IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA No. 15–1758
Filed December 9, 2016
Amended February 16, 2017
STATE OF IOWA,
Appellee,
vs.
ROBERT LIONEL DUBOIS,
Appellant.
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Marion County, Martha
Mertz, Judge.
Defendant appeals from district court’s restitution order.
AFFIRMED.
Mathew D. Zinkula of Booth Law Firm, Osceola, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Martha E. Trout, Assistant
Attorney General, Edward W. Bull, County Attorney, and Jared C.
Harmon, Assistant County Attorney, for appellee. 2
APPEL, Justice.
In this case, we consider the relationship between restitution in a
criminal case under Iowa Code section 910.3 (2014) and the possible
availability of insurance coverage of the loss. A district court ordered
restitution in the full amount of loss without a deduction for potential
insurance coverage. The defendant maintains that restitution should be
limited to the amount of the insurance deductible and any other costs
not covered by insurance. For the reasons expressed below, we affirm
the restitution order of the district court.
I. Facts and Background Proceedings.
Lisa and Robert Dubois divorced in 2008. In September of 2014,
their teenage son had been living with Lisa but decided he wanted to live
with his father. Robert picked him up from Lisa’s residence on
September 10. The teenager, however, left many of his belongings at his
mother’s house.
The next day, Robert drove his son back to the residence to retrieve
his belongings, but Lisa was not home and the door was locked. The
teen entered the home through a second-story window. In addition to
taking his belongings, the teen took savings bonds, stereo equipment,
tire ramps, and a leaf blower with his father’s permission. When Lisa
returned to the home, she saw that her stereo receiver and speakers were
missing along with several pieces of jewelry, a necklace with a locket,
diamond earrings, and a tennis bracelet.
Lisa called 911 and reported the break-in. Robert admitted he was
present when some of the items were removed from the house. He
eventually returned the ramps, the leaf blower, and the stereo speakers
but did not return the receiver because he claimed to have paid for it. 3
Robert asserted he knew nothing about the jewelry or missing savings
bonds.
The State charged Robert with burglary in the third degree. The
defendant entered a guilty plea to theft in the third degree. The district
court sentenced Dubois to a two-year prison term, suspended the
sentence, and placed him on probation for a year.
The district court also entered an order of restitution. The order
provided that Robert pay $2950 in restitution to Lisa. The defendant
objected and the district court set the matter for hearing. At the hearing,
Lisa stated she had an insurance policy in place that had a deductible in
the amount of $1000. She stated that she had not filed a claim with her
insurance company for the stolen items. After the hearing, the district
court ordered the defendant to pay $2001 in restitution.
Robert appeals. On appeal, he claims that the restitution award
should be limited to reflect only losses not covered by insurance.
II. Standard of Review.
We review restitution orders for corrections of errors at law. State
v. Jenkins, 788 N.W.2d 640, 642 (Iowa 2010).
III. Discussion.
In this appeal, the fighting issue is whether the district court
should have limited the restitution award to reflect only losses not
covered by insurance.
We begin by examining the law of restitution. Restitution is a
creature of statute. State v. Hagen, 840 N.W.2d 140, 149 (Iowa 2013).
The framework for statutory restitution is provided in Iowa Code chapter
910. Under the statute, “restitution” means “payments of pecuniary
damages to a victim in an amount and in the manner provided by the
offender’s plan of restitution.” Iowa Code § 910.1(4). 4
Of particular importance to us in this case, the legislature has
provided that “pecuniary damages” means “all damages to the extent not
paid by an insurer, which a victim could recover against the offender in a
civil action arising out of the same facts or event.” Id. § 910.1(3). The
statutory language at the heart of this dispute is the meaning of the
phrase “to the extent not paid by an insurer” in Iowa Code section
910.1(3).
Robert maintains that this phrase can reasonably be read as
referring to instances in which the victim has no applicable insurance
policy in place which covers the loss for which he or she is seeking
compensation in the restitution action. According to Robert, it does not
matter whether an insurance claim has actually been filed or paid at the
time of the restitution hearing. Robert argues that the phrase “not paid
by an insurer” is a reference to amounts that the victim’s insurance
policy does not or would not cover.
Robert claims his interpretation of the statute is consistent with
the primary purpose of restitution orders, which is to make the victim
whole. See State v. Ihde, 532 N.W.2d 827, 829 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995). He
suggests that if the statute receives the interpretation advanced by the
State, the crime victim may receive a windfall payment from the offender
and payment from the victim’s insurer. Robert argues that the statute
was not designed to allow such double recovery.
The State focuses on the language of Iowa Code section 910.1(3),
which provides that pecuniary damage recoverable by a victim includes
“all damages to the extent not paid by an insurer, which a victim could
recover against the offender in a civil action arising out of the same facts
or event.” The State notes that the statutory language does not require a
victim seeking pecuniary damages from an offender to file a claim with 5
her own insurance plan before restitution is ordered. According to the
State, a victim with insurance has an option of seeking restitution from a
defendant before he or she pursues other options, including potential
insurance recovery.
The parties have found only one case from another jurisdiction of
relevance to the issues here. In People v. Nystrom, a victim declined to
make a coverage claim with an insurer on the ground that the property
damage was less than $3000 and the event would have been his third
accident of the year, thereby risking a loss of his insurance policy. 10
Cal. Rptr. 2d 94, 97 (Ct. App. 1992). Under the statute in question, the
victim was entitled to recover pecuniary loss for “expenses for which the
victim has not and will not be reimbursed from any other source.” Id.
(quoting Cal. Gov’t Code § 13960(d)). The offender argued that because
the victim had insurance coverage, he should not be required to pay
restitution. Id.
The California appellate court disagreed. Id. at 97–98. According
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA No. 15–1758
Filed December 9, 2016
Amended February 16, 2017
STATE OF IOWA,
Appellee,
vs.
ROBERT LIONEL DUBOIS,
Appellant.
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Marion County, Martha
Mertz, Judge.
Defendant appeals from district court’s restitution order.
AFFIRMED.
Mathew D. Zinkula of Booth Law Firm, Osceola, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Martha E. Trout, Assistant
Attorney General, Edward W. Bull, County Attorney, and Jared C.
Harmon, Assistant County Attorney, for appellee. 2
APPEL, Justice.
In this case, we consider the relationship between restitution in a
criminal case under Iowa Code section 910.3 (2014) and the possible
availability of insurance coverage of the loss. A district court ordered
restitution in the full amount of loss without a deduction for potential
insurance coverage. The defendant maintains that restitution should be
limited to the amount of the insurance deductible and any other costs
not covered by insurance. For the reasons expressed below, we affirm
the restitution order of the district court.
I. Facts and Background Proceedings.
Lisa and Robert Dubois divorced in 2008. In September of 2014,
their teenage son had been living with Lisa but decided he wanted to live
with his father. Robert picked him up from Lisa’s residence on
September 10. The teenager, however, left many of his belongings at his
mother’s house.
The next day, Robert drove his son back to the residence to retrieve
his belongings, but Lisa was not home and the door was locked. The
teen entered the home through a second-story window. In addition to
taking his belongings, the teen took savings bonds, stereo equipment,
tire ramps, and a leaf blower with his father’s permission. When Lisa
returned to the home, she saw that her stereo receiver and speakers were
missing along with several pieces of jewelry, a necklace with a locket,
diamond earrings, and a tennis bracelet.
Lisa called 911 and reported the break-in. Robert admitted he was
present when some of the items were removed from the house. He
eventually returned the ramps, the leaf blower, and the stereo speakers
but did not return the receiver because he claimed to have paid for it. 3
Robert asserted he knew nothing about the jewelry or missing savings
bonds.
The State charged Robert with burglary in the third degree. The
defendant entered a guilty plea to theft in the third degree. The district
court sentenced Dubois to a two-year prison term, suspended the
sentence, and placed him on probation for a year.
The district court also entered an order of restitution. The order
provided that Robert pay $2950 in restitution to Lisa. The defendant
objected and the district court set the matter for hearing. At the hearing,
Lisa stated she had an insurance policy in place that had a deductible in
the amount of $1000. She stated that she had not filed a claim with her
insurance company for the stolen items. After the hearing, the district
court ordered the defendant to pay $2001 in restitution.
Robert appeals. On appeal, he claims that the restitution award
should be limited to reflect only losses not covered by insurance.
II. Standard of Review.
We review restitution orders for corrections of errors at law. State
v. Jenkins, 788 N.W.2d 640, 642 (Iowa 2010).
III. Discussion.
In this appeal, the fighting issue is whether the district court
should have limited the restitution award to reflect only losses not
covered by insurance.
We begin by examining the law of restitution. Restitution is a
creature of statute. State v. Hagen, 840 N.W.2d 140, 149 (Iowa 2013).
The framework for statutory restitution is provided in Iowa Code chapter
910. Under the statute, “restitution” means “payments of pecuniary
damages to a victim in an amount and in the manner provided by the
offender’s plan of restitution.” Iowa Code § 910.1(4). 4
Of particular importance to us in this case, the legislature has
provided that “pecuniary damages” means “all damages to the extent not
paid by an insurer, which a victim could recover against the offender in a
civil action arising out of the same facts or event.” Id. § 910.1(3). The
statutory language at the heart of this dispute is the meaning of the
phrase “to the extent not paid by an insurer” in Iowa Code section
910.1(3).
Robert maintains that this phrase can reasonably be read as
referring to instances in which the victim has no applicable insurance
policy in place which covers the loss for which he or she is seeking
compensation in the restitution action. According to Robert, it does not
matter whether an insurance claim has actually been filed or paid at the
time of the restitution hearing. Robert argues that the phrase “not paid
by an insurer” is a reference to amounts that the victim’s insurance
policy does not or would not cover.
Robert claims his interpretation of the statute is consistent with
the primary purpose of restitution orders, which is to make the victim
whole. See State v. Ihde, 532 N.W.2d 827, 829 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995). He
suggests that if the statute receives the interpretation advanced by the
State, the crime victim may receive a windfall payment from the offender
and payment from the victim’s insurer. Robert argues that the statute
was not designed to allow such double recovery.
The State focuses on the language of Iowa Code section 910.1(3),
which provides that pecuniary damage recoverable by a victim includes
“all damages to the extent not paid by an insurer, which a victim could
recover against the offender in a civil action arising out of the same facts
or event.” The State notes that the statutory language does not require a
victim seeking pecuniary damages from an offender to file a claim with 5
her own insurance plan before restitution is ordered. According to the
State, a victim with insurance has an option of seeking restitution from a
defendant before he or she pursues other options, including potential
insurance recovery.
The parties have found only one case from another jurisdiction of
relevance to the issues here. In People v. Nystrom, a victim declined to
make a coverage claim with an insurer on the ground that the property
damage was less than $3000 and the event would have been his third
accident of the year, thereby risking a loss of his insurance policy. 10
Cal. Rptr. 2d 94, 97 (Ct. App. 1992). Under the statute in question, the
victim was entitled to recover pecuniary loss for “expenses for which the
victim has not and will not be reimbursed from any other source.” Id.
(quoting Cal. Gov’t Code § 13960(d)). The offender argued that because
the victim had insurance coverage, he should not be required to pay
restitution. Id.
The California appellate court disagreed. Id. at 97–98. According
to the Nystrom court, the statute did not impose an affirmative duty on
the victim to pursue all possible sources of reimbursement before
claiming restitution. Id. at 97. The Nystrom court pointed out that in
this case, the victim testified that he would not file a claim for the
reasons cited above. Id. The Nystrom court emphasized that from the
perspective of the defendant, the fact that the victim had insurance was
purely fortuitous and should not entitle the defendant to benefit. Id.
Although the language of the statute involved in Nystrom is
somewhat different than the Iowa restitution statute, we think the
reasoning in Nystrom is persuasive. There is nothing in Iowa Code
section 910.1(3) that requires a victim to seek insurance coverage for
pecuniary damage. The statute simply provides that a victim is entitled 6
to restitution of all damages not paid by an insurer. According to
ordinary usage, the term “all damages to the extent not paid by an
insurer” means all amounts not actually paid. It does not mean amounts
that might be paid, could be paid, will be paid, or even should be paid by
the insurer.
No doubt, the legislature could have taken a different approach to
the question of the role of insurance in determining restitution amounts.
See generally George Blum, Annotation, Measure and Elements of
Restitution to Which Victim Is Entitled Under State Criminal Statute, 15
A.L.R. 5th 391 (1993 & Supp. 2016) (presenting a kaleidoscope of
restitution cases, including those involving insurance proceeds). But the
legislature in Iowa did not limit restitution to “amounts not covered” by
insurance. We are not in the business of rewriting express statutory
terms. See Teggatz v. Ringleb, 610 N.W.2d 527, 530 (Iowa 2000).
We should note that our interpretation does not produce absurd
results. Whether or not certain losses are “covered” by an insurance
policy can often be contested and can lead to protracted disputes.
Whether or not a loss has been paid at the time of a restitution hearing,
however, is a simple yes or no question. Thus, the interpretation offered
by Robert, in addition to running counter to the express language of the
statute, would present workability issues.
At the same time, we recognize the power in Robert’s general
argument against double recovery. Under Iowa Code section 910.7(1), an
offender during the period of probation, parole, or incarceration may
petition the court on any matter related to the plan of restitution or plan
of payment. In State v. Klawonn, the offender filed a motion to modify a
restitution order in a vehicular homicide case when his insurer paid the
estate of the decedent $275,000 after the restitution order was entered. 7
688 N.W.2d 271, 273 (Iowa 2004). We held that the offender was entitled
to a reduction to the restitution in order to avoid a windfall to the estate.
Id. at 275–76; see also State v. Driscoll, 839 N.W.2d 188, 192 (Iowa 2013)
(adjusting the restitution award in a vehicular homicide case when estate
received settlement amount prior to entry of restitution order).
But we do not face a double recovery situation today, and there is
nothing in the record to suggest that future insurance payments for
Lisa’s loss will be forthcoming. At present, Lisa is entitled to seek full
restitution from Robert for pecuniary damages “not paid” by her insurer.
She is under no obligation to act for Robert’s benefit by seeking coverage
for her losses. We need not engage in extended speculation about future
insurance payment. If, however, Lisa actually receives insurance
payments related to her loss, the offender would be entitled to seek
adjustment of the restitution order under Iowa Code section 910.7. See
Driscoll, 839 N.W.2d at 192; Klawonn, 688 N.W.2d at 276.
IV. Conclusion.
For the above reasons, we conclude that the district court
restitution order in this case must be affirmed.