Amazon.com Inc v. Abdyrakhmanova

Opinion

1 2 3

4 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 6 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE 7 AMAZON.COM INC., et al., CASE NO. C23-1646-KKE 8

Plaintiff(s), ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFFS’ 9 v. MOTION FOR DEFAULT JUDGMENT

10 ZHUMABUBU ABDYRAKHMANOVA, et al., 11

Defendant(s). 12

13 Plaintiff The Procter & Gamble Company (“P&G”) owns a cosmetics brand called SK-II 14 that formulates skin care products made with yeast extract. Together with Plaintiffs Amazon.com, 15 Inc. and Amazon.com Services LLC (collectively “Amazon”), P&G filed this action, alleging that 16 Defendants1 sold counterfeit SK-II products via Amazon’s store. Dkt. No. 1. Defendants have 17 not appeared or otherwise defended this action, and the Court entered an order of default against 18 them. Dkt. No. 17. 19 20 21 22 1 The Defendants are Zhumabubu Abdyrakhmanova, Adyl Arslanbek Uulu, Markus Biacsics, Maksym Drahomyr, 23 Viaceslav Ivanchyk, Svitlana Karpalova, Denys Kniaziev, Melih Korkmaz, Inna Korman, Zinaida Leinveber, Isabek Mamytov, Vartan Manukyan, Oleh Myha, Serhii Oliinyk, Tetiana Pustovit, Kieran Rivera, Anastasiia Shvehlo, Tetiana Sierhieieva, Oleksii Ulanov, and Tetiana Volochniuk (collectively “Defendants”). 24 1 Plaintiffs have now moved for entry of default judgment. Dkt. No. 21.2 Plaintiffs have 2 shown that they are entitled to default judgment on their claims against Defendants, and the Court 3 will grant Plaintiffs’ motion and award the damages and injunctive relief Plaintiffs request.

4 I. BACKGROUND 5 Plaintiffs allege that, from December 2021 through July 2023, Defendants advertised, 6 marketed, offered, distributed, and sold counterfeit SK-II-branded products via Amazon, using 7 marks owned by P&G (“SK-II Trademarks”) without authorization to deceive customers about the 8 authenticity and origin of the products and the products’ affiliation with SK-II. Dkt. No. 1 ¶ 5. In 9 this action, P&G assert claims for trademark counterfeiting and infringement against Defendants. 10 Id. ¶¶ 62–68. Plaintiffs also bring claims for false designation of origin and false advertising, and 11 for violation of Washington’s Consumer Protection Act (“CPA”). Id. ¶¶ 69–90. Amazon.com 12 Services LLC (“Amazon Services”) separately brings breach of contract claims against each

13 Defendant. Id. ¶¶ 91–96. 14 After Defendants were served the complaint and failed to respond by the deadline, the 15 Court entered default against Defendants on February 13, 2024. Dkt. No. 17. Plaintiffs failed to 16 move for default judgment for a number of months thereafter, and the Court issued an order to 17 show cause why the case should not be dismissed for failure to prosecute. Dkt. No. 18. In 18 response, Plaintiffs filed a motion for default judgment. Dkt. No. 21. The Court lifts the order to 19 show cause, and will grant Plaintiffs’ motion for default judgment for the following reasons. 20 II. ANALYSIS 21 A. The Court Has Jurisdiction over the Subject Matter and the Parties. 22 Before entering default judgment, the Court must confirm that it has both subject matter

24 2 The Court refers to the parties’ briefing by CM/ECF page number. 1 and personal jurisdiction. See In re Tuli, 172 F.3d 707, 712 (9th Cir. 1999) (“When entry of 2 judgment is sought against a party who has failed to plead or otherwise defend, a district court has 3 an affirmative duty to look into its jurisdiction over both the subject matter and the parties.”).

4 1. The Court Has Subject Matter Jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ Claims. 5 The Court has federal question jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ claims for trademark 6 infringement, false designation of origin, and false advertising. And because Defendants are 7 citizens of foreign states (Dkt. No. 1 ¶¶ 10–29) and Plaintiffs are corporations with their principal 8 places of business in the United States (id. ¶¶ 7–8), and the amount in controversy exceeds 9 $75,000, the Court also has diversity jurisdiction. 10 2. The Court Has Personal Jurisdiction over Defendants. 11 The Court also has personal jurisdiction over Defendants. A forum selection clause alone 12 can confer personal jurisdiction. Chan v. Soc’y Expeditions, Inc., 39 F.3d 1398, 1406–07 (9th Cir.

13 1994). The Business Solutions Agreement (“BSA”) between Amazon and Defendants provides 14 that Amazon may bring claims related to counterfeit products in the “Governing Courts,” and the 15 BSA defines “Governing Courts” as any state or federal court in King County, Washington, which 16 includes this Court. Dkt. No. 1 ¶¶ 32–35. Accepting Plaintiffs’ factual allegations as true, the 17 Court has personal jurisdiction over Defendants. 18 B. Legal Standards on a Motion for Default Judgment 19 The Court’s decision to enter a default judgment is discretionary. Aldabe v. Aldabe, 616 20 F.2d 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 1980). The Court “ordinarily disfavor[s]” default judgment because 21 “[c]ases should be decided upon their merits whenever reasonably possible.” Eitel v. McCool, 782 22 F.2d 1470, 1472 (9th Cir. 1986). In considering a motion for default judgment, the Court accepts

23 “the well-pleaded factual allegations” as true, but “necessary facts not contained in the pleadings, 24 1 and claims which are legally insufficient, are not established by default.” Cripps v. Life Ins. Co. 2 of N. Am., 980 F.2d 1261, 1267 (9th Cir. 1992) (cleaned up). 3 When considering whether to exercise its discretion to enter a default judgment, the Court

4 may consider the following Eitel factors: 5 (1) the possibility of prejudice to the plaintiff, (2) the merits of plaintiff’s substantive claim, 6 (3) the sufficiency of the complaint, (4) the sum of money at stake in the action; 7 (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning material facts; (6) whether the default was due to excusable neglect, and 8 (7) the strong policy underlying the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure favoring decisions on the merits. 9 Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471–72. 10 The Western District of Washington also requires a party seeking default judgment to 11 provide “a declaration and other evidence establishing plaintiff’s entitlement to a sum certain and 12 to any nonmonetary relief sought.” Local Civil Rules W.D. Wash. LCR 55(b)(2). “A default 13 judgment must not differ in kind from, or exceed in amount, what is demanded in the pleadings.” 14 Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(c). 15 C. Plaintiffs are Entitled to Default Judgment Against Defendants. 16 The Court applies the Eitel factors to this case and finds that they favor a default judgment 17 for all Plaintiffs’ claims. 18 1. Possibility of Prejudice to Plaintiffs 19 For the first Eitel factor, the Court analyzes the possibility of prejudice to Plaintiffs. 20 Prejudice exists when “the plaintiff has no recourse for recovery other than default judgment.” 21 Curtis v. Illumination Arts, Inc., 33 F. Supp. 3d 1200, 1211 (W.D. Wash. 2014) (cleaned up). 22 23 24 1 In this case, Defendants have failed to respond to or otherwise defend against Plaintiffs’ 2 complaint. Without a default judgment, Plaintiffs would have no recourse. Therefore, the Court 3 finds the first Eitel factor favors a default judgment.

4 2. Sufficiency and Merits of Plaintiffs’ Complaint 5 The Court analyzes the second and third Eitel factors—the merits of Plaintiffs’ substantive 6 claim and the sufficiency of the complaint—together. See, e.g., Curtis, 33 F. Supp. 3d at 1211. 7 For the following reasons, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have alleged facts in their complaint 8 showing that Defendants are liable on the claims asserted. 9 a. P&G’s Trademark Counterfeiting and Infringement Claim 10 As noted above, P&G alleges that Defendants counterfeited and infringed P&G’s SK-II 11 Trademarks, in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1114. Dkt. No. 1 ¶¶ 62–68. 12 To prevail on a trademark infringement claim under 15 U.S.C. § 1114, a plaintiff must

13 show that the defendant used (1) a reproduction, counterfeit, copy or colorable imitation of the 14 plaintiff’s registered trademark; (2) without the plaintiff’s consent; (3) in commerce; (4) in 15 connection with the sale, offering for sale, distribution or advertising of any goods; (5) where such 16 use is likely to cause confusion, or to cause a mistake or to deceive. Amazon.com v. Kurth, No. 17 2:18-cv-00353-RAJ, 2019 WL 3426064, at *2 (W.D. Wash. July 30, 2019). 18 For the fifth element—the likelihood of confusion—a court tests whether the defendant’s 19 use of the plaintiff’s trademark is likely to confuse a reasonably prudent consumer in the 20 marketplace as to the origin of the product. Dreamwerks Prod. Grp., Inc. v. SKG Studio, 142 F.3d 21 1127, 1129 (9th Cir. 1998). However, counterfeit marks are inherently confusing. See Gucci 22 America, Inc. v. Duty Free Apparel, Ltd., 286 F. Supp. 2d 284, 287 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) (“[C]onfusing

23 the customer is the whole purpose of creating counterfeit goods.”). Therefore, a plaintiff can 24 establish likelihood of confusion by showing that the infringing mark is counterfeit. Coach, Inc. 1 v. Pegasus Theater Shops, No. C12-1631-MJP, 2013 WL 5406220, at *3 (W.D. Wash. Sept. 25, 2 2013). 3 Accepting Plaintiffs’ allegations as true, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have sufficiently

4 stated their claim. P&G owns the SK-II Trademarks, and Defendants used the counterfeit SK-II 5 marks without P&G’s consent in commerce. Dkt. No. 1 ¶¶ 64, 66. As Defendants used counterfeit 6 SK-II marks, their use of the marks is inherently confusing. Therefore, the Court finds the second 7 and third Eitel factors favor a default judgment for P&G on its trademark counterfeiting and 8 infringement claim. 9 b. P&G’s False Designation of Origin and False Advertising Claims

10 P&G brought claims against Defendants for false designation of origin under 15 U.S.C. § 11 1125(a)(1)(A) and false advertising under 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1)(B). Dkt. No. 1 ¶¶ 69–77. 12 1) False Designation of Origin 13 To prevail on a claim for false designation of origin, “a plaintiff must prove that the 14 defendant 1) used in commerce 2) any word, false designation of origin, false or misleading 15 description, or representation of fact, which 3) is likely to cause confusion or mistake, or to 16 deceive, as to sponsorship, affiliation, or the origin of the goods or services in question.” Luxul 17 Tech. Inc. v. Nectarlux, LLC, 78 F. Supp. 3d 1156, 1170 (N.D. Cal. 2015). Again, because 18 counterfeit marks are inherently confusing, a plaintiff can show likelihood of confusion by 19 showing the infringing mark is counterfeit. Coach, 2013 WL 5406220, at *3. 20 Accepting the allegations in Plaintiffs’ complaint as true, the Court finds that Plaintiffs 21 have shown that Defendants are liable on the claim for false designation of origin. P&G owns the 22 right to the SK-II Trademarks. Dkt. No. 1 ¶ 70. Defendants sold counterfeit products bearing the

23 SK-II Trademarks in commerce. Id. ¶ 72. Because Defendants’ marks are counterfeits, they are 24 1 likely to confuse or deceive as to the origin of the goods. Id. ¶ 73. For these reasons, the second 2 and third Eitel factors favor a default judgment for P&G on its false designation of origin claim. 3 2) False Advertising

4 To prevail on a claim for false advertising, a plaintiff must allege: 5 (1) a false statement of fact by the defendant in a commercial advertisement about its own or another’s product; (2) the statement actually deceived or has the tendency 6 to deceive a substantial segment of its audience; (3) the deception is material, in that it is likely to influence the purchasing decision; (4) the defendant caused the 7 false statement to enter interstate commerce; and (5) the plaintiff has been or is 8 likely injured as a result of the false statement, either by direct diversion of sales from itself to defendant or by a lessening of the goodwill associated with its 9 products. 10 Amazon.com, Inc. v. Dong, C21-159-TL, 2024 WL 775900, at *5 (W.D. Wash. Feb. 26, 2024) 11 (quoting Amazon.com, Inc. v. Wong, No. C19-990, 2024 WL 553695, at *5 (W.D. Wash. Feb. 12, 12 2024)). 13 In this case, P&G alleges that Defendants sold counterfeit SK-II-branded products. Dkt. 14 No. 1 ¶ 72. Specifically, P&G alleges that Defendants engaged in “commercial advertising, 15 marketing, offering, distributing, and selling of counterfeit SK-II-branded products in interstate 16 commerce.” Id. P&G further alleges that Defendants used counterfeit versions of the SK-II marks 17 to compete unfairly with P&G and deceive its customers, and Defendants’ conduct led to hundreds 18 of thousands of dollars in sales to Defendants. Id., Dkt. No. 22 ¶¶ 3–4. Finally, P&G alleges that 19 Defendants wrongfully traded upon P&G’s goodwill and reputation. Dkt. No. 1 ¶ 73. 20 Therefore, P&G has stated a claim for false advertising. The Court finds that the second 21 and third Eitel factors favor a default judgment for P&G on its false advertising claim. 22 23 24 1 c. Amazon’s False Designation of Origin Claim3 2 Amazon brought a claim for false designation of origin under 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1)(A). 3 Dkt. No. 1 at 21–22. A plaintiff is not required to own the trademarks that are infringed in order

4 to state a claim under 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a). See Obesity Rsch. Inst., LLC v. Fiber Rsch. Int’l, LLC, 5 310 F. Supp. 3d 1089, 1114 (S.D. Cal. 2018). As noted above, to prevail on a claim for false 6 designation of origin, “a plaintiff must prove that the defendant 1) used in commerce 2) any word, 7 false designation of origin, false or misleading description, or representation of fact, which 3) is 8 likely to cause confusion or mistake, or to deceive, as to sponsorship, affiliation, or the origin of 9 the goods or services in question.” Luxul, 78 F. Supp. 3d at 1170. And again, because counterfeit 10 marks are inherently confusing, a plaintiff can show likelihood of confusion by showing the 11 infringing mark is counterfeit. Coach, 2013 WL 5406220, at *3. 12 Amazon alleges that Defendants’ deceptive acts jeopardized its customers’ trust in

13 Amazon, tarnished Amazon’s brand and reputation, and harmed Amazon and its customers. Dkt. 14 No. 1 ¶ 83. Amazon has stated a claim against Defendants for false designation of origin, and the 15 Court finds that the second and third Eitel factors favor a default judgment on this claim. 16 d. Plaintiffs’ CPA Claim 17 “To state a claim under the CPA, a plaintiff must allege: ‘(1) [an] unfair or deceptive act 18 or practice; (2) occurring in trade or commerce; (3) public interest impact; (4) injury to plaintiff in 19 his or her business or property; [and] (5) causation.’” Trader Joe’s Co. v. Hallatt, 835 F.3d 960, 20 976 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Hangman Ridge Training Stables, Inc. v. Safeco Title Ins. Co., 719 21 P.2d 531, 535 (Wash. 1986)). “Absent unusual circumstances, the analysis of a CPA claim will 22

23 3 Although Amazon also brought a false advertising claim against Defendants, it voluntarily dismissed that claim in the motion for default judgment. See Dkt. No. 21 at 16 n.3. The Court will therefore only analyze its false designation 24 of origin claim. 1 follow that of the trademark infringement and unfair competition claims; it will turn on the 2 likelihood of confusion regarding a protectable mark.” Safeworks, LLC v. Teupen Am., LLC, 717 3 F. Supp. 2d 1181, 1192 (W.D. Wash. 2010).

4 As the Court has found that Plaintiffs have sufficiently stated their trademark infringement 5 claims, and alleged that Defendants used counterfeit versions of the SK-II marks that are inherently 6 confusing, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have stated a claim for violation of the CPA as well. 7 Therefore, the Court finds that the second and third Eitel factors favor a default judgment for 8 Plaintiffs on their CPA claim. 9 e. Amazon Services’ Breach of Contract Claim 10 To prevail on a breach of contract claim, a plaintiff must show (1) a valid contract existed 11 between the parties, (2) the contract was breached, and (3) damages resulted. Lehrer v. State, 12 Dep’t of Soc. & Health Servs., 5 P.3d 722, 727 (Wash. Ct. App. 2000).

13 The complaint establishes all three of these elements. First, Amazon Services alleges that 14 when Defendants established their Selling Accounts, they agreed to the BSA and Amazon’s anti- 15 counterfeiting policy and other policies, and these contracts are valid. Dkt. No. 1 ¶¶ 48–53, 92. 16 Second, Amazon Services alleges that Defendants’ sale of counterfeit SK-II-branded products 17 constituted a material breach of the BSA. Third, Amazon Services alleges that Defendants’ breach 18 resulted in damages totaling $393,937.00—the amount that Amazon refunded to customers who 19 purchased the counterfeit SK-II products sold by Defendants. Dkt. No. 22 ¶ 4. Accepting these 20 allegations as true, Amazon Services has sufficiently stated its claims for breach of contract. The 21 Court thus finds the second and third Eitel factors favor a default judgment for Amazon Services 22 on its breach of contract claim.

23 24 1 3. The Sum of Money at Stake 2 For the fourth Eitel factor, the Court considers the amount of money at stake in relation to 3 the seriousness of the defendant’s conduct. PepsiCo, Inc. v. Cal. Sec. Cans, 238 F. Supp. 2d 1172,

4 1176 (C.D. Cal. 2002). The Court also assesses whether the amount of monetary damage requested 5 is proportional to the harm caused by the defendant. See Curtis, 33 F. Supp. 3d at 1212. 6 In this case, Plaintiffs allege that Defendants willfully infringed P&G’s SK-II Trademarks 7 and sold at least $623,809 of counterfeit products. See Dkt. No. 22 ¶ 3. The amounts Plaintiffs 8 seek to recover are substantial, but proportional to the scale of the misconduct alleged, and the 9 Court finds that this factor therefore favors entry of a default judgment. 10 4. Possibility of Dispute over Material Facts 11 For the fifth Eitel factor, the Court considers the possibility of dispute concerning material 12 in facts. Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471–72. Upon default, a plaintiff’s factual allegations of the complaint

13 will be taken as true. Geddes v. United Fin. Grp., 559 F.2d 557, 560 (9th Cir. 1977). Because 14 Defendants failed to appear or otherwise respond, they have failed to rebut Plaintiffs’ allegations 15 or evidence provided to support their claims. Therefore, given that no dispute of material facts is 16 apparent, the Court finds that the fifth Eitel factor favors entry of a default judgment. 17 5. Possibility of Excusable Neglect 18 For the sixth Eitel factor, the Court assesses whether the defendant’s default was due to 19 excusable neglect. Here, the Court granted Plaintiffs’ motion for alternative service and allowed 20 Plaintiffs to serve Defendants by email. See Dkt. No. 14 at 3. Consistent with the Court’s order, 21 Plaintiffs subsequently provided an affidavit of service and confirmed that they received no error 22 message or bounce-back. See Dkt. No. 15 at 3. Because Plaintiffs have submitted evidence to

23 support their attempts to serve Defendants, and yet Defendants have made no apparent effort to 24 1 respond by the deadline, the Court finds that the sixth Eitel factor favors entry of a default 2 judgment. See Landstar Ranger, Inc. v. Parth Enters., 725 F. Supp. 2d 916, 922 (C.D. Cal. 2010). 3 6. Policy in Favor of Decision on the Merits

4 For the seventh Eitel factor, the Court addresses the strong policy preference in favor of 5 resolution of Plaintiffs’ claims on the merits. See Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1472 (“Cases should be decided 6 upon their merits whenever reasonably possible.”). However, a defendant’s “failure to answer 7 Plaintiffs’ Complaint makes a decision on the merits impractical, if not impossible.” PepsiCo, 238 8 F. Supp. 2d at 1177. 9 Thus, although the Court’s preference for resolving issues on their merits weighs against 10 entry of a default judgment, this factor is outweighed by the other Eitel factors, as summarized 11 here. Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiffs’ motion for default judgment should be granted. 12 D. Plaintiffs Are Entitled to Statutory Damages.

13 Having found that Plaintiffs are entitled to entry of a default judgment, the Court now turns 14 to consider the relief requested by Plaintiffs. 15 1. Statutory Damages to P&G 16 The Lanham Act provides for three types of remedies in counterfeit trademark cases. See 17 Y.Y.G.M. SA v. Redbubble, Inc., 75 F.4th 995, 1007 (9th Cir. 2023). 18 When a plaintiff establishes a violation of any registered mark, subsection (a) makes available to the plaintiff, subject to equitable considerations, “(1) 19 defendant’s profits, (2) any damages sustained by the plaintiff, and (3) the costs of the action.” [15 U.S.C.] § 1117(a). For intentional violations, subsection (b) 20 provides for “three times such profits or damages, whichever amount is greater, together with a reasonable attorney’s fee” and further specifies that “the court may 21 award prejudgment interest on such amount[.]” § 1117(b). Subsection (c) allows a plaintiff to elect, “instead of actual damages and profits under subsection (a), an 22 award of statutory damages” between $1,000 and $200,000 per counterfeit mark, or for a willful violation, up to $2,000,000 per counterfeit mark. § 1117(c). 23 24 1 Id. A willful trademark infringement occurs when “the defendant’s actions are willfully calculated 2 to exploit the advantage of an established mark.” DC Comics v. Towle, 802 F.3d 1012, 1026 (9th 3 Cir. 2015) (quoting Lindy Pen Co., Inc. v. Bic Pen Corp., 982 F.2d 1400, 1406 (9th Cir. 1993)).

4 As the Court accepts all factual allegations as true when resolving a motion for default judgment, 5 the Court accepts a plaintiff’s allegation of a defendant’s willful infringement. See Derek Andrew, 6 Inc. v. Poof Apparel Corp., 528 F.3d 696, 702 (9th Cir. 2008). 7 Plaintiffs allege in their complaint that Defendants acted willfully by intentionally causing 8 customer confusion regarding the origin and authenticity of the products sold. See Dkt. No. 1 ¶¶ 9 58, 66, 75, 80, 82–83. With respect to this willful infringement, P&G elects to recover statutory 10 damages. Dkt. No. 21 at 21. Specifically, P&G requests the following in statutory damages for 11 13 counts of trademark infringements by each Defendant, with each total representing three times 12 the total of counterfeit SK-II products sold in connection with each Defendant’s Selling Account

13 (Dkt. No. 12 ¶ 3, Dkt. No. 22 ¶ 3): 14 a. An award of $86,079 against Defendant Zhumabubu Abdyrakhmanova 15 b. An award of $209,253 against Defendant Adyl Arslanbek uulu 16 c. An award of $76,977 against Defendants Markus Biacsics and Zianaida 17 Leinveber, jointly and severally 18 d. An award of $164,484 against Defendants Maksym Drahomyr and Oleh Myha, 19 jointly and severally 20 e. An award of $170,898 against Defendant Viaceslav Ivanchyk 21 f. An award of $236,178 against Defendant Svitlana Karpalova 22 g. An award of $96,228 against Defendant Denys Kniaziev

23 h. An award of $24,975 against Defendants Melih Korkmaz, Inna Korman, and 24 Tetiana Sierhieieva, jointly and severally 1 i. An award of $252,189 against Defendant Isabek Mamytov 2 j. An award of $107,658 against Defendant Vartan Manykyan 3 k. An award of $149,259 against Defendants Serhii Oliinyk, Kieran Rivera, and

4 Oleksii Ulanov, jointly and severally 5 l. An award of $211,557 against Defendants Tetiana Pustovit and Anastasiia 6 Shvehlo, jointly and severally 7 m. An award of $85,692 against Defendant Tetiana Volochniuk 8 In sum, P&G requests an award of statutory damages of $1,871,427, which represents three 9 times the Defendants’ alleged aggregate sales of $623,809 in counterfeit SK-II products. Dkt. No. 10 21 at 23, 29. 11 To calculate statutory damages for willful infringement, courts consider the need to: (1) 12 “compensate” the plaintiffs for the damage the defendant’s actions caused; (2) “deter” the

13 defendants from violating the trademarks; and (3) “punish” the defendants for willfully violating 14 the trademarks. See Philip Morris USA Inc. v. Liu, 489 F. Supp. 2d 1119, 1124 (C.D. Cal. 2007). 15 The Court finds that the statutory damages requested by P&G will compensate P&G for the harm 16 caused by Defendants’ conduct, punish Defendants for that conduct and deter it in the future. 17 Accordingly, the Court will award P&G the statutory damages it requests. 18 2. Actual Damages to Amazon Services 19 Amazon Services seeks an award of the actual damages for Defendants’ breaches of the 20 BSA. Dkt. No. 21 at 29–31. Upon discovering that Defendants breached the BSA by selling 21 counterfeit products, Amazon Services shut down Defendants’ Selling Accounts and issued 22 refunds to customers who purchased counterfeit SK-II-branded products from Defendants. Id. at

23 29. Amazon Services alleges that Defendants have not fully reimbursed Amazon to cover the 24 refunds it issued, although they agreed to do so in the BSA. Id. 1 After accounting for funds that Amazon Services recovered from Defendants’ sale 2 proceeds or from the credit cards Defendants had on file with Amazon, Amazon Services seeks to 3 recover actual damages from:

4 (1) Defendant Zhumabubu Abdyrakhmanova, the $22,449 amount owed by the Elmyr 5 Beauty Selling Account he controlled; 6 (2) Defendant Adyl Arslanbek uulu the $50,381 amount owed by the Me-ato Selling 7 Account he controlled; 8 (3) Defendants Markus Biacsics and Zianaida Leinveber, jointly and severally, the $17,126 9 amount owed by the FlorianSau Selling Account they jointly controlled; 10 (4) Defendants Maksym Drahomyr and Oleh Myha, jointly and severally, the $34,740 11 amount from the Quentin Brent Selling Account they jointly controlled; 12 (5) Defendant Viaceslav Ivanchyk the $33,701 amount owed by the Note It Selling

13 Account he controlled; 14 (6) Defendant Svitlana Karpalova the $36,167 amount owed by the Yonus1 LLC Selling 15 Account she controlled; 16 (7) Defendant Denys Kniaziev the $17,378 amount owed by the SeVerss Selling Account 17 he controlled; 18 (8) Defendants Melih Korkmaz, Inna Korman, and Tetiana Sierhieieva, jointly and 19 severally, the $6,608 amount owed by the Mknlfr Store Selling Account they jointly controlled; 20 (9) Defendant Isabek Mamytov the $59,007 amount owed by the Inneedgo Selling Account 21 he controlled; 22 (10) Defendant Vartan Manykyan the $25,035 amount owed by the Salelogic Selling

23 Account he controlled; 24 1 (11) Defendants Serhii Oliinyk, Kieran Rivera, and Oleksii Ulanov, jointly and severally, 2 the $28,316 amount owed by the Bangalore LLC Selling Account they jointly controlled; 3 (12) Defendants Tetiana Pustovit and Anastasiia Shvehlo, jointly and severally, the

4 $51,941 amount owed by the Gorali Selling Account they jointly controlled; and 5 (13) Defendant Tetiana Volochniuk the $11,088 amount owed by the Atios Selling 6 Account she controlled. Dkt. No. 21 at 30. 7 The Court finds these requests reasonable and consistent with the terms of the BSA. See 8 Dkt. No. 1-3 § 6.1. Therefore, the Court awards the actual damages as Amazon Services requested. 9 E. Plaintiffs Are Entitled to a Permanent Injunction.

10 Plaintiffs request the Court permanently enjoin Defendants from: 11 a. selling counterfeit or infringing products in Amazon’s stores; b. selling counterfeit or infringing products to Amazon or any Amazon affiliate; 12 c. manufacturing, importing, distributing, offering to sell, or selling any product using the SK-II brand or SK-II Trademarks, or which otherwise infringes P&G’s 13 intellectual property, in any store or in any medium; and d. assisting, aiding, or abetting any other person or business entity in engaging in 14 or performing any of the activities listed in (a) through (c) above.

15 Dkt. No. 21 at 31.

16 The Court has authority under 15 U.S.C. § 1116(a) to grant injunctions according to 17 principles of equity and upon such terms as the court may deem reasonable to prevent the violation 18 of any right of the trademark owner. Reno Air Racing Ass’n., Inc. v. McCord, 452 F.3d 1126, 1137 19 (9th Cir. 2006). In addition, the CPA also allows parties to seek a permanent injunction to prevent 20 further violations. WASH. REV. CODE § 19.86.090. A plaintiff seeking a permanent injunction 21 must satisfy the following four elements. First, the plaintiff must show that it has suffered an 22 irreparable injury. eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C., 547 U.S. 388, 391 (2006). Second, the 23 plaintiff must show that remedies available at law, such as monetary damages, are inadequate to 24 compensate for the irreparable injury. Id. Third, the plaintiff must show that a remedy in equity 1 is warranted considering the balance of hardships between the plaintiff and defendant. Id. Fourth, 2 the plaintiff must show that the public interest would not be disserved by a permanent injunction. 3 Id.

4 The Court finds that Plaintiffs have satisfied the first element, because a finding that a 5 plaintiff’s trademark has been infringed creates a rebuttable presumption that a plaintiff suffered 6 an irreparable injury. See 15 U.S.C. § 1116; T-Mobile USA, Inc. v. Terry, 862 F. Supp. 2d 1121, 7 1133 (W.D. Wash. 2012). Defendants have not rebutted the presumption. 8 Plaintiffs also have satisfied the second element because they have shown that remedies at 9 law are inadequate to compensate for their irreparable injury. Generally, monetary damages alone 10 are inadequate to remedy trademark infringement. Treemo, Inc. v. Flipboard, Inc., 53 F. Supp. 3d 11 1342, 1367 (W.D. Wash. 2014). Plaintiffs have alleged damage to their businesses, reputations, 12 and goodwill that cannot be fully resolved via monetary damages. Dkt. No. 1 ¶¶ 68, 76, 83.

13 Plaintiffs have satisfied the third element as well, as a balancing of hardship warrants a 14 permanent injunction. On one hand, there is no legitimate interest in selling counterfeit products. 15 T-Mobile, 862 F.Supp.2d at 1133–34. Therefore, there is no hardship for Defendants in this case. 16 On the other hand, there are substantial threats to Plaintiffs’ business reputation if the Court does 17 not enjoin Defendants’ illegal actions. See Dkt. No. 1 ¶¶ 66, 73, 79. Thus, the balance of hardship 18 tips in favor of Plaintiffs. 19 Finally, Plaintiffs have satisfied the fourth element, because a permanent injunction in this 20 case would promote the public interest. A permanent injunction will benefit the public by 21 preventing likelihood of confusion to consumers and minimizing the risk of purchasing fraudulent 22 merchandise. Treemo, 53 F. Supp. 3d at 1368.

23 Because Plaintiffs have satisfied all four elements for a permanent injunction, the Court 24 will grant Plaintiffs’ request for a permanent injunction against Defendants. 1 CONCLUSION 2 For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ motion for default judgment. 3 Dkt. No. 21.

4 1. Judgment is entered as follows against Defendants on (1) P&G’s claims for (a) 5 trademark infringement and trademark counterfeiting, and (b) false designation of 6 origin and false advertising; (2) Amazon’s claim for false designation of origin; (3) 7 Plaintiffs’ claim for violation of the CPA; and (4) Amazon.com Services’ claim for 8 breach of contract. 9 2. The Court awards P&G a total of $1,871,427.00 in statutory damages for each 10 Defendant’s willful trademark infringement, as follows: 11 a. An award of $86,079.00 against Defendant Zhumabubu Abdyrakhmanova for 12 counterfeit sales from the following Selling Account: Elmyr Beauty;

13 b. An award of $209,253.00 against Defendant Adyl Arslanbek uulu for counterfeit 14 sales from the following Selling Account: Me-ato; 15 c. An award of $76,977.00 against Defendants Markus Biacsics and Zianaida 16 Leinveber, jointly and severally, for counterfeit sales from the following Selling 17 Account: FlorianSau; 18 d. An award of $164,484.00 against Defendants Maksym Drahomyr and Oleh Myha, 19 jointly and severally, for counterfeit sales from the following Selling Account: 20 Quentin Brent; 21 e. An award of $170,898.00 against Defendant Viaceslav Ivanchyk for counterfeit 22 sales from the following Selling Account: Note It;

23 f. An award of $236,178.00 against Defendant Svitlana Karpalova for counterfeit 24 sales from the following Selling Account: Yonus1 LLC; 1 g. An award of $96,228.00 against Defendant Denys Kniaziev for counterfeit sales 2 from the following Selling Account: SeVerss; 3 h. An award of $24,975.00 against Defendants Melih Korkmaz, Inna Korman, and

4 Tetiana Sierhieieva, jointly and severally, for counterfeit sales from the following 5 Selling Account: Mknlfr Store; 6 i. An award of $252,189.00 against Defendant Isabek Mamytov for counterfeit sales 7 from the following Selling Account: Inneedgo; 8 j. An award of $107,658.00 against Defendant Vartan Manykyan for counterfeit sales 9 from the following Selling Account: Salelogic; 10 k. An award of $149,259.00 against Defendants Serhii Oliinyk, Kieran Rivera, and 11 Oleksii Ulanov, jointly and severally, for counterfeit sales from the following 12 Selling Account: Bangalore LLC;

13 l. An award of $211,557.00 against Defendants Tetiana Pustovit and Anastasiia 14 Shvehlo, jointly and severally, for counterfeit sales from the following Selling 15 Account: Gorali; and 16 m. An award of $85,692.00 against Defendant Tetiana Volochniuk for counterfeit 17 sales from the following Selling Account: Atios. 18 3. The Clerk is directed to enter judgment against Defendants and in favor of P&G for the 19 amounts set forth above. 20 4. The Court awards Amazon.com Services LLC a total of $393,937.00 in actual 21 damages, for Defendants’ breaches of contract: 22 a. An award of $22,449.00 against Defendant Zhumabubu Abdyrakhmanova for

23 counterfeit sales from the following Selling Account: Elmyr Beauty; 24 1 b. An award of $50,381.00 against Defendant Adyl Arslanbek uulu for counterfeit 2 sales from the following Selling Account: Me-ato; 3 c. An award of $17,126.00 against Defendants Markus Biacsics and Zianaida

4 Leinveber, jointly and severally, for counterfeit sales from the following Selling 5 Account: FlorianSau; 6 d. An award of $34,740.00 against Defendants Maksym Drahomyr and Oleh Myha, 7 jointly and severally, for counterfeit sales from the following Selling Account: 8 Quentin Brent; 9 e. An award of $33,701.00 against Defendant Viaceslav Ivanchyk for counterfeit sales 10 from the following Selling Account: Note It; 11 f. An award of $36,167.00 against Defendant Svitlana Karpalova for counterfeit sales 12 from the following Selling Account: Yonus1 LLC;

13 g. An award of $17,378.00 against Defendant Denys Kniaziev for counterfeit sales 14 from the following Selling Account: SeVerss; 15 h. An award of $6,608.00 against Defendants Melih Korkmaz, Inna Korman, and 16 Tetiana Sierhieieva, jointly and severally, for counterfeit sales from the following 17 Selling Account: Mknlfr Store; 18 i. An award of $59,007.00 against Defendant Isabek Mamytov for counterfeit sales 19 from the following Selling Account: Inneedgo; 20 j. An award of $25,035.00 against Defendant Vartan Manykyan for counterfeit sales 21 from the following Selling Account: Salelogic; 22 k. An award of $28,316.00 against Defendants Serhii Oliinyk, Kieran Rivera, and

23 Oleksii Ulanov, jointly and severally, for counterfeit sales from the following 24 Selling Account: Bangalore LLC; 1 l. An award of $51,941.00 against Defendants Tetiana Pustovit and Anastasiia 2 Shvehlo, jointly and severally, for counterfeit sales from the following Selling 3 Account: Gorali; and

4 m. An award of $11,088.00 against Defendant Tetiana Volochniuk for counterfeit 5 sales from the following Selling Account: Atios. 6 5. The Clerk is directed to enter judgment against Defendants and in favor of 7 Amazon.com Services LLC for the amounts set forth above. 8 6. Defendants and their officers, agents, servants, employees, and attorneys, and all others 9 in active concert or participation with them who receive actual notice of the order, are 10 hereby permanently ENJOINED AND RESTRAINED from: 11 a. selling counterfeit or infringing products in Amazon’s stores; 12 b. selling counterfeit or infringing products to Amazon or any Amazon affiliate;

13 c. importing, manufacturing, producing, distributing, circulating, offering to sell, 14 selling, promoting, or displaying any product using any simulation, reproduction, 15 counterfeit, copy, or colorable imitation of P&G’s brand or trademarks, or which 16 otherwise infringes P&G’s intellectual property, in any store or in any medium; and 17 d. assisting, aiding, or abetting any other person or business entity in engaging in or 18 performing any of the activities referred to in subparagraphs (a) through (c) above. 19 7. The Court hereby retains jurisdiction over this case for the purpose of enforcing this 20 Order and Injunction, and for any supplemental proceedings that may be authorized by 21 law. 22

23 24 1 8. Plaintiffs’ counsel is hereby directed to serve a copy of this Order and Injunction on 2 Defendants’ last known email addresses registered with Amazon, which Plaintiffs used 3 to complete service.

4 Dated this 6th day of December, 2024. 5 A 6 Kymberly K. Evanson 7 United States District Judge

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