NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 20a0650n.06
No. 19-4109
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Nov 16, 2020 AMIR FRANCIS SHABO, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) Petitioner, ) ) ON PETITION FOR REVIEW v. ) FROM THE UNITED STATES ) BOARD OF IMMIGRATION WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General, ) APPEALS ) Respondent. )
BEFORE: COOK, BUSH, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM. Amir Francis Shabo, through counsel, petitions the court to review an
order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) denying his motion to reopen his removal
proceedings.
Shabo is a native and citizen of Iraq. He came to the United States as a refugee in May
1985, and his status was adjusted to lawful permanent resident on his date of entry. In 1992, Shabo
was convicted of delivery of cocaine in Michigan, and he served sixty months of imprisonment.
In 1994, the Immigration and Naturalization Service served Shabo with a notice to appear,
charging him with removal as a person who had been convicted of both an aggravated felony and
a controlled-substance offense. In 1997, an immigration judge ordered Shabo’s removal to Iraq,
and the BIA dismissed his appeal. But because Iraq was not then issuing travel documents, Shabo
was not removed, and he has remained in the United States ever since. No. 19-4109, Shabo v. Barr
In 2017, Shabo filed a motion with the BIA to reopen his removal proceedings and stay
removal based on changed country conditions in Iraq. Seeking protection under the United Nations
Convention Against Torture (CAT), Shabo claimed that he was likely to be tortured or murdered
if he were removed to Iraq because persons who have lived in the United States are treated as
apostates. He also claimed that, as a Chaldean Christian, he was likely to be tortured by the Islamic
State (ISIS). The BIA denied Shabo’s motion to reopen, and we dismissed Shabo’s petition for
review of that order based on jurisdictional grounds that the Supreme Court of the United States
later abrogated. See Shabo v. Sessions, 892 F.3d 237 (6th Cir. 2018), abrogated by Nasrallah v.
Barr, 140 S. Ct. 1683 (2020).
In June 2019, Shabo filed a second motion to reopen with the BIA, again seeking a stay of
removal under the CAT based on changed country conditions in Iraq. Shabo claimed again that,
as a Chaldean Christian, he would be targeted for torture or murder by ISIS. He also said that he
was likely to be tortured by the Iraqi government and government-supported militias. Shabo
backed his motion with declarations by various scholars and human rights activists with knowledge
of conditions in Iraq.
Generally speaking, these experts opined that though ISIS has been defeated as an
occupying force in Iraq, individual members and cells of ISIS remain active and commit acts of
terrorism against religious minorities and persons who appear to have been “Westernized” or who
appear to have some affiliation with the United States. These experts also suggested that returnees
such as Shabo who lack fluency in Iraqi Arabic and proper identification documents are often
suspected of being affiliated with ISIS by government security forces and militias, subjecting them
to a risk of being detained and tortured in government detention facilities.
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) opposed Shabo’s motion with its own
experts who said generally that Christians in Iraq have returned to areas formerly occupied by ISIS
-2- No. 19-4109, Shabo v. Barr
and have been able to freely and openly resume their religious activities, that Iraqi security forces
have been working to secure Christian neighborhoods, and that, although there are isolated
instances of violence against Christians, the Iraqi government is active in rooting out, detaining,
and prosecuting ISIS members. In other words, according to these experts, the defeat of ISIS has
led to increased security for Christians in Iraq. They also maintained that the existence of anti-
American or anti-Western animus in Iraq is overstated given America’s assistance in defeating
ISIS and the withdrawal of the American military from Iraq.
The BIA denied Shabo’s motion to reopen, finding that it was untimely and number barred
or, alternatively, that Shabo failed to demonstrate prima facie eligibility for relief under the CAT
because he did not show that it was more likely than not that he would be subjected to torture by
or with the acquiescence of the Iraqi government. The BIA concluded further that “the voluminous
background evidence attached to DHS’s opposition reflects that conditions in Iraq have improved
dramatically in the last 2 years for Chaldean Christians, particularly since the Iraqi government
announced the defeat of the Islamic State in December 2017.”
Shabo filed a timely petition for review. He contends that in denying his motion to reopen,
the BIA overlooked his evidence demonstrating changed conditions in Iraq and that it “seriously
mischaracterized” the DHS’s evidence. He contends that his evidence that Christians in Iraq face
a substantial threat of persecution and torture was more probative and compelling than the evidence
in opposition submitted by DHS.
A noncitizen is limited to one motion to reopen, to be filed within ninety days of the entry
of the final order of removal. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(A), (C)(i); Bi Feng Liu v. Holder, 560
F.3d 485, 487 (6th Cir. 2009). The time and numerical limitations on motions to reopen, however,
do not apply when an applicant seeks withholding or deferral of removal under the CAT based on
material and previously unavailable evidence of changed country conditions. See 8 U.S.C.
-3- No. 19-4109, Shabo v. Barr
§ 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii); Thiam v. Barr, 787 F. App’x 327, 328 (6th Cir. 2019). An applicant seeking
relief under the CAT must “establish that it is more likely than not that he or she would be tortured
if removed to the proposed country of removal.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2).
We review the BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen for an abuse of discretion. See Zhang
v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d 851, 854 (6th Cir. 2008). An abuse of discretion occurs if “the denial of the
motion to reopen was made without a rational explanation, inexplicably departed from established
policies, or rested on an impermissible basis such as invidious discrimination against a particular
race or group.” Allabani v. Gonzales, 402 F.3d 668, 675 (6th Cir. 2005) (internal brackets and
ellipses omitted) (quoting Balani v. INS, 669 F.2d 1157, 1161 (6th Cir. 1982)).
There are generally three grounds on which to deny a motion to reopen: “failure to establish
a prima facie case for the relief sought, failure to introduce previously unavailable, material
evidence, and a determination that even if these requirements were satisfied, the movant would
not be entitled to the discretionary grant of relief which he sought.” Zhang, 543 F.3d at 854
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 20a0650n.06
No. 19-4109
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Nov 16, 2020 AMIR FRANCIS SHABO, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) Petitioner, ) ) ON PETITION FOR REVIEW v. ) FROM THE UNITED STATES ) BOARD OF IMMIGRATION WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General, ) APPEALS ) Respondent. )
BEFORE: COOK, BUSH, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM. Amir Francis Shabo, through counsel, petitions the court to review an
order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) denying his motion to reopen his removal
proceedings.
Shabo is a native and citizen of Iraq. He came to the United States as a refugee in May
1985, and his status was adjusted to lawful permanent resident on his date of entry. In 1992, Shabo
was convicted of delivery of cocaine in Michigan, and he served sixty months of imprisonment.
In 1994, the Immigration and Naturalization Service served Shabo with a notice to appear,
charging him with removal as a person who had been convicted of both an aggravated felony and
a controlled-substance offense. In 1997, an immigration judge ordered Shabo’s removal to Iraq,
and the BIA dismissed his appeal. But because Iraq was not then issuing travel documents, Shabo
was not removed, and he has remained in the United States ever since. No. 19-4109, Shabo v. Barr
In 2017, Shabo filed a motion with the BIA to reopen his removal proceedings and stay
removal based on changed country conditions in Iraq. Seeking protection under the United Nations
Convention Against Torture (CAT), Shabo claimed that he was likely to be tortured or murdered
if he were removed to Iraq because persons who have lived in the United States are treated as
apostates. He also claimed that, as a Chaldean Christian, he was likely to be tortured by the Islamic
State (ISIS). The BIA denied Shabo’s motion to reopen, and we dismissed Shabo’s petition for
review of that order based on jurisdictional grounds that the Supreme Court of the United States
later abrogated. See Shabo v. Sessions, 892 F.3d 237 (6th Cir. 2018), abrogated by Nasrallah v.
Barr, 140 S. Ct. 1683 (2020).
In June 2019, Shabo filed a second motion to reopen with the BIA, again seeking a stay of
removal under the CAT based on changed country conditions in Iraq. Shabo claimed again that,
as a Chaldean Christian, he would be targeted for torture or murder by ISIS. He also said that he
was likely to be tortured by the Iraqi government and government-supported militias. Shabo
backed his motion with declarations by various scholars and human rights activists with knowledge
of conditions in Iraq.
Generally speaking, these experts opined that though ISIS has been defeated as an
occupying force in Iraq, individual members and cells of ISIS remain active and commit acts of
terrorism against religious minorities and persons who appear to have been “Westernized” or who
appear to have some affiliation with the United States. These experts also suggested that returnees
such as Shabo who lack fluency in Iraqi Arabic and proper identification documents are often
suspected of being affiliated with ISIS by government security forces and militias, subjecting them
to a risk of being detained and tortured in government detention facilities.
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) opposed Shabo’s motion with its own
experts who said generally that Christians in Iraq have returned to areas formerly occupied by ISIS
-2- No. 19-4109, Shabo v. Barr
and have been able to freely and openly resume their religious activities, that Iraqi security forces
have been working to secure Christian neighborhoods, and that, although there are isolated
instances of violence against Christians, the Iraqi government is active in rooting out, detaining,
and prosecuting ISIS members. In other words, according to these experts, the defeat of ISIS has
led to increased security for Christians in Iraq. They also maintained that the existence of anti-
American or anti-Western animus in Iraq is overstated given America’s assistance in defeating
ISIS and the withdrawal of the American military from Iraq.
The BIA denied Shabo’s motion to reopen, finding that it was untimely and number barred
or, alternatively, that Shabo failed to demonstrate prima facie eligibility for relief under the CAT
because he did not show that it was more likely than not that he would be subjected to torture by
or with the acquiescence of the Iraqi government. The BIA concluded further that “the voluminous
background evidence attached to DHS’s opposition reflects that conditions in Iraq have improved
dramatically in the last 2 years for Chaldean Christians, particularly since the Iraqi government
announced the defeat of the Islamic State in December 2017.”
Shabo filed a timely petition for review. He contends that in denying his motion to reopen,
the BIA overlooked his evidence demonstrating changed conditions in Iraq and that it “seriously
mischaracterized” the DHS’s evidence. He contends that his evidence that Christians in Iraq face
a substantial threat of persecution and torture was more probative and compelling than the evidence
in opposition submitted by DHS.
A noncitizen is limited to one motion to reopen, to be filed within ninety days of the entry
of the final order of removal. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(A), (C)(i); Bi Feng Liu v. Holder, 560
F.3d 485, 487 (6th Cir. 2009). The time and numerical limitations on motions to reopen, however,
do not apply when an applicant seeks withholding or deferral of removal under the CAT based on
material and previously unavailable evidence of changed country conditions. See 8 U.S.C.
-3- No. 19-4109, Shabo v. Barr
§ 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii); Thiam v. Barr, 787 F. App’x 327, 328 (6th Cir. 2019). An applicant seeking
relief under the CAT must “establish that it is more likely than not that he or she would be tortured
if removed to the proposed country of removal.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2).
We review the BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen for an abuse of discretion. See Zhang
v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d 851, 854 (6th Cir. 2008). An abuse of discretion occurs if “the denial of the
motion to reopen was made without a rational explanation, inexplicably departed from established
policies, or rested on an impermissible basis such as invidious discrimination against a particular
race or group.” Allabani v. Gonzales, 402 F.3d 668, 675 (6th Cir. 2005) (internal brackets and
ellipses omitted) (quoting Balani v. INS, 669 F.2d 1157, 1161 (6th Cir. 1982)).
There are generally three grounds on which to deny a motion to reopen: “failure to establish
a prima facie case for the relief sought, failure to introduce previously unavailable, material
evidence, and a determination that even if these requirements were satisfied, the movant would
not be entitled to the discretionary grant of relief which he sought.” Zhang, 543 F.3d at 854
(quoting INS v. Doherty, 502 U.S. 314, 323 (1992)). “When the board denies relief on a particular
ground, we review only that ground.” Trujillo Diaz v. Sessions, 880 F.3d 244, 249 (6th Cir. 2018).
“[I]n adjudicating a motion to reopen, the BIA ‘must accept as true reasonably specific
facts proffered by an alien in support of a motion to reopen unless it finds those facts to be
inherently unbelievable.’” Id. at 252 (quoting Haftlang v. INS, 790 F.2d 140, 143 (D.C. Cir.
1986)). If the BIA regards the alien’s evidence as “‘inherently unbelievable,’ it must articulate
this conclusion.” Zhu v. Barr, No. 19-4102, --- F. App’x ---, 2020 WL 5946088, at *3 (6th Cir.
Oct. 7, 2020) (citing Hernandez-Perez v. Whitaker, 911 F.3d 305, 319 (6th Cir. 2018)). The BIA
need not “recite . . . magic words every time it denies a motion to reopen on evidentiary grounds,”
but it must “adequately indicate[] its finding that new evidence was inherently unbelievable.”
Dieng v. Barr, 947 F.3d 956, 963 (6th Cir. 2020). Otherwise, “evidence of changed country
-4- No. 19-4109, Shabo v. Barr
conditions must be accepted as true.” Zhu, No. 19-4102, --- F. App’x, at *3 (citing Trujillo Diaz,
880 F.3d at 252).
Here, the BIA denied Shabo’s motion to reopen on two grounds. First, citing 8 C.F.R.
§ 1003.2(c)(3), the Board found that “[a] motion to reopen to apply for Convention Against Torture
relief does not fall within an exception to the time and number limits for motions.” That section,
however, permits motions based on changed circumstances “for asylum or withholding of
deportation.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(3)(ii) (emphasis added). Related regulations make clear that
the CAT provides a basis for withholding of removal.1 See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.23(b)(4)(i) (explicitly
listing motions for withholding of removal brought before an Immigration Court under the CAT
as exempt from the time and number limits); 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c) (setting the burden of proof for
applicants seeking withholding of removal under the CAT and enumerating some relevant
categories of evidence). There is no reason to think the availability of “withholding of deportation”
under § 1003.2 excludes motions brought under the CAT. And neither the Board nor the
government offers any support for a contrary reading.
Applying these regulations, our cases have routinely treated a motion for changed country
conditions under the CAT as an exception to the time and number limitations. See, e.g., Trujillo
Diaz, 880 F.3d at 248–49; Thiam, 787 F. App’x at 328; Soumare v. Barr, 799 F. App’x 361, 364
(6th Cir. 2020). Therefore the BIA erred in finding that Shabo’s CAT claim alleging changed
country conditions did not fall within an exception to the time and number limitations.
1 Although the applicable regulations use both “deportation” and “removal,” these terms describe the same immigration proceedings. See Fernandez-Vargas v. Gonzales, 548 U.S. 30, 33 n.1 (2006) (“What was formerly known as ‘deportation’ is now called ‘removal’ . . . .”); United States v. Zuniga-Guerrero, 460 F.3d 733, 735 n.1 (6th Cir. 2006) (“Because of amendments to the immigration laws, the broader term ‘removal’ has replaced ‘deportation’”) (citing Fernandez- Vargas, 548 U.S. at 33 n.1). -5- No. 19-4109, Shabo v. Barr
Second, the BIA denied Shabo’s motion to reopen for failure to establish prima facie
eligibility for relief under the CAT. In crediting all of the government’s evidence and merely
stating that Shabo “has not shown a material change in Iraq or presented sufficient evidence that
he is more likely than not to be subjected to torture,” the BIA failed to accept as true Shabo’s
supporting evidence—declarations detailing alleged changed country conditions in Iraq. And it
failed to state that Shabo’s evidence was inherently unbelievable or articulate findings from which
we could reasonably infer that it found the evidence to be inherently unbelievable, such as if it was
“self-serving and speculative,” Dieng, 947 F.3d at 963, “internal[ly] inconsisten[t],” Trujillo Diaz,
880 F.3d at 253 (citations omitted), “at odds with other materials” Shabo submitted, id., or
“incompatible with some other incontrovertible piece of evidence,” id. We require the BIA to
make these findings on the record; we will “not make interpretive leaps on the Board’s behalf.”
Hernandez-Perez, 911 F.3d at 319. Accordingly, the BIA abused its discretion. See Trujillo Diaz,
880 F.3d at 254–56.
We thus GRANT Shabo’s petition for review, VACATE the BIA’s order, and REMAND
this case to the BIA to re-evaluate Shabo’s motion.
-6-