tbat tbe result would bave been different. Under sucb circumstances tbe order must be reversed, and another bearing ordered.

Nothing said herein is to be understood as 'an intimation to tbe district court tbat upon another bearing, after considering all competent evidence offered by the parties, it should or should not issue an injunction; nor are we to be understood as having prejudged tbe alleged equitable title of defendant Heinze. Let tbe order be reversed, and tbe cause remanded.

Reversed and remanded.