Opinion
Carman, Chief Judge:
Plaintiffs, American Alloys, Incorporated (“American Alloys”), American Silicon Technologies, Elkem Metals Company, Globe Metallurgical, Incorporated, and SKW Metals and Alloys, Incorporated (“plaintiffs”) challenge the Department of Commerce’s (“Department” or “Commerce”) remand determination in Final Results of Redetermination on Remand Pursuant to Court Order, [313]*313American Alloys, Inc., et al. v. United States, Court No. 94-01-00046 (Aug. 16, 1995) (“Remand Determination”). Plaintiffs argue the remand’s conclusion that energy is physically incorporated into silicon metal departs from departmental practice, is unsupported by substantial evidence on the record and is otherwise not in accordance with law. Defendant responds evidence on the record supports Commerce’s conclusion that energy is physically incorporated into silicon metal during the production process. As a result, defendant argues Commerce properly increased the U.S. price (“USP”) of the silicon metal at issue by 12.5% to offset the Reembolso tax rebate.1 This Court retained jurisdiction over this action during the pendency of Commerce’s remand investigation, where the Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (1988), which gives this Court jurisdiction to review final results of antidumping administrative reviews completed by the Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration (“ITA”).
II. Background
Plaintiffs in this case are producers of silicon metal in the United States, and challenge the final results of Commerce’s antidumping duty administrative review on silicon metal2 manufactured in or exported from Argentina by Electrometalurgica, S.A.I.C. (“Andina”) and Silarsa, S.A. (“Silarsa”) during the period March 29,1991 to July 31, 1992. See Silicon Metal From Argentina; Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review, 58 Fed. Reg. 65,336 (Dep’t Comm. 1993) (“Final Results”). The events which led to this action are set forth below.
A. Administrative Review of Antidumping Duty Order:
On September 3,1992, Commerce published a notice announcing the opportunity to request an administrative review of the antidumping duty order on silicon metal from Argentina.3 See Antidumping or Countervailing Duty Order, Finding, or Suspended Investigation; Opportunity to Request Administrative Review, 57 Fed. Reg. 41,725 (Dep’t Comm. 1992). On September 30, 1992, plaintiffs and SiMETCO, Inc. filed a timely request for administrative review of the antidumping duty order on silicon metal from Argentina with respect to Andina and Silarsa. An-dina and Silarsa also filed timely requests for review with the Department.
[314]*314In response to the above requests, Commerce initiated, an antidump-ing duty administrative review on imports of silicon metal from Argentina by Andina and Silarsa. See Initiation of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Administrative Reviews, 57 Fed. Reg. 48,201 (Dep’t Comm. 1992). As part of its review, the Department presented Antidumping Requests for Information (“Questionnaires”) to Andina and Silarsa. Silarsa submitted its response to Commerce’s questionnaire but subsequently indicated it would no longer participate in the administrative review. Andina maintained it was entitled to upward adjustments to U.S. price (“USP”) under the terms of the tax clauses for certain taxes either not collected on export sales or rebated upon exportation.4 One of these adjustments involved tax rebates it received under the Government of Argentina’s Reembolso program.5 Commerce decided, sua sponte, to conduct verification of the data Andina provided in the administrative review and did so at Andina’s facilities in Argentina from July 12 to 16, 1993.
On August 23 1993, Commerce published a preliminary determination that silicon metal from Argentina was being sold at less than fair value during the period under investigation. See Silicon Metal From Argentina; Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review and Termination in Part, 58 Fed. Reg. 44,499 (Dep’t Comm. 1993). Commerce issued the final results of its administrative review on silicon metal from Argentina on December 14, 1994. See Silicon Metal From Argentina; Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review, 58 Fed. Reg. 65,336 (Dep’t Comm. 1993) (“Final Results”) In the final results of the administrative review, Commerce accepted Andina’s methodology for calculating certain costs associated with the production of silicon metal and made upward adjustments to USP for the total amount of the rebated taxes Andina received upon export of silicon metal to the United States. Commerce also concluded it was not required to determine whether taxes rebated by the Argentine government under the Reembolso program were directly imposed upon the silicon metal or its physically incorporated components before Commerce adjusted USP based upon 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(d)(1)(C)6 because this form of inquiry occurs in a countervailing duty and not an antidumping investigation. Commerce stated “we are satisfied that the ‘reembolso’ program qualifies as a rebate of indirect taxes within the meaning of section 772(d)(1)(C) of the Tariff Act, and that an adjustment for the amount of the rebate is proper.” Final Results, 58 Fed. Reg. at 65,342.
[315]*315B. Complaint:
On February 14,1994, plaintiffs challenged certain portions of the Final Results. Plaintiffs specifically argued Commerce, in adjusting USB had not investigated whether the taxes rebated under the Reembolso program were imposed directly upon silicon metal or inputs physically incorporated into silicon metal. Plaintiffs asserted such an investigation was necessary to determine which of the taxes rebated under the Reem-bolso program were directly related to the exported merchandise or components physically incorporated therein. As a result, plaintiffs asserted Commerce’s upward adjustments to USP improperly reduced the dumping margin, were unsupported by substantial evidence on the record and were otherwise not in accordance with law. (Compl. at 6.) Plaintiffs requested this Court remand the case to Commerce for further proceedings consistent with the judgment of this Court.7
On March 17, 1994, plaintiffs moved to stay the proceedings in this action pending the resolution of an appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“CAFC”) of the Court of International Trade’s (“CIT”) decision in American Alloys, Inc. v. United States, 17 CIT 8, 810 F. Supp. 1294 (1993) (“American Alloys I”). In American Alloys I, plaintiffs challenged Commerce’s final determination in the original antidumping duty investigation of silicon metal from Argentina.8 See Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value: Silicon Metal from Argentina, 56 Fed. Reg. 37,891 (Dep’t Comm. 1991). Both parties agreed the appeal of the original determination before the Federal Circuit involved issues similar to the ones present in this action, such as the proper interpretation and implementation of the statutory provision for adjusting USP pursuant to the tax clause for taxes rebated upon export. On September 11,1995, this Court granted the motion and stayed the proceedings.
[316]*316C. American Alloys III:
In American Alloys, Inc. v. United States, 30 F.3d 1469, 1474 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (‘American Alloys III”), the Federal Circuit reversed this Court’s holding in American Alloys I that in an antidumping investigation Commerce need not conduct an inquiry to determine if rebated taxes are imposed directly on the merchandise at issue. The Federal Circuit held the Department may not adjust USP for a rebated tax unless it determines the rebated taxes bear “a direct relationship to the exported product or a physically incorporated component of that product.” Id. Because Commerce had not determined if Argentina imposed the Reembolso taxes “directly upon the exported merchandise or components thereof,” the Federal Circuit held Commerce lacked authority to raise USP to account for the rebates. Id. Pursuant to the Federal Circuit’s determination that Commerce must undertake an inquiry to determine if the rebated taxes were imposed directly on the merchandise at issue, this Court remanded the case for a determination of whether the Reembolso taxes qualify as direct taxes. See American Alloys Inc., v. United States, Court No. 94-01-00046 (CIT May 1, 1995) (remand order).
D. Motion for Judgment Upon the Agency Record & Motion for Remand:
On January 26,1995, plaintiffs moved for Judgment Upon the Agency Record pursuant to U.S. CIT R. 56.2, arguing Commerce’s refusal to determine whether the taxes rebated under Argentina’s reembolso program are directly imposed upon silicon metal or its physically incorporated components, as required by statute, was “contrary to the express terms and purpose of the statute.” (Pls.’Br. in Supp. of Mot. for J. Upon Ag. Rec. (“Pis.’ Br.”) at 10.) Plaintiffs argued, “[i]n American Alloys III, the CAFC specifically held that before the Department can make any adjustments to USP for rebated taxes, there must be a demonstration of the direct imposition of the tax at issue upon the exported product or its physically incorporated components. ” (Id. at 10-11 (citing American Alloys III, 30 F.3d at 1474).)
On April 3, 1995, subsequent to the Federal Circuit’s decision in American Alloys III, plaintiffs and defendant jointly moved for remand, stating
[t]he appeal of the final determination in the original investigation involved the same parties, similar facts and, in general, the same arguments that are involved in Count 1(a) of Plaintiffs’ Complaint herein. Accordingly, judicial economy and efficiency would be achieved by permitting the Department to issue a redetermination with respect to Count 1(a) that reflects the decision of the Court of Appeals [in American Alloys III]. Count 1(c) involves a related claim. Therefore, by remanding the issues raised by Counts 1(a) and (c) of this action to the Department for redetermination, the Court can expedite the resolution of the instant appeal.
(Joint Mot. For Remand at 2.) On May 1, 1995 this Court granted the joint motion for remand, ordering Commerce to file its remand deter[317]*317mination with the Court within 120 days of the remand order. The Court ordered Counts 1(a) and (c) be remanded to Commerce for it to make a redetermination consistent with the Federal Circuit’s decision in American Alloys III.9
OnMay 23,1995, Commerce requested Andina identify which components used in the production of silicon metal were physically incorporated into silicon metal and which of the taxes paid, but rebated under the Reembolso program, were directly related to the silicon metal or the components physically incorporated therein. See Remand Determination at 2. Andina responded, but provided information only with respect to the physical incorporation of electrical energy and those related taxes.10 Because of the amount of information submitted by Andina and given the controversial nature of the physical incorporation issue, Commerce conducted a verification at Andina’s headquarters in Buenos Aires. (Def.’s Resp. to Pls.’ Comm. on Remand Dterm. (“Def.’s Resp.”) at 3.) Commerce verified the calculations provided by Andina that established (1) the amount of internal energy in silicon metal, (2) the total amount of energy used in, and generated by, the chemical reaction, (3) the amount of heat loss in the production process, and (4) the breakdown of total energy between chemical energy, in-plant generated energy, and purchased energy. Remand Determination at 5-6. See Verification Report (reprinted in Pub. App. to Def.’s Resp. to Pls.’ Comm. on Remand Results (“Def.’s App.”) Attach. 1).
On July31,1995, Commerce issued draft final results of redetermination to the interested parties and received comments from the plaintiffs on August 9,1995. Commerce issued its remand determination on August 16, 1995. See Final Results of Redetermination on Remand Pursuant to Court Order, American Alloys, Inc., et al. v. United States, Court No. 94-01-00046 (August 16, 1995) ("Remand Determination”). In accordance. with the Federal Circuits’s opinion and this Court’s remand order, the Department analyzed whether indirect taxes rebated under Argentina’s Reembolso program should be accounted for in the calculation of U.S. price pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(d)(1)(C)11 when determining the dumping margin. Andina submitted information concerning only the physical incorporation of energy into the production of silicon metal and the taxes rebated to this input and the Department allowed adjustment to USP solely for the rebated energy taxes received under the Reembolso program. Commerce calculated the dumping rates for Andina by making an upward adjustment to USP for the amount of the Reembolso tax rebate received for energy. See Remand Determination at [318]*3186. Plaintiffs filed comments on the Remand Determination on October 11, 1995. Defendants responded to plaintiffs comments on November 27, 1995.
E. Additional Motions:
On December 15,1995, plaintiffs moved for Judgment on the Remand Record and the Record of the Underlying Administrative Review. Plaintiffs urged this Court hold the remand results to be unsupported by substantial evidence and otherwise contrary to law “because the U.S. Department of Commerce * * * erroneously granted an upward adjustment to U.S. price for taxes rebated under Argentina’s Reembolso program when the taxes were not directly imposed on silicon metal or a physically incorporated component of silicon metal.” (Pls.’ Mot. For J. on Remand R. and R. of Underlying Admin. Rev. at 1-2.) Plaintiffs also requested the Court remand the matter to Commerce for it to recalculate the dumping margins and cash deposits of estimated dumping duties on imports of silicon metal from Argentina to eliminate any adjustment to USP for taxes rebated under the Reembolso program. In their motion, plaintiffs indicated plaintiffs and defendant agree the Court can decide the issues in this case without further briefing. Id. at 2.
On the same day, plaintiffs moved for Oral Argument on the Motion for Judgment Upon the Remand Record and the Record of the Underlying Administrative Review in order to “argue before this Court the law and facts at issue in the instant appeal.” (Pls.’ Mot. for Oral Arg. at 3.) On January 31, 1996, this Court denied plaintiffs’ Motion for Oral Argument.
Ill Contentions of the Parties
A. Plaintiffs:
Plaintiffs argue the remand determination is unsupported by substantial evidence on the record and is otherwise not in accordance with law in four principal respects. First, plaintiffs maintain the remand determination grants an upward adjustment to USP for taxes directly imposed on electricity, “notwithstanding the fact that the interested parties agree, and the record establishes, that electricity is not physically incorporated into the final product.” (Pls.’ Comm. on Remand Results (“Pls.’ Comm.”) at 3.) Second, plaintiffs argue the remand determination “would grant an adjustment to USP for taxes imposed on a production input that — like a fuel — is merely used to generate heat, and is consumed when it is used for that purpose.” (Id.) Third, plaintiffs contend the remand determination “would grant an adjustment to USP for an input that is not a physical substance, and does not become a physical property of the resulting product and, therefore, is not physically incorporated into that product.” (Id.) Finally, plaintiffs conclude the remand determination is “contrary to the evidence on the record, statutory and case law, established Department practice and prior Department determinations in cases involving indistinguishable facts, which were correctly decided under applicable law.” (Id.)
[319]*319
B. Defendant:
Defendant argues Commerce’s remand determination demonstrates its factual conclusion regarding the physical incorporation of electrical energy “is supported by substantial evidence on the record.” (Def.’s Resp. at 5.) Defendant maintains although plaintiffs have presented an alternative interpretation of the record evidence, “it is not enough for it simply to advance an alternative interpretation, arguing that the evidence allegedly supports its position as well.” (Id.) Rather, defendant contends, “this Court has previously pointed out ‘the possibility of drawing two inconsistent conclusions from the evidence does not prevent an administrative agency’s finding from being supported by substantial evidence.’” (Id. (quoting Daido Corp. v. United States, 893 F. Supp. 43, 48 (CIT 1995) (further citations omitted).) In addition, defendant argues although there is case precedent involving other products where the Department has determined that energy has not met the physical incorporation standard, physical incorporation is a question of fact to be determined for each product in each case.
III. Standard of Review
This Court’s jurisdiction to review the final results of Commerce’s remand determination is limited to determining whether Commerce complied with the instructions of the Court and whether the remand results are supported by substantial evidence on the record and are otherwise in accordance with law. See 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i) (1988). “Substantial evidence is something more than a ‘mere scintilla,’ and must be enough reasonably to support a conclusion.” Ceramica Regiomontana, S.A. v. United States, 10 CIT 399, 405, 636 F. Supp. 961, 966 (1986) (citations omitted), aff’d, 5 Fed.Cir. (T) 77, 810 F.2d 1137 (1987).
IV Discussion
A. Adjustments to USP:
In order to prevent distorted dumping margins, United States anti-dumping laws permit numerous adjustments to foreign market value and U.S. price to account for differences between these two value measurements arising for reasons unrelated to dumping. See, e.g., 19 U.S.C. §§ 1677a(d), 1677a(e), 1677b(a)(1), 1677b(a)(4) (1988); see also Smith-Corona Group v. United States, 1 Fed. Cir. (T) 130, 132-33, 713 F.2d 1568, 1571-72 (1983) (explaining fair market value and U.S. price represent prices in different markets affected by a variety of circumstances in the chain of commerce by which the merchandise reached the export or domestic market; pointing out both values are subject to adjustments in an attempt to reconstruct the price at a specific, “common” point in the chain of commerce, so that value can be fairly compared on an equivalent basis). Therefore, to avoid distortion of the dumping margin merely because an exporting country taxes home market sales but not export sales, for example, U.S. price can be adjusted so domestic taxes do not raise the apparent cost of the merchandise in the home country in com[320]*320parison to merchandise’s price in the United States. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(d)(1)(C) (1988).12
While both parties in this case agree case law now dictates Commerce may only adjust USP for taxes imposed directly on the product subject to investigation or on an input physically incorporated into that product,13 they disagree on the question of whether energy is physically incorporated into silicon metal during the production process and then retained in the metal in this case.14 As a result, this Court must determine whether the Department’s conclusion on remand holding electrical energy to be physically incorporated into silicon metal is supported by substantial evidence on the record and is otherwise in accordance with law.15
B. Energy as a Physical Input of Silicon Metal:
Plaintiffs argue “the record of this remand is completely devoid of any evidence that would support a determination that energy used in the silicon metal production process becomes a physical part of the silicon metal.” (Pis.’ Comm, at 7.) Plaintiffs contend the energy16 used in the production of silicon metal is not a physical input and is not physically incorporated into the silicon metal produced. Plaintiffs maintain “[ejlectricity is not a raw material or a substance and, therefore, is not a physical input. * * * [T]he ‘potential’ energy that exists in the final product is not a physical property of silicon metal. Accordingly, the electricity used in producing silicon metal is not physically incorporated [321]*321into the silicon metal.” (Id. at 5-6.) Rather, plaintiffs argue the only raw material physically incorporated into silicon metal is the silicon from the quartz used to make the metal. Electrical energy, according to plaintiffs, does not enter into the chemical reaction, but merely supplies heat to the production process and is consumed in the process of generating heat. Plaintiffs conclude because heat is not a material, it cannot be a physical input into the production of silicon metal. Additionally, plaintiffs argue electricity “is not required to produce silicon metal” because “ [tjhere are several other possible sources of heat” and “the same chemical reaction * * * occurs regardless of the heat source.” (Pls.’ Comm. at 15.)17 Andina, however, maintained:
the electricity is not merely used to heat the charge. Through the heat of the charge with electricity, the silicon of quartz incorporates energy and becomes silicon metal. The energy is incorporated into the silicon metal. A smaller portion of energy is lost in the process. It is not the dissipation of heat that makes the silicon of the quartz to become [sic] silicon metal; it is the incorporation of energy that makes the silicon of the quartz to become [sic] silicon metal.
Response of Andina to Department’s Deficiency Questionnaire of June 30, 1995 (reprinted in Pls.’ App. Tab 6 at 5).
In making its determination, Commerce asked Andina to provide any text or industry publication illustrating energy is physically incorporated into silicon metal or, alternatively, for an affidavit from a chemical engineer or other company official attesting to this claim. See Response of Andina to Department’s Remand Questionnaire of June 7, 1995 (reprinted in Pls.’ App. Tab 11). Commerce relied on the information Andi-na presented during verification, including a review of chemistry, chemical engineering and electrical engineering textbooks, as well as technical articles and concluded Andina had demonstrated “silicon metal does have a physical property of energy which is referred to as internal energy. This internal energy is measurable before and after the reaction takes place which produces silicon metal.” Remand Determination at 7. Commerce explained if the reaction is reversed through a process called metalthermia, the energy may be removed from the silicon metal, “thus, demonstrating that energy is physically incorporated into the silicon metal.” Id. Commerce explained Andina’s production of silicon metal is characterized as electrointensive, due to the use of electrical energy in [322]*322the production process, and, as such, electrical energy is a necessary component in the process Andina employs to produce silicon metal.18
In addressing the question of whether energy is physically incorporated into silicon metal, Commerce addressed plaintiffs’ arguments that (1) electricity is simply fuel used to generate heat used in the reduction process, and, thus, the potential energy that exists in the final product is not a physical input of silicon metal; and (2) electricity is not a raw material or a substance and, therefore, not a physical input. (Pls.’ Comm. at 4-5.) Commerce, however, stated it “disagree[d] with petitioners’ assertion that energy is not physically incorporated into the silicon metal that is produced. * * * [Petitioners’ portrayal of electricity as being analogous to a fuel is misguided.” Remand Determination at 8. In support of its determination, Commerce pointed to a technical article written for a conference of the Norwegian Ferroalloy Research Organization held in June 1995 and coauthored by Elkem Metals Company, one of the plaintiffs in this case, which addresses energy recovery in the production of ferroalloy products, including silicon metal. The article concludes:
Energy input to ferro alloy furnaces in Norway is roughly divided in two equal parts: chemical energy in the form of carbonaceous reduction materials, and electrical energy. About half of this total energy is preserved in the produced alloy while the rest leaves the process in the form of various heat losses.
Remand Determination at 9 (quoting Energy Recovery in the Norwegian Ferro Alloy Industry at 165, reprinted in Def.’s App. Attach. 3 at 2; Pls.’ App. Tab 10 at 26). Although plaintiffs argue “[t]he statement in the article that energy is ‘preserved’ in the produced alloy merely refers to the change in the energy balance that accompanies all chemical reactions,” (Pls.’ Comm. at 16n.58), Commerce also pointed out a silicon expert at the United States Department of Energy’s Laboratory in Golden, Colorado confirmed the terms “physically incorporated” and “preserved” could be used interchangeably in this context. See Department of Energy [323]*323Memo of July 27, 1995 (reprinted in Def.’s App. Attach. 2 at 1).19 Commerce concluded, therefore, “as indicated by one of petitioners’ own companies, energy is physically incorporated into silicon metal.” Remand Determination at 9.
In the Remand Determination, Commerce concluded, “[biased on an analysis of the information Andina placed on the record and on our verification of that information* * * part of the internal energy measured in the silicon metal is derived from the electrical energy Andina uses in its production of silicon metal.” Remand Determination at 5. Commerce explains
[t]his conclusion was further confirmed after several discussions with a silicon expert from the United States Department of Energy. In addition, a technical article * * *. supports this conclusion * * *. Finally, at verification we also reviewed information explaining how the reaction can be reversed and the energy removed from the silicon metal. * * * We found this information telling because energy would have to exist in the product in order for it to be removed.
Remand Determination at 5 (citation omitted). This Court finds Commerce’s conclusion that energy is physically incorporated into silicon metal during the production process is supported by substantial evidence on the record and is otherwise in accordance with law. Commerce correctly followed the instructions contained in this Court’s remand order to determine whether any of the components of silicon metal was physically incorporated into the product, and, if so, to determine whether the rebated tax was directly related to the merchandise in question and its physically incorporated components.
C. Taxes for Which Adjustments May be Made:
In addressing the question of whether Commerce correctly calculated the rebate adjustment, plaintiffs argue Commerce disregarded the express language of the statute and the intent of Congress in adjusting USP for the tax rebate Andina received for electricity it purchased and impermissibly “expanded the range of rebated taxes for which an adjustment to USP can be made.” (Pls.’ Comm. at 18.) Defendant, however, maintains “[t]o the contrary, Commerce has followed the express language of the statute and the intent of Congress by only making an adjustment for that portion of the tax on electrical energy purchased by Andina and rebated under the Reembolso program on exportation, which was shown to be physically incorporated into the exported silicon metal.” (Def.’s Resp. at 18.)
[324]*324This Court disagrees with plaintiffs’ argument Commerce incorrectly applied the law by adjusting USP for taxes imposed on Andina’s purchase of electricity. Rather, the Court finds Commerce’s conclusion
since Andina pays taxes on electrical energy, and electrical energy is a necessary input in Andina’s production of silicon metal, and the electrical energy is measurable in the silicon metal, we have correctly applied the law by adjusting USP for taxes imposed on Andi-na’s purchase of electrical energy
Remand Determination at 10, to be supported by substantial evidence on the record and otherwise in accordance with law. After Commerce determined electrical energy was physically incorporated into silicon metal, Commerce calculated the portion of energy attributable to electrical energy purchased by Andina by verifying the calculations Andina provided establishing (1) the amount of internal energy in silicon metal, (2) the total amount of energy used in, and generated by, the chemcial reaction, (3) the amount of heat loss in the production process, and (4) the breakdown of total energy between chemical energy, in-plant generated energy, and purchased energy. Remand Determination at 5-6. Commerce then calculated the percentage purchased energy represented of the total energy physically incorporated in silicon metal, and allowed a tax rebate adjustment for that amount. See Remand Determination at 6. Commerce also explains Andina’s energy supplier provided it with invoices listing the amount of energy purchased by Andina and the relevant amount paid in energy taxes. Remand Results at 10. This Court finds Commerce’s adjustments to USP accounting for a portion of the taxes imposed on purchased electricity are supported by substantial evidence on the record and are otherwise in accordance with law.
D. Past Departmental Practice:
Plaintiffs also argue Commerce’s treatment of energy in this case is “contrary * * * to consistent Department precedent,” (Pls.’ Comm. at 7), because “the Department has never found any form of energy to be physically incorporated into a final product.” (Id. at 12.) In support of this argument, plaintiffs cite previous determinations in which Commerce did not classify electricity or energy as a physically incorporated input or found energy or electricity was not physically incorporated into the final product. See Pls.’ Comm. at 8-10 (citing Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat-Rolled Products From Argentina: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Countervailing Duty Order, 49 Fed. Reg.18,006, 18,009-10 (Dep’t Comm. 1984) (finding fuel and electricity are not physically incorporated into final product); Amoxicillin Trihydrate and Its Salts From Spain; Final Results of Administrative Review of Countervailing Duty Order, 47 Fed. Reg. 33,999, 33,400 (Dep’t Comm. 1982) (in countervailing duty investigation involving amoxicillin trihy-drate, Commerce discussed difficulties in identifying physically incorporated inputs, stating “ [e] nergy can in no way be considered physically [325]*325incorporated in the final product”); Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination; Potassium Permanganate From Spain, 47 Fed. Reg. 29,300, 29,302 (Dep’t Comm. 1982) (in countervailing duty investigation involving potassium permanganate from Spain, electricity used in an electrolytic process was “not physically incorporated into final product”); Ferroalloys From Spain; Final Countervailing Duty Determination, 45 Fed. Reg. 25 (Dep’t Comm. 1980) (in proceeding involving ferroalloy products manufactured using same smelting process as silicon metal, electricity was not classified as a physical input used in the production process). Plaintiff likens this case to the ones cited above and concludes electricity is not a physically incorporated input but “is used to perform the same function as a fuel — to generate heat. ” (Pls.’ Comm. at 10.) Plaintiffs add “energy is not a physical substance and is not a physical component of final products.” (Id. at 12.)
In addition to the above precedent, plaintiffs also cite Annex I to the Department’s countervailing duty regulations which includes an explanation of the “physical incorporation test,” and, according to plaintiffs, recognize energy is not a physically incorporated input. The regulation states:
ANNEX I — ADMINISTRATIVE AND INTERPRETIVE GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINATION AND CALCULATION OF SUBSIDIES
1. The physical incorporation test: * * * Under that test, the rebate or remission of fiscal charges on items physically incorporated in the exported product is not considered a subsidy. Rebated taxes on services, catalysts and other items (e.g. energy) not incorporated in the product * * * would be treated as * * * a subsidy.
19 C.F.R. § 355, Annex I (1988) (emphasis added).20
Defendant, however, argues plaintiffs
cannot rely on Commerce’s previous determinations as if they constitute an irrebuttable presumption that electricity or energy could never be found to be physically incorporated into a product.
[P]rior Commerce determinations concerning the non-physical incorporation of electricity or energy do not preclude Commerce from determining in a subsequent proceeding that electrical energy is physically incorporated into an exported product if there is substantial evidence on the record supporting such a finding, as there is in the instant proceeding.
(Def.’s Resp. at 13-14.) Defendant also argues the passage of the Annex I cited by plaintiffs “does not indicate that ‘other items,’ such as energy, could never be found to be incorporated into the final product.” (Def.’s Resp. at 14n.6.)
[326]*326Commerce acknowledges “there is case precedent involving other products where the Department has determined that the energy has not met the physical incorporation standard.” Remand Determination at 4. Commerce, however, maintains past practice “does not mean there is an irrebuttable presumption that electricity or energy could never be found to be physically incorporated if record evidence were to support such a finding,” Remand Determination at 11-12, because case law has established “‘[pjhysical incorporation is a question of fact to be determined for each product in each case.’” Remand Determination at 12 (quoting Ferroalloys from Spain; Preliminary Results of Administrative Review of Countervailing Duty Order, 48 Fed. Reg.4,019, 4,020 (Dep’t Comm. 1983); Oleoresins of Paprika From Spain; Preliminary Results of Administrative Review of Countervailing Duty Order, 46 Fed. Reg. 61,684, 61,684-85 (Dep’t Comm. 1981).
Commerce points to other instances where it has determined raw materials and inputs were physically incorporated into the final product. See Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Countervailing Duty Order; Oil Country Tubular Goods From Argentina, 49 Fed. Reg. 46,464, 46,466 (Dep’t Comm. 1984) (finding portion of natural gas used in reduction of iron and other inputs claimed under transformation cost category met physical incorporation test after verification demonstrated physical incorporation); Final Results of Administrative Review of Countervailing Duty Order; Oleoresins of Paprika From Spain, 47 Fed. Reg. 11,916, 11,917 (Dep’t Comm. 1982) (finding portion of solvent which accompanies oleoresins throughout the entire production process to be physically incorporated when foreign producers submitted evidence allowing Commerce to quantify the portion). Additionally, in Unwrought Zinc From Spain; Final Results of Administrative Review [and] Countervailing Duty Order, 48 Fed. Reg. 35,689, 35,690 (Dep’t Comm. 1983), respondents asked Commerce to take account of a rebate of indirect taxes on electricity used in transferring electrons to form zinc because that portion of electricity is physically incorporated into the manufacturing process. Although Commerce did not allow a rebate, it noted “the exporters were unable to provide evidence itemizing that portion of electricity serving as necessary waste in incorporating electrons to form zinc.” Id.
The implication of these prior determinations, Commerce argues, “is that if evidence were presented to demonstrate that an input which typically is not considered to be physically incorporated is shown to be so, and can be quantified, then the Department would not reject that evidence out of hand.” Remand Determination at 13. In this case, Commerce concludes Andina placed evidence on the record demonstrating a portion of the electrical energy used to produce silicon metal is physically incorporated into the final product, and Commerce was able to quantify the amount of the physically incorporated energy on which to base the allowed tax adjustment. Id. This Court finds the evidence Andina placed on the record, as well as Commerce’s subsequent verification of [327]*327that evidence, which included consulting an independent expert on silicon from the Department of Energy who corroborated Andina’s position and a technical article co-authored by one of the plaintiffs concluding “energy is ‘preserved’ in silicon metal”, Remand Determination at 13, indicates Commerce properly determined energy is preserved in silicon metal after the production process is complete. Commerce’s conclusion “[t]hus, notwithstanding the Department’s previous determinations with respect to the non-physical incorporation of electricity or energy, there is sufficient evidence on the record in this proceeding demonstrating that a portion of the electrical energy used in the production of silicon metal is, in fact, physically incorporated into the final product,” Remand Determination at 13, is supported by substantial evidence and is otherwise in accordance with law.
Conclusion
This Court finds the Remand Determination’s conclusions (1) finding energy is physically incorporated into silicon metal during the production process, (2) adjusting USP for the portion of taxes imposed on energy, and (3) concluding past departmental practice does not preclude Commerce from finding the physical incorporation standard was met in this case, are supported by substantial evidence on the record and are otherwise in accordance with law. Accordingly, plaintiffs’ challenges are rejected and Commerce’s Remand Determination is sustained.