Am. Steel City Indus. Leasing, Inc. v. Bloom Land Co., L.L.C.

2022 Ohio 1004, 187 N.E.3d 35

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: March 28, 2022
• Docket: 2021-T-0013
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as Am. Steel City Indus. Leasing, Inc. v. Bloom Land Co., L.L.C., 2022-Ohio-1004.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT TRUMBULL COUNTY

AMERICAN STEEL CITY CASE NO. 2021-T-0013 INDUSTRIAL LEASING, INC.,

Plaintiff-Appellant, Civil Appeal from the Court of Common Pleas -v-

BLOOM LAND COMPANY, LLC, et al., Trial Court No. 2020 CV 00789

Defendants-Appellees.

OPINION

Decided: March 28, 2022 Judgment: Affirmed

Thomas C. Nader, Nader & Nader, 7011 East Market Street, Warren, OH 44484 (For Plaintiff-Appellant).

Kevin P. Murphy and Patrick C. Manning, Harrington, Hoppe & Mitchell, Ltd., 108 Main Avenue, S.W., Suite 500, Warren, OH 44481 (For Defendants-Appellees).

JOHN J. EKLUND, J.

{¶1} Appellant, American Steel City Leasing, Inc., (“American Steel”) appeals the

decision granting summary judgment to Appellees, Bloom Land Company, LLC, (“Bloom

Land”) and Youngstown Bending and Rolling, Inc. (“Youngstown Bending”). We affirm.

{¶2} In 2016, American Steel, owned by William Marsteller, held fee simple title

to real property on Hendricks Road in Youngstown, Ohio. A tenant of the property,

Youngstown Bending, has operated a manufacturing facility on the property since 2006.

Youngstown Bending was owned in equal shares by Mr. Marsteller and Ted Bloom, who is the sole owner of Bloom Land. In 2016, American Steel and Bloom Land entered into

an agreement for Bloom Land to purchase the Hendricks Road property upon Mr.

Marsteller’s death. In 2017, Mr. Marsteller passed away, leaving his wife, Linda

Marsteller, the sole owner of American Steel and fifty percent shareholder of Youngstown

Bending. In 2018, Bloom Land closed on the purchase of the Hendricks Road property

by submitting to American Steel the purchase price, and American Steel provided a

warranty deed to Bloom Land in return.

{¶3} Thereafter, a dispute arose as to whether the industrial machinery owned

by American Steel and used by Youngstown Bending at the Hendricks Road property

was included in the purchase agreement. In 2020, American Steel filed a complaint,

attaching a copy of the purchase agreement, and asking the trial court to declare it the

owner of all machinery located at the Hendricks Road property and used in the business

operations of Youngstown Bending. Bloom Land and Youngstown Bending moved to

dismiss the complaint, arguing that the purchase agreement clearly provided for the sale

of the industrial machinery along with the real property. Therefore, Appellees argued that

any resort to parol evidence to determine the parties’ intent would be improper. Further,

Appellees maintained that the complaint contained no allegations that Youngstown

Bending asserted an ownership interest in the land or machinery. American Steel

opposed the motion, attaching a supporting affidavit of Mrs. Marsteller. American Steel

maintained that: dismissal is generally inappropriate in a declaratory judgment action; the

purchase agreement was ambiguous as to whether it included sale of the machinery;

parol evidence was necessary to clarify the ambiguity; after closing of the sale, Mrs.

Marsteller and Mr. Bloom arranged for appraisals of the machinery at issue and

Case No. 2021-T-0013 negotiated for the sale of the machinery to Youngstown Bending, raising an inference that

the machinery was not included in the sale; and the continued negotiations and appraisals

raised a reasonable inference that a modification of the agreement or a waiver had

occurred.

{¶4} The trial court converted the motion to dismiss to a motion for summary

judgment pursuant to Civ.R. 12(B)(6) and permitted the parties additional time to provide

supporting documents. Bloom Land provided an affidavit of Mr. Bloom averring that he

had ordered appraisal of the machinery due to a pending divorce action wherein Bloom

Land was named as a third-party defendant. American Steel responded that Mr. Bloom’s

affidavit raised a question of fact, because Mrs. Marsteller had averred in her affidavit that

Mr. Bloom’s accountant had emailed her a copy of the appraisal one month after closing

on the real estate, which would have been unnecessary if the appraisal had been

conducted solely for purposes of Mr. Bloom’s divorce.

{¶5} Thereafter, the trial court found that there existed no genuine question of

material fact that the purchase agreement included the industrial machinery at issue, and

appellees were entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Accordingly, the trial court granted

summary judgment to appellees, determining that Bloom Land owned the machinery at

issue. The court did not specifically address issues pertaining to modification or waiver.

{¶6} In its first and second assigned errors, American Steel contends:

{¶7} “[1.] The Trial Court erred in concluding that [the] Purchase Agreement was

not ambiguous and therefor[e] barred extrinsic evidence under the Parol Evidence Rule.

{¶8} “[2.] The Trial Court erred in interpreting that the industrial machinery was

included in the term equipment.”

Case No. 2021-T-0013 {¶9} In its first and second assigned errors, American Steel argues that the court

erred in granting Bloom Land summary judgment because the agreement’s use of the

term “equipment” is ambiguous, and a genuine issue of material fact remained as to the

parties’ intent. American Steel argues that the trial court should have considered extrinsic

evidence and applied the interpretative rule of ejusdem generis in determining whether a

triable issue of intent remained.

{¶10} “We review decisions awarding summary judgment de novo, i.e.,

independently and without deference to the trial court’s decision.” Hedrick v. Szep, 11th

Dist. Geauga No. 2020-G-0272, 2021-Ohio-1851, ¶ 13, citing Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co.,

77 Ohio St.3d 102, 105, 671 N.E.2d 241 (1996).

Civ.R. 56(C) specifically provides that before summary judgment may be granted, it must be determined that: (1) No genuine issue as to any material fact remains to be litigated; (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; and (3) it appears from the evidence that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion, and viewing such evidence most strongly in favor of the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made, that conclusion is adverse to that party.

Temple v. Wean United, Inc., 50 Ohio St.2d 317, 327, 364 N.E.2d 267, 274 (1977); Allen

v. 5125 Peno, LLC, 11th Dist., 2017-Ohio-8941, 101 N.E.3d 484, ¶ 6, citing Holliman v.

Allstate Ins. Co., 86 Ohio St.3d 414, 415, 715 N.E.2d 532 (1999). “The initial burden is

on the moving party to set forth specific facts demonstrating that no issue of material fact

exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Allen at ¶ 6, citing

Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 292-293, 662 N.E.2d 264 (1996). “If the movant

meets this burden, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to establish that a genuine

issue of material fact exists for trial.” Allen at ¶ 6, citing Dresher at 293.

Case No. 2021-T-0013 {¶11} Here, the trial court determined that summary judgment was appropriate

based upon the unambiguous contract language. “‘If a contract is clear and

unambiguous, then its interpretation is a matter of law and there is no issue of fact to be

determined. However, if a term cannot be determined from the four corners of a contract,

factual determination of intent or reasonableness may be necessary to supply the missing

term.’” Fairport Real Estate LLC v. Nautical Ridge Condominium Owners’ Assn., Inc.,

2018-Ohio-791, 108 N.E.3d 101, ¶ 17 (11th Dist.), quoting Inland Refuse Transfer Co. v.

Browning-Ferris Indus. of Ohio, Inc., 15 Ohio St.3d 321, 322, 474 N.E.2d 271 (1984),

citing Alexander v. Buckeye Pipe Line Co., 53 Ohio St.2d 241, 374 N.E.2d 146 (1978),

superseded by statute on other grounds, and Hallet & Davis Piano Co. v. Starr Piano Co.,

85 Ohio St. 196, 97 N.E. 377 (1911).

{¶12} “In all cases involving contract interpretation, we start with the primary

interpretive rule that courts should give effect to the intentions of the parties as expressed

in the language of their written agreement.” Sutton Bank v. Progressive Polymers, L.L.C.,

161 Ohio St.3d 387, 2020-Ohio-5101, 163 N.E.3d 546, ¶ 15, citing Sunoco, Inc. (R&M) v.

Toledo Edison Co., 129 Ohio St.3d 397, 2011-Ohio-2720, 953 N.E.2d 285, ¶ 37. “Other

primary interpretive rules assist the court in doing this by giving guidance on how to

interpret the meaning of certain words.” Sutton Bank at ¶ 15. “For example, one rule is

that ‘[c]ommon words appearing in a written instrument will be given their ordinary

meaning unless manifest absurdity results, or unless some other meaning is clearly

evidenced from the face or overall contents of the instrument.’” Id., quoting Alexander at

paragraph two of the syllabus.

Case No. 2021-T-0013 {¶13} In Sutton Bank, the Supreme Court noted that this court had applied

“traditional rules of contract interpretation” to some extent to a cognovit note. Id. at ¶ 17.

However, the Supreme Court concluded that this court’s analysis applying the defined

term “you” to a provision of the note “stopped short” of the appropriate analysis by

adopting this reading “without considering, as it should have considered, whether the

parties intended this reading.” (Emphasis added.) Id. The Supreme Court explained that

rules of contract interpretation “must yield to the intent of the parties, and when the parties

clearly did not intend [a] * * * definition to apply, a court cannot force that construction

upon them.” Sutton at ¶ 18, citing In re Adelphia Communications Corp., 368 B.R. 348,

354 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.2007) (defined terms must still be interpreted in the context of the

entire agreement); Beanstalk Group, Inc. v. AM Gen. Corp., 283 F.3d 856, 860 (7th

Cir.2002) (“a contract will not be interpreted literally if doing so would produce absurd

results, in the sense of results that the parties, presumed to be rational persons pursuing

rational ends, are very unlikely to have agreed to seek”). Accordingly, we review

contractual language mindful that defined terms and dictionary definitions must yield to

the parties’ intent as expressed within the agreement.

{¶14} Here, Bloom Land maintains that the contract clearly provided that the

machinery is included in the purchase agreement. In support, Bloom Land points to the

first section of the agreement, defining the sale property as including:

(i) The parcel of real property situated in the City of Youngstown, OH, as described in Exhibit “A” * * * together with all appurtenances, hereditaments, rights, privileges and easements belonging to or in any way appertaining thereto (the “Land”);

(ii) The existing buildings located on the 14.638 acre lot, and the building located on Parcel Number 48-0446-0-009.01-0, 6

Case No. 2021-T-0013 and all other improvements, equipment, fixtures, and landscaping contained within the Land (the “Improvements”)[.]

{¶15} Bloom Land contends that what American Steel has argued is “machinery”

constitutes “equipment” within the contract’s definition of “[i]mprovements.” The trial

court agreed, concluding that the “standard understanding of the word ‘equipment’” does

not exempt machinery.

{¶16} However, American Steel argues that the term “equipment” could

reasonably be read as excepting “machinery,” relying on agreements that use both terms

in other cases. See Zinser v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2016-08-

144, 2017-Ohio-5668, ¶ 5 (regarding insurance policy covering “machinery” and

“equipment” that were “permanently installed” in commercial building); In re M B

Industries, L.L.C., 783 Fed.Appx. 333, 337 (5th Cir.2019) (issue of whether 42 cranes

belonged to lessee under lease terms allocating to lessee untagged “equipment, fixtures,

machinery [or] personal property”); Henry & Wright Corp. v. Automatic Press Corp., 142

F.3d 434, *1 (6th Cir.1998) (purchase agreement defined seller’s “assets” as “all of

Seller’s machinery and equipment, if any * * *”). However, these cases do not present

the issue of whether machinery was excluded from the definition of “equipment,” and,

contrary to American Steel’s argument, one of its cited cases indicates that these terms

may overlap. See Zinser at ¶ 19 (Air conditioning units “constitute machinery and

equipment pursuant to the terms’ plain and ordinary meanings.”) (Emphasis added.); In

re M B Industries at 338 (42 cranes included as “machinery” under lease terms without

discussion of whether the cranes also constituted “equipment”); Henry & Wright Corp. at

*1-2 (seller’s assets included all machinery and equipment and not limited to exhibit listing

some machinery and equipment). 7

Case No. 2021-T-0013 {¶17} Accordingly, the cited cases do not support American Steel’s proposed

definition of equipment as excluding machinery and are of little assistance in determining

the parties’ intent with respect to this contract.

{¶18} Further, although the trial court did not expound upon its source for

concluding that the “standard understanding” of “equipment” includes “machinery,” we

agree that, in isolation, “equipment” is a very broad term. See Merriam-Webster

Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/equipment (accessed July 8,

2021) (defining “equipment” to include “the implements used in an operation or activity”

and “all the fixed assets other than land and buildings of a business enterprise.”).

However, we must review the entirety of the agreement to determine if the parties

intended a use of “equipment” that includes machinery, not view the term in isolation.

See MidFirst Bank v. Stump, 10th Dist. No. 16AP-189, 2017-Ohio-4312, 83 N.E.3d 974,

¶ 22, quoting Dodd v. Bartholomew, 44 Ohio St. 171, 175, 5 N.E. 866 (1886) (“It is a well

settled principle, applicable to the construction of deeds and other instruments, that all

their parts are to be construed together, and the meaning ascertained from a

consideration of each and every part” of the document.).

{¶19} The agreement, when read a whole, does not demonstrate an intent by the

parties to temper the ordinary meaning of the term equipment in such a way as to exclude

the machinery at issue. The purchase agreement included the sale of the land,

improvements (including “equipment”), rights of away, intangible property and

engineering products related to the land and improvements, and “Seller’s interest in and

to any Existing Leases by and between Seller and its current tenants on the Land and

Improvements.”

Case No. 2021-T-0013 {¶20} The agreement contains numerous references to the “Existing Lease(s).”

In response to Bloom Land’s motion, American Steel provided a copy of the lease

between itself and Youngstown Bending. The lease provides that American Steel leased

to Youngstown Bending specified portions of the warehouse located on the Hendricks

Road property together with “all machinery, equipment, tools, tooling, and supplies,

together with those improvements that may hereafter be erected and installed in the

Building or Leased Premises * * *.” Accordingly, as opposed to the purchase agreement,

the lease agreement specified that it included machinery.

{¶21} We note that American Steel argued in the trial court that the distinction in

the language between the lease and the purchase agreement indicated that the parties

did not intend to include machinery in the purchase agreement. Insofar as it may be

appropriate to review the lease to ascertain the extent of rights transferred through the

assignment of the “Existing Leases” referenced in the agreement, we note that, contrary

to American Steel’s position, the lease reinforces a reading of the purchase agreement

that includes machinery in the sale. The purchase agreement provides an assignment of

the lease to Bloom Land, thus giving Bloom Land the right to receive rents for the lease

of the machinery. The reasonable inference drawn from Bloom Land’s right to receive

rents for the machinery is that the parties intended to convey ownership of the machinery

to Bloom Land, an inference consistent with the common usage of “equipment.”

{¶22} Upon review of the competing summary judgment materials, no triable issue

of the parties’ intent with respect to sale of the machinery remains, as the agreement,

when read as a whole, is subject to only one reasonable interpretation – it includes the

machinery at issue. Accordingly, the purchase agreement is not ambiguous in this

Case No. 2021-T-0013 regard, and we need not consider the parties’ affidavits or apply ejusdem generis, to

determine the meaning.

{¶23} Therefore, American Steel’s first and second assigned errors lacks merit.

{¶24} In its third assigned error, American Steel maintains that:

{¶25} “[3.] There was a genuine issue of fact regarding the post-closing

modification or waiver of the sale of machinery under the Purchase Agreement, therefore

the Trial Court erred in failing to address this issue.”

{¶26} In ruling on summary judgment, the trial court reviewed the language of the

contract and declared Bloom Land the owner of the machinery at issue, as discussed

above. The trial court’s judgment at no point addresses the parties’ arguments or

affidavits insofar as they relate to modification or waiver.

{¶27} However, the complaint did not contain any allegations with respect

modification or waiver, and American Steel did not seek to amend its complaint. Instead,

American Steel presented its theories of modification and waiver in response to the

motion to dismiss and in its supplemental materials filed after the trial court converted the

motion to dismiss to a motion for summary judgment.

{¶28} “We are mindful that even if a complaint neither contains allegations on a

legal theory nor suggests or intends to advance that theory, the complaint may still be

sufficient if it contain[s] allegations from which an inference fairly may be drawn that

evidence on these material points will be introduced at trial.” Morris v. Dobbins Nursing

Home, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2010-12-102, 2011-Ohio-3014, ¶ 28, quoting White v.

Mt. Carmel Med. Ctr., 150 Ohio App.3d 316, 780 N.E.2d 1054, 2002-Ohio-6446, ¶ 52.

Nonetheless, here, there is a complete absence of any reference to modification or waiver

Case No. 2021-T-0013 in the complaint. “It is axiomatic that a complaint cannot be amended by briefs in

opposition to a motion to dismiss.” Hernandez v. Riggle, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 15 MA

0223, 2016-Ohio-8032, 74 N.E.3d 822, ¶ 5, quoting General Elec. Co. v. S & S Sales Co.,

N.D.Ohio No. 1:11CV00837, 2012 WL 2921566, *4 (July 17, 2012). Further, “Ohio Courts

have repeatedly held that a plaintiff is generally limited to the allegations in [its] pleading

and cannot enlarge [its] claims in a memorandum in opposition to summary judgment.”

(Citations omitted.) Bryan v. Valley Care Health Sys. of Ohio, 11th Dist. Trumbull No.

2015-T-0130, 2016-Ohio-7156, ¶ 36. See also Gates v. Ohio Sav. Assn., 11th Dist.

Geauga No. 2009-G-2881, 2009-Ohio-6230, ¶ 47 (where complaint and amended

complaint failed to assert legal theory that was raised in response to memorandum in

opposition to summary judgment, the theory was not before the trial court).

{¶29} We cannot say the trial court erred in failing to address the alleged

modification or waiver when the complaint contains no allegations regarding modification

or waiver. Accordingly, American Steel’s third assigned error lacks merit.

{¶30} The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

THOMAS R. WRIGHT, P.J.,

MATT LYNCH, J.,

concur.

Case No. 2021-T-0013