AMA Multimedia, LLC v. Madon

• Court: District Court, D. Nevada
• Decided: August 28, 2020
• Docket: 2:17-cv-03037
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA

3 * * *

4 AMA MULTIMEDIA, LLC, a Nevada limited Case No.: 2:17-cv-03037-GMN-EJY liability company, 5 Plaintiff, ORDER 6 v. 7 MACIEJ MADON, a foreign citizen; JOHN 8 DOES 1-25; and ROE CORPORATIONS 26- 50, 9 Defendants. 10 11 Presently before the Court is Defendant Maciej Madon’s (“Madon”) Motion to Set Aside 12 Default. ECF No. 33. The Court has considered Defendant’s Motion, Plaintiff AMA Multimedia, 13 LLC’s (“AMA”) Opposition to Defendant’s Motion (ECF No. 34), and Madon’s Reply. ECF No. 14 36. The Court finds as follows. 15 I. BACKGROUND 16 This is a copyright infringement, trademark infringement, and unfair competition action filed 17 by AMA, a Nevada limited liability company, against Madon, one of two partners in MW Media, 18 S.C. (“MW Media”), a Polish civil law partnership that owns and operates ePorner.com. AMA 19 produces and distributes adult entertainment over the Internet. 20 1. The Arizona Action 21 On August 24, 2015, AMA filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District 22 of Arizona, Case No. 2:15-cv-01674-PHX-ROS (the “Arizona Action”), against Madon, his business 23 partner Marcin Wanat (“Wanat”), and MW Media based on the same claims that are before this 24 Court. On September 29, 2017, after two years of litigation and jurisdictional discovery involving 25 the appointment of a Special Master, the court dismissed the Arizona Action as to Wanat for lack of 26 personal jurisdiction. The Arizona district court ordered Plaintiff to file a status report indicating 27 how it planned to proceed against the remaining defendants Madon and MW Media. 1 On October 13, 2017, Plaintiff filed a Status Report advising the Arizona court of its intention 2 to proceed with its claims against Madon and MW Media. AMA expressed its belief that the court’s 3 findings on personal jurisdiction as to Wanat did not apply to the other defendants. AMA confirmed 4 it would “seek additional discovery, make new arguments as to personal jurisdiction, and expand 5 upon prior arguments” as to MW Media and Madon. With regard to Madon, AMA claimed neither 6 it “nor the Court know[s] whether he has more significant ties to the United States than Wanat.” 7 On October 17, 2017, the Arizona district court ordered Plaintiff to complete service of 8 process on MW Media and Madon by December 1, 2017, simultaneously directing the “Clerk of 9 Court [to] enter a judgment of dismissal without prejudice if Plaintiff” did not do so by that date. 10 On December 11, 2017, the Arizona district court dismissed Plaintiff’s action against MW Media 11 and Madon without prejudice because service was not perfected. 12 2. The Nevada Action 13 On the same day the Arizona Action was dismissed, AMA filed its Complaint in this Court. 14 ECF No. 1 (the “Nevada Action”). On March 21, 2018, this Court issued a Notice of Intent to 15 Dismiss the action pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m) because service had not been perfected on MW 16 Media. ECF No. 4. On April 2, 2018, Plaintiff responded to the Notice, stating it was diligently 17 attempting to effect service on MW Media in accordance with the Hague Service Convention. ECF 18 No. 5. 19 On April 12, 2019, Plaintiff filed its Motion to Substitute Madon as a defendant in place of 20 MW Media explaining that a party “cannot . . . sue a partnership under Polish law, and instead must 21 take action against [the partnership’s] members.” On May 2, 2019, the Court granted Plaintiff’s 22 substitution request. On May 7, 2019, AMA filed its Amended Complaint against Madon only (ECF 23 No. 12), and a summons was issued three days later. 24 On September 5, 2019, the Court issued a Notice of Intent to Dismiss this action because 25 service had not been perfected on Madon. In response, Plaintiff filed a Motion for Order Setting 26 Aside Deadline to Serve Defendant Pursuant to Rule 4(m), or, Alternatively, for Extension of Time 27 to Serve. The Court granted AMA’s Motion and extended the time within which Plaintiff could file 1 On February 4, 2020, Plaintiff submitted its proof of service certifying that the Amended 2 Complaint, Civil Cover Sheet, and summons were served on “Zbigniew Halat,” an “adult household 3 member” of Madon, at an address listed as “ul. czna 9” in accordance with the Hague Service 4 Convention. ECF No. 30 at 2. The proof of servicŁeą further certifies that the documents were served 5 on October 30, 2019. Id. at 5. 6 Having received no response to the Amended Complaint, Plaintiff filed its Motion for Entry 7 of Default Against Madon on February 10, 2020. ECF No. 31. The next day, the Clerk of Court 8 entered default. ECF No. 32. 9 On May 27, 2020, Madon filed the present Motion to Set Aside Default. ECF No. 33. In the 10 event the Motion is granted, Defendant requests a period of twenty days to respond to Plaintiff’s 11 Amended Complaint. Madon also asks the Court to take judicial notice of his attached Exhibits 12 (ECF Nos. 33-3 through 33-6), all of which are documents filed in the Arizona Action.1 ECF No. 13 33 at 4 n.1; see also the Arizona Action, Case No. 2:15-cv-01674-PHX-ROS. 14 II. DISCUSSION 15 1. Setting Aside an Entry of Default for Good Cause 16 Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(c) provides that “[t]he court may set aside an entry of default for good 17 cause[.]” When determining whether good cause exists, a court considers three factors: “(1) whether 18 the plaintiff will be prejudiced, (2) whether the defendant [lacks] a meritorious defense, and (3) 19 whether culpable conduct of the defendant led to the default.” Falk v. Allen, 739 F.2d 461, 463 (9th 20 Cir. 1984) (internal citations omitted). These factors, which courts consistently refer to as the “Falk 21 factors,” are disjunctive. Brandt v. Am. Bankers Ins. Co. of Fla., 653 F.3d 1108, 1111 (9th Cir. 22

1 Federal Rule of Evidence (“Fed. R. Evid.”) 201 provides for judicial notice of adjudicative facts. Pursuant to 23 Fed. R. Evid. 201(b)(2), a presiding court may “judicially notice a fact that is not subject to reasonable dispute [when] it . . . can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” As 24 explained in Clark Cnty. Dep’t of Family Servs. v. Watkins, “[j]udicial notice is properly taken of proceedings in other courts, both within and without the federal judicial system, if those proceedings have a direct relation to matters at issue.” 25 Case No. 2:17-cv-00354-GMN-PAL, 2017 WL 1243527, at *1 (D. Nev. Feb. 24, 2017) (internal citation omitted). A court is authorized to “take judicial notice if a party requests it and the court is supplied with the necessary information.” 26 Fed. R. Evid. 201(c)(2). Defendant correctly states that “[a]ll of AMA’s claims against Madon [in the Nevada Action] stem from the same allegations that were raised against his business partner Wanat in the [Arizona] Action[.]” ECF No. 27 33 at 9. Exhibits A through D (ECF Nos. 33-3 through 33-6, respectively), each of which is a pleading or court order in 1 2011). This means finding any one of these factors is true constitutes sufficient reason for the district 2 court to refuse to set aside the default. U.S. v. Signed Personal Check No. 730 of Yubran S. Mesle, 3 615 F.3d 1085, 1091 (9th Cir. 2010) (“Mesle”). However, “judgment by default is a drastic step 4 appropriate only in extreme circumstances; a case should, whenever possible, be decided on the 5 merits” with doubts resolved in favor of setting aside the default. Falk, 739 F.2d at 463 (internal 6 citation omitted); see also Schwab v. Bullock’s, Inc., 508 F.2d 353, 356 (9th Cir. 1974). “Absent an 7 abuse of discretion, there is no error in setting aside a default where the judge finds good cause to 8 do so.” Curry v. Jensen, 523 F.2d 387, 388 (9th Cir. 1975) (internal citation omitted). “The court’s 9 discretion is especially broad where, as here, it is entry of default that is being set aside, rather than 10 a default judgment.” Mendoza v. Wight Vineyard Mgmt., 783 F.2d 941, 945 (9th Cir. 1986) (internal 11 citation omitted). With the above in mind, the Court examines each of the Falk factors. 12 i. Plaintiff would not be prejudiced if default were set aside. 13 “To be prejudicial, the setting aside of a judgment must result in greater harm than simply 14 delaying resolution of the case.” TCI Grp. Life Ins. Plan v. Knoebber, 244 F.3d 691, 701 (9th Cir. 15 2001), overruled on other grounds by Egelhoff v. Egelhoff ex rel. Breiner, 532 U.S. 141 (2001). 16 “[T]the delay must result in tangible harm such as loss of evidence, increased difficulties of 17 discovery, or greater opportunity for fraud or collusion.” Id. at 701 (internal citation and quotation 18 marks omitted). In contrast, “merely being forced to litigate on the merits cannot be considered 19 prejudicial . . . . For had there been no default, the plaintiff would of course have had to litigate the 20 merits of the case[.]” Id. 21 Plaintiff argues it would be prejudiced if the default were set aside because Madon has not 22 provided any assurance he will participate in this matter going forward and, instead, continues to 23 infringe on AMA’s copyrights and trademarks. ECF No. 34 at 10. AMA’s concerns are not well 24 taken. Madon demonstrates an intent to participate in this action by filing his Motion to Set Aside 25 Default; moreover, resolving this matter on the merits may also result in a benefit to Plaintiff as a 26 decision in its favor would preclude Defendant from violating its intellectual property. In sum, AMA 27 fails to argue or demonstrate that it will suffer any “tangible harm” if the default is set aside. TCI 1 ii. Defendant presents at least one meritorious defense. 2 “A party in default . . . is required to make some showing of a meritorious defense as a 3 prerequisite to vacating an entry of default.” Haw. Carpenters’ Tr. Funds v. Stone, 794 F.2d 508, 4 513 (9th Cir. 1986) (internal citations omitted). The defaulting party’s burden is “minimal”; indeed, 5 “[a]ll that is necessary to satisfy the ‘meritorious defense’ requirement is to allege sufficient facts 6 that, if true, would constitute a defense[.]” Mesle, 615 F.3d at 1094 (internal citation omitted). “A 7 meritorious defense is one which, if proven at trial, will bar plaintiff’s recovery.” Aristocrat Techs., 8 Inc. v. High Impact Design & Ent., 642 F. Supp. 2d 1228, 1233 (D. Nev. 2009) (internal citation and 9 quotation marks omitted). “[M]ere legal conclusions, general denials, or simple assertions that the 10 movant has a meritorious defense are, however, insufficient to justify upsetting the underlying 11 judgment.” Cassidy v. Tenorio, 856 F.2d 1412, 1415 (9th Cir. 1988) (internal citation and quotation 12 marks omitted). 13 Madon raises four defenses: (1) res judicata; (2) collateral estoppel based on dismissal of the 14 Arizona Action against his business partner Wanat on personal jurisdiction grounds; (3) statute of 15 limitations; and, (4) lack of personal jurisdiction. ECF No. 33 at 8-11. Reviewing the factual 16 allegations presented and treating them as true for purposes of this Order (Mesle, 615 F.3d at 1094), 17 Madon presents at least one meritorious defense to AMA’s claims for the reasons below. Thus, this 18 Falk factor weighs in favor of setting aside the Clerk’s entry of default. 19 a. Res judicata 20 Res judicata does not apply to this case. Claim preclusion under the doctrine of res judicata 21 applies when “a final judgment on the merits bars further claims by the same parties or their privies 22 based on the same cause of action.” Montana v. United States, 440 U.S. 147, 153 (1979) (internal 23 citations omitted). It is well-settled law that “a dismissal for want of personal jurisdiction is not a 24 judgment on the merits for the purpose of res judicata.” Ruiz v. Snohomish Cnty. Pub. Util. Dist. 25 No. 1, 824 F.3d 1161, 1164 (9th Cir. 2016) (internal alteration, citations, and quotation marks 26 omitted). Nevertheless, Defendant claims res judicata bars this case from proceeding because the 27 Arizona Action was dismissed as to Wanat for lack of personal jurisdiction. ECF No. 33 at 10. This 1 is precisely the sort of argument that the Ninth Circuit rejects. Ruiz, 824 F.3d at 1164. Accordingly, 2 Madon’s res judicata defense has no merit. 3 b. Collateral estoppel 4 Collateral estoppel bars relitigation of issues of fact or law that have been “actually litigated 5 and necessarily decided in a prior proceeding.” Robi v. The Five Platters, Inc., 838 F.2d 318, 322 6 (9th Cir. 1988) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). Where a federal court decided the 7 earlier case, federal law controls the collateral estoppel analysis. Trevino v. Gates, 99 F.3d 911, 923 8 (9th Cir. 1996). The Ninth Circuit relies on a three-step test to determine whether collateral estoppel 9 applies:

10 (1) the issue at stake must be identical to the one alleged in the prior litigation; (2) the issue must have been actually litigated [by the party against whom preclusion 11 is asserted] in the prior litigation; and (3) the determination of the issue in the prior litigation must have been a critical and necessary part of the judgment in the earlier 12 action. 13 Id. (internal citation omitted). Significantly, collateral estoppel can apply to a dismissal without 14 prejudice only if the determination being accorded preclusive effect was essential to the judgment 15 of dismissal. Deutsch v. Flannery, 823 F.2d 1361, 1364 (9th Cir. 1987). 16 Madon claims AMA is collaterally estopped from litigating whether this Court can exercise 17 personal jurisdiction over him because the Arizona district court dismissed his business partner, 18 Wanat, without prejudice for lack of personal jurisdiction. ECF No. 33 at 11. The Ninth Circuit 19 affirmed the Arizona district court’s dismissal after Defendant’s Motion to Set Aside Default was 20 fully briefed in this Court. AMA Multimedia, LLC v. Wanat, No. 18-15051, 2020 WL 4745032 (9th 21 Cir. Aug. 17, 2020). The second and third requirements of the collateral estoppel test are therefore 22 satisfied because AMA actually litigated the personal jurisdiction issue before the Arizona district 23 court and the Ninth Circuit, which affirmed the dismissal. ECF No. 33-3 at 20. Accordingly, the 24 Court addresses only whether the issue of is personal jurisdiction over Madon in the Nevada Action 25 is identical to whether there was personal jurisdiction over Wanat in the Arizona Action. 26 To this end, on appeal, the Ninth Circuit noted that the parties did not dispute satisfaction of 27 the first two requirements of the “federal long-arm statute,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(k)(2), which permits 1 4745032, at *5. That is, AMA and Wanat agreed that the claims asserted against Wanat arose under 2 federal law and that Wanat was not subject to the personal jurisdiction of any state court of general 3 jurisdiction. Id. Therefore, the court focused its analysis on whether exercising personal jurisdiction 4 over Wanat comported with the third and final due process requirement of the federal long-arm 5 statute. Id. The due process analysis involves “a three-part inquiry to determine whether a 6 nonresident defendant has such ‘minimum contacts’ with the forum to warrant the court’s exercise 7 of specific jurisdiction[.] . . . The first prong [of the inquiry] requires AMA to show that [a 8 defendant] either purposefully direct[ed] his activities at the United States or purposefully avail[ed] 9 himself of the forum.”2 Id. (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). In turn, the “effects test” 10 used to determine whether a nonresident defendant purposefully directed his activities towards the 11 forum requires the plaintiff to show that the defendant “(1) committed an intentional act, (2) 12 expressly aimed at the forum state, (3) causing harm that the defendant knows is likely to be suffered 13 in the forum state.” Id. (internal citation omitted). 14 The Ninth Circuit found Wanat committed an intentional act for purposes of the effects test 15 because, inter alia, he was “one of the partners of MW Media[.] . . . Each of Wanat’s actions were 16 [sic] intentional acts which satisfy this first prong.” Id. at *6 (internal citations omitted) (emphasis 17 added). In contrast, AMA failed to evidence the other two elements of the effects test because the 18 “United States was not the focal point of the website and of the harm suffered.” Id. at *9 (internal 19 citation and quotation marks omitted). The court reasoned as such because, in contrast to AMA’s 20 assertions, “ePorner lacks a forum-specific focus,” “the popularity or volume of U.S.-generated adult 21 content does not show that Wanat expressly aimed the site at the U.S. market,” “ePorner uses geo- 22 located advertisements, which tailor advertisements based on the perceived location of the viewer,” 23 and ePorner’s Terms of Service as well as its use of an American Domain Name System provider 24 did not evince Wanat’s desire to appeal to the U.S. market or to generate more American users. Id. 25 at *7-8 (internal citation omitted). Notably, the court’s discussion of the second and third prongs of 26

27 2 The Ninth Circuit did not address whether AMA satisfied the second and third prong of the due-process inquiry because AMA failed to meet its burden on the first prong. AMA Multimedia, LLC, 2020 WL 4745032, at *9 n.9. 1 the effects test only concerns the ePorner website’s audience focus as well as its operational and 2 advertising structure. Because AMA failed to show that Wanat purposefully directed his acts 3 towards the United States, the Ninth Circuit affirmed the Arizona district court’s dismissal for lack 4 of personal jurisdiction. Id. at *9. 5 Although the present personal jurisdiction issue over Madon concerns a different party, it is 6 substantively identical to the issue of personal jurisdiction over Wanat. Just as in the prior litigation, 7 satisfaction of two of three requirements of the federal long-arm statute necessary to invoke personal 8 jurisdiction is undisputed because AMA’s claims against Madon arise under federal law, and Madon 9 is not subject to the personal jurisdiction of any state court of general jurisdiction. ECF No. 12 at 1- 10 2. Therefore, the only jurisdictional issue that must be determined is whether personal jurisdiction 11 over Madon comports with due process. Applying the effects test, it is true that Madon intentionally 12 acted as one of two partners of MW Media. ECF No. 33 at 3; see also AMA Multimedia, LLC, 2020 13 WL 4745032, at *6. However, the other two prongs of the effects test are the same whether applied 14 to Wanat or Madon because, as the Ninth Circuit found, the United States is not the focal point of 15 the ePorner website, nor of the harm suffered. Id. at *9. In other words, the ePorner website’s lack 16 of forum-specific focus is identical as to Madon and Wanat. Because the outstanding personal 17 jurisdiction issue over Madon implicates the same analysis as the issue alleged, actually litigated, 18 and necessarily determined in prior litigation, Defendant’s collateral estoppel defense has merit. 19 c. Statute of limitations 20 Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(B) provides that an amendment changing or naming a party against 21 whom a claim is asserted relates back to the date of the original pleading when the amended claim 22 arises “out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set out—or attempted to be set out—in the 23 original pleading[.]” Additionally, “the party to be brought in by amendment” must have received 24 “within the period provided by Rule4(m) for serving the summons and complaint . . . such notice of 25 the action that it will not be prejudiced in defending on the merits; and . . . knew or should have 26 known that the action would have been brought against it, but for a mistake concerning the proper 27 party’s identity.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(C). 1 Defendant presents a potentially meritorious statute of limitations defense. Madon maintains 2 “most, if not all, of AMA’s infringement claims concerning the period before December 2015 . . . 3 will be barred by the three-year statute of limitations contained in 17 U.S.C. § 507[(b)].” ECF No. 4 33 at 11. While it is true that AMA timely initiated the Nevada Action against MW Media in 5 December 2017, before the statute of limitations ran with respect to that defendant (ECF No. 1), 6 AMA did not file its Amended Complaint naming Madon until May 2019. ECF No. 12. Although 7 AMA’s original Complaint and Amended Complaint plead identical claims arising out of the same 8 alleged intellectual property violations (compare ECF No. 1 with ECF No. 12), Plaintiff “failed to 9 serve its [original Complaint] on any party and, thus, [Madon] did not know and had no reason to 10 know he was being sued.” Cooley v. Leung, Case No.: 2:10-cv-1138-RLH-RJJ, 2012 WL 13049554, 11 at *2 (D. Nev. Nov. 26, 2012). Moreover, AMA does not demonstrate that Madon would have been 12 sued but for a mistake in identification. Plaintiff’s Arizona Action included Madon who was 13 ultimately dismissed due to a lack of service. However, when Plaintiff filed the Nevada Action, it 14 clearly chose not to include Madon in its original Complaint. Thus, Madon carries his minimal 15 burden in alleging sufficient facts, if true, that would constitute a statute of limitations defense as 16 Plaintiff may fail to demonstrate relation back of its Amended Complaint—filed more than three 17 years after December 2015—is proper under Rule 15(c). Mesle, 615 F.3d at 1094. 18 d. Lack of personal jurisdiction 19 Defendant presents a meritorious personal jurisdiction defense:

20 Similarly to Wanat, Madon is a citizen and a resident of Poland. . . . He did not register the internet domain . . . ; he did not post any infringing 21 material described in the Plaintiff’s complaint on the eporner.com website . . . ; he did not know that any of the allegedly infringing material described in the Plaintiff’s 22 complaint belonged to the Plaintiff . . . ; and he does not have, own, or control any tangible assets or real property in the United States . . . . Madon does not own or 23 control any bank accounts or other similar assets that are located in the United States. . . . He does not sell or advertise goods or services to any person or company 24 located in the United States . . . ; he does not and has never paid taxes in the United States . . . ; he does not do any business in the United States and has no officers, 25 manufacturing, or distribution facilities, no employees, directors, or agents in the United States (except for the present counsel and a DMCA agent that was hired by 26 MW Media after the [Arizona] Action was filed) . . . ; and[,] he has no representatives in the United States and holds no licenses in the United States . . . . 27 Madon did not derive any profit from any of his activities in the United States, as 1 States and has never applied for a U.S. visa. . . . Madon’s role in the operation of MW Media and is even more limited than that of Wanat because 2 [Madon] is only responsible for the administrative aspect of the operations. 3 ECF No. 33 at 9 (internal citations omitted). 4 AMA counters Madon’s argument by emphasizing that Defendant supports his claims solely 5 with his own declaration and, therefore, the Court should disregard his statements. ECF No. 34 at 6 9-10. However, Madon’s burden is minimal: “the question whether the factual allegation[s are] true 7 is not to be determined by the court when it decides the motion to set aside the default. . . . Rather, 8 that question would be the subject of the later litigation.” Mesle, 615 F.3d at 1094 (internal citations 9 and quotation marks omitted). Considering the above, Madon presents a potentially meritorious 10 personal jurisdiction defense.

11 iii. Defendant did not act culpably in failing to respond to Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint. 12 13 “A defendant’s motion to set aside a default should not be granted if the defendant exhibited 14 some degree of culpable conduct in failing to respond to pleadings.” Aristocrat Techs., Inc., 642 F. 15 Supp. 2d at 1234 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). A “defendant’s conduct is culpable 16 if he has received actual or constructive notice of the filing of the action and intentionally failed to 17 answer.” TCI Grp. Life Ins. Plan, 244 F.3d at 697 (internal alteration and citations omitted). In 18 order for a failure to answer to be intentional, “the movant must have acted with bad faith.” Mesle, 19 615 F.3d at 1092. For example, a bad faith failure to respond can be found where a defendant 20 provides the opposing party with an incorrect address and thereby precludes normal service of 21 process. TCI Grp. Life Ins. Plan, 244 F.3d at 698-99. 22 Defendant argues he did not act culpably in failing to respond to Plaintiff’s Amended 23 Complaint:

24 The only reason [Madon] did not respond to the complaint is because he simply was not properly served, and did not have either constructive or actual notice of the 25 present lawsuit until March 2020, when his current counsel learned about the lawsuit during the course of a different proceeding before the Ninth Circuit Court 26 of Appeals. Although AMA claims that it served Madon at his residence, the address indicated in the proof of service is not his residence, and the person who 27 received the summons, Zbigniew Halat, is not a member of Madon’s household. 1 about this case, he retained counsel and voluntarily reached out to the Plaintiff in order to address this action. 2 3 ECF No. 33 at 8. In opposition, AMA claims Madon had actual knowledge of this lawsuit because 4 existence of the Nevada Action:

5 was disclosed to [Madon’s] business partner and his lawyer over two years ago in the Ninth Circuit Mediation Questionnaire . . . , and [Madon] was aware that his 6 business partner had been sued in Arizona federal court. . . . Moreover, his attorney admitted via email that he had been monitoring the case, that he had solicited 7 Madon to be his client, and that Madon did not desire to retain him until after the default had been entered. 8 9 ECF No. 34 at 6. Plaintiff also maintains Madon had constructive knowledge of the Nevada Action 10 because a “Polish court served Mr. Madon at the address [he] provided to the Polish Central 11 Registration and Information on Business (‘CEIDG’)” in 2012, which remains listed online as the 12 location where he conducts business to date. Id. at 4; see also ECF No. 34-4. AMA asks the Court 13 to compare the address Defendant provided to the CEIDG with the address at which Madon declares 14 he no longer resides in support of his Motion. ECF No. 34 at 7 n.2; compare ECF No. 34-4 at 3, 6 15 with ECF No. 33-1 at ¶ 5. Based on these representations, AMA asserts Madon deliberately provided 16 a false address to avoid service of process. ECF No. 34 at 10. In reply, Madon contends he stopped 17 conducting business activities at the address he provided to CEIDG in 2013 and simply failed to 18 update the information in the system. ECF No. 36 at 3-4. 19 The Court finds there is insufficient evidence upon which to conclude Madon acted culpably 20 in failing to respond to Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint. It is true that Madon’s attorney—who was 21 only Wanat’s lawyer at the time of the Ninth Circuit Mediation Questionnaire’s filing—could have 22 paid closer attention to the questionnaire’s contents. In fact, defense counsel attributes his 23 unfamiliarity with the Nevada Action to “oversight or lack of memory[.]” Id. at 2. However, 24 imputing counsel’s oversight or bad memory to Madon, an individual who defense counsel was not 25 representing in the Arizona Action, goes a step too far. In re Perle, 725 F.3d 1023, 1028 (9th Cir. 26 2013) (finding the plaintiff “has identified no case, nor [was the Ninth Circuit] able to find one, that 27 imputes to a client knowledge that his lawyer gained while representing a different client.”) (internal 1 bestow upon him actual or constructive knowledge of a separately initiated action in a different 2 federal court in a different state. Moreover, it makes little sense that Madon provided a false address 3 to the CEIDG in 2012 to avert service of process attempted in cases filed three years later (the 4 Arizona Action) and five years later (the Nevada Action), respectively. 5 In any event, Defendant’s failure to respond did not allow him to “take advantage” of the 6 opposing party or “manipulate the legal process.” Mesle, 615 F.3d at 1093 (internal quotation marks 7 omitted). “On the contrary, the only outcome that such a failure could have earned Defendant was 8 what [he] received: an entry of default and a heightened possibility of default judgment in favor of 9 Plaintiff.” Chrome Hearts, LLC v. Boutique Talulah, No. 2:12-cv-00280-MMD-RJJ, 2012 WL 10 4510692, at *3 (D. Nev. Sept. 28, 2012). Further, defense counsel emailed Plaintiff’s attorney in 11 hopes of stipulating to setting aside the default as soon as he was retained and received notice of 12 entry of default. ECF No. 33-7; see also Mesle, 615 F.3d at 1092 (setting aside an entry of default 13 where movant hired a lawyer and responded as soon as he received notice of the entry of default). 14 It was nearly two months later before Plaintiff declined the offer. ECF No. 33-8. Twelve days later, 15 Defendant filed the present Motion. ECF No. 33. 16 Because Defendant’s efforts demonstrate that he did not intend “to take advantage of the 17 opposing party, interfere with judicial decision making, or otherwise manipulate the legal process,” 18 the Court finds Defendant did not engage in culpable conduct. TCI Grp. Life Ins. Plan, 244 F.3d at 19 697. 20 2. The Falk Factors Weigh in Favor of Setting Aside Entry of Default 21 All three Falk factors weigh in favor of setting aside the entry of default. Plaintiff will not 22 be prejudiced if the entry of default is set aside, Defendant raises at least one meritorious defense, 23 and Defendant did not engage in culpable conduct. For these reasons, the Court finds that declining 24 to set aside the default would be contrary to the Ninth Circuit’s long held policy in favor of deciding 25 cases on the merits whenever reasonably possible. NewGen, LLC v. Safe Cig, LLC, 840 F.3d 606, 26 616 (9th Cir. 2016).

27 1 III. ORDER 2 Accordingly, 3 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendant Maciej Madon’s Motion to Set Aside Default 4 (ECF No. 33) is GRANTED. 5 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of Court’s Entry of Default as to Defendant 6 Maciej Madon (ECF No. 32) is VACATED. 7 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendant Maciej Madon shall have fourteen (14) court 8 days from the date of this Order to answer or otherwise respond to Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint 9 (ECF No. 12). 10 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendant Maciej Madon’s request for judicial notice of 11 ECF Nos. 33-3, 33-4, 33-5, and 33-6 is GRANTED. 12 DATED THIS 28th day of August, 2020. 13 14

15 ELAYNA J. YOUCHAH UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27