OPINION OF THE COURT
Carolyn E. Demakest, J.
In this action alleging, inter alia, breach of fiduciary duties, unfair competition, misappropriation of trade secrets, unlawful use of proprietary and confidential client information, and tortious interference with current and prospective business relations, and seeking damages, injunctive relief, and an accounting, plaintiff Alpha Funding Group, Inc. and third-party defendant Michael Levitis move for an order, pursuant to CPLR 3126, striking the answer of defendants Continental Funding, LLC and Igor Kanfer also known as Gary Kanfer (Igor Kanfer), Eugene Gertskis, Allen Kaplan, Yevgeniy Khodov, Allan Neyman, Milan Schwartz, Arthur Gorenshteyn, Daniel Kanfer, Alexander Kofman, Tair Yakubov, and Alfia Coglitor (the individual defendants) (collectively, defendants) due to their refusal or failure to respond to their discovery demands and interrogatories. Alpha and Levitis seek, in the alternative, an order, pursuant to CPLR 3126, precluding defendants from offering any evidence with respect to liability based upon their refusal or failure to respond to said discovery demands and interrogatories, or an order, pursuant to CPLR 3124 and 3126, compelling defendants to respond in good faith to these discovery demands and interrogatories. Alpha and Levitis further seek an order compelling defendants to produce a privilege log, and an order granting Alpha an extension of the time to file its note of issue. Defendants cross-move, pursuant to CPLR 3103, for a protective order with respect to Alpha and Levitis’ discovery demands and interrogatories.
Alpha is a corporation, formed in 2003, which is engaged in the mortgage brokerage business. It performs brokerage and consulting services for clients seeking financial lending for residential and commercial real estate acquisitions. Levitis is Alpha’s president. Igor Kanfer was a key employee and executive vice-president of Alpha, who allegedly had unrestricted access to Alpha’s proprietary and confidential client information, including the contact and/or key person for each client, the nature and extent of the client’s business activities with Alpha, plans and information in connection with ongoing work for the clients, and information regarding prospective work for the clients. Schwartz, Khodov, Kaplan, Neyman, and Gertskis were [961] employed by Alpha as team leaders; Daniel Kanfer, Kofman, Yakubov, and Gorenshteyn were employed by Alpha as loan officers; and Coglitor was employed by Alpha as a loan processor.
Alpha asserts that, on April 28, 2006, Igor Kanfer informed Levitis that he was leaving Alpha to work for Continental, a competitor in the mortgage business, since Continental had offered him a portion of the closing costs as an incentive, a commission structure, and other incentives. Alpha further asserts that Igor Kanfer also informed Levitis that unless Alpha matched Continental’s offer, he and the other individual defendants would leave Alpha to work for Continental. When Alpha declined (on the same date), Igor Kanfer and the other individual defendants left Alpha’s employment. According to Alpha, when the individual defendants departed from Alpha, they copied and removed its proprietary and confidential client information. Alpha claims that the individual defendants have breached their fiduciary duties to it by soliciting its other employees to engage in the same business as it, diverting away its business opportunities, misappropriating its trade secrets and/or proprietary and confidential information regarding its clients (during and subsequent to their employment by it), competing unfairly with it, using its client information in order to develop a competing business (during and subsequent to their employment by it), and soliciting its clients by using its trade secrets and/or proprietary and confidential client information to which they had access solely as a result of their employment by it.
On May 2, 2006, Alpha filed this action against defendants. Alpha’s complaint alleges nine causes of action against defendants, including claims for breach of fiduciary duty, unfair competition, misappropriation of trade secrets and proprietary and confidential client information, and tortious interference with current and prospective business relations. It seeks damages, an accounting, and injunctive relief. On August 11, 2006, defendants interposed an answer to Alpha’s complaint, asserting counterclaims against Alpha, and they commenced a third-party action against Levitis. On September 26, 2006, Levitis served an answer to defendants’ third-party complaint, and Alpha served its reply to defendants’ counterclaims.
On December 8, 2006, Alpha and Levitis served their first set of interrogatories upon the individual defendants, their first set of interrogatories upon Continental, and their first request for the production of documents upon defendants. On March 14, 2007, defendants provided their first responses to Alpha and Le[962] vitis’ first request for the production of documents. On March 16, 2007, the individual defendants served their first responses to Alpha’s and Levitis’ first set of interrogatories, and Continental served its first responses to Alpha and Levitis’ first set of interrogatories. By letter dated March 21, 2007, Alpha and Levitis asserted objections to defendants’ responses to document request numbers 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 15, 16, 27, 29, 30, 38, and 39, and Continental’s responses to interrogatory numbers 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, and 16. Defendants also did not respond to document request number 40, and Alpha and Levitis’ letter noted that defendants provided no information in connection with the closing statements, United States Department of Housing and Urban Development forms (HUD-Is), or other loans documents for the clients at Continental for the time period from January 1, 2006 through December 1, 2006.
On May 21, 2007, Continental served a second set of responses to Alpha and Levitis’ first set of interrogatories, and defendants served second responses to Alpha and Levitis’ first request for the production of documents. Continental, in its second responses to the first set of interrogatories, responded to interrogatory number 7 (by referring to exhibit D in defendants’ second responses to the production of documents) and interrogatory number 8 (by referring to exhibit A in defendants’ first responses to the production of documents). It also responded to interrogatory number 15. Defendants, in their second responses to Alpha and Levitis’ first request for the production of documents, responded to document request number 2 (by referring to exhibit B of their responses to the first set of document requests), and document request numbers 7, 27, 29, and 30 (by referring to exhibit A of their responses to the first set of document requests).
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OPINION OF THE COURT
Carolyn E. Demakest, J.
In this action alleging, inter alia, breach of fiduciary duties, unfair competition, misappropriation of trade secrets, unlawful use of proprietary and confidential client information, and tortious interference with current and prospective business relations, and seeking damages, injunctive relief, and an accounting, plaintiff Alpha Funding Group, Inc. and third-party defendant Michael Levitis move for an order, pursuant to CPLR 3126, striking the answer of defendants Continental Funding, LLC and Igor Kanfer also known as Gary Kanfer (Igor Kanfer), Eugene Gertskis, Allen Kaplan, Yevgeniy Khodov, Allan Neyman, Milan Schwartz, Arthur Gorenshteyn, Daniel Kanfer, Alexander Kofman, Tair Yakubov, and Alfia Coglitor (the individual defendants) (collectively, defendants) due to their refusal or failure to respond to their discovery demands and interrogatories. Alpha and Levitis seek, in the alternative, an order, pursuant to CPLR 3126, precluding defendants from offering any evidence with respect to liability based upon their refusal or failure to respond to said discovery demands and interrogatories, or an order, pursuant to CPLR 3124 and 3126, compelling defendants to respond in good faith to these discovery demands and interrogatories. Alpha and Levitis further seek an order compelling defendants to produce a privilege log, and an order granting Alpha an extension of the time to file its note of issue. Defendants cross-move, pursuant to CPLR 3103, for a protective order with respect to Alpha and Levitis’ discovery demands and interrogatories.
Alpha is a corporation, formed in 2003, which is engaged in the mortgage brokerage business. It performs brokerage and consulting services for clients seeking financial lending for residential and commercial real estate acquisitions. Levitis is Alpha’s president. Igor Kanfer was a key employee and executive vice-president of Alpha, who allegedly had unrestricted access to Alpha’s proprietary and confidential client information, including the contact and/or key person for each client, the nature and extent of the client’s business activities with Alpha, plans and information in connection with ongoing work for the clients, and information regarding prospective work for the clients. Schwartz, Khodov, Kaplan, Neyman, and Gertskis were [961] employed by Alpha as team leaders; Daniel Kanfer, Kofman, Yakubov, and Gorenshteyn were employed by Alpha as loan officers; and Coglitor was employed by Alpha as a loan processor.
Alpha asserts that, on April 28, 2006, Igor Kanfer informed Levitis that he was leaving Alpha to work for Continental, a competitor in the mortgage business, since Continental had offered him a portion of the closing costs as an incentive, a commission structure, and other incentives. Alpha further asserts that Igor Kanfer also informed Levitis that unless Alpha matched Continental’s offer, he and the other individual defendants would leave Alpha to work for Continental. When Alpha declined (on the same date), Igor Kanfer and the other individual defendants left Alpha’s employment. According to Alpha, when the individual defendants departed from Alpha, they copied and removed its proprietary and confidential client information. Alpha claims that the individual defendants have breached their fiduciary duties to it by soliciting its other employees to engage in the same business as it, diverting away its business opportunities, misappropriating its trade secrets and/or proprietary and confidential information regarding its clients (during and subsequent to their employment by it), competing unfairly with it, using its client information in order to develop a competing business (during and subsequent to their employment by it), and soliciting its clients by using its trade secrets and/or proprietary and confidential client information to which they had access solely as a result of their employment by it.
On May 2, 2006, Alpha filed this action against defendants. Alpha’s complaint alleges nine causes of action against defendants, including claims for breach of fiduciary duty, unfair competition, misappropriation of trade secrets and proprietary and confidential client information, and tortious interference with current and prospective business relations. It seeks damages, an accounting, and injunctive relief. On August 11, 2006, defendants interposed an answer to Alpha’s complaint, asserting counterclaims against Alpha, and they commenced a third-party action against Levitis. On September 26, 2006, Levitis served an answer to defendants’ third-party complaint, and Alpha served its reply to defendants’ counterclaims.
On December 8, 2006, Alpha and Levitis served their first set of interrogatories upon the individual defendants, their first set of interrogatories upon Continental, and their first request for the production of documents upon defendants. On March 14, 2007, defendants provided their first responses to Alpha and Le[962] vitis’ first request for the production of documents. On March 16, 2007, the individual defendants served their first responses to Alpha’s and Levitis’ first set of interrogatories, and Continental served its first responses to Alpha and Levitis’ first set of interrogatories. By letter dated March 21, 2007, Alpha and Levitis asserted objections to defendants’ responses to document request numbers 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 15, 16, 27, 29, 30, 38, and 39, and Continental’s responses to interrogatory numbers 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, and 16. Defendants also did not respond to document request number 40, and Alpha and Levitis’ letter noted that defendants provided no information in connection with the closing statements, United States Department of Housing and Urban Development forms (HUD-Is), or other loans documents for the clients at Continental for the time period from January 1, 2006 through December 1, 2006.
On May 21, 2007, Continental served a second set of responses to Alpha and Levitis’ first set of interrogatories, and defendants served second responses to Alpha and Levitis’ first request for the production of documents. Continental, in its second responses to the first set of interrogatories, responded to interrogatory number 7 (by referring to exhibit D in defendants’ second responses to the production of documents) and interrogatory number 8 (by referring to exhibit A in defendants’ first responses to the production of documents). It also responded to interrogatory number 15. Defendants, in their second responses to Alpha and Levitis’ first request for the production of documents, responded to document request number 2 (by referring to exhibit B of their responses to the first set of document requests), and document request numbers 7, 27, 29, and 30 (by referring to exhibit A of their responses to the first set of document requests).
Continental, however, in its second response to the first set of interrogatories, did not provide responses to interrogatory numbers 13, 14, and 16. Interrogatory number 13 demands that Continental identify any former client of Alpha who became a client of Continental, was serviced by Continental, or from which Continental received a fee for providing loan brokerage or lending services from January 2006 to December 2006. Interrogatory number 14 requests that Continental identify any former client of Alpha who contacted Continental or was referred to Continental from January 2006 to December 2006. Interrogatory number 16 demands that Continental identify any former client of Alpha who became a client of Continental from Janu[963] ary 2006 to December 2006. Continental, in its second response to Alpha and Levitis’ first set of interrogatories, objected to interrogatory numbers 13, 14, and 16 on the grounds that the information sought is overbroad, unduly burdensome, and not relevant to the subject matter involved in this action and/or is not reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence. It further objected to these interrogatories on the ground that the information sought contains confidential information.
Defendants, in their second response to Alpha and Levitis’ first request for the production of documents, did not provide the documents requested by document request numbers 3, 4, 6, 15, 16, 38, 39, and 40. Document request numbers 3 and 4 demand any and all employment manuals of Continental from January 1, 2006 to the present, and any and all pamphlets, bulletins, and stationery of Continental from January 1, 2006 to the present. Document request number 6 seeks any and all documents concerning the number of loans that Continental closed each month from January 1, 2006 to December 1, 2006. Document request number 15 demands any and all documents concerning how payments were made to any individual defendant, including copies of all checks paid by Continental to any individual defendant. Document request number 16 requests any and all documents, including, but not limited to, tax returns, general ledgers, accounts payable, and account receivables, of Continental from January 1, 2006 to December 1, 2006. Document request numbers 38 and 39 demand any and all documents of new mortgages at Alpha or refinancing loans, originated, marketed, secured, or closed by defendants, and any and all documents of new mortgages at Alpha concerning all loans, originated, marketed, secured, or closed by defendants, respectively. Document request number 40 seeks any and all documents or loans originated, marketed, secured, and closed by defendants from January 1, 2006 to December 1, 2006.
Defendants, in their second response to Alpha and Levitis’ first request for the production of documents, objected to document request numbers 3, 4, 6, 15, and 16 on the grounds that the information sought is overbroad, unduly burdensome, and not relevant to the subject matter involved in this action, and is not reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence. They additionally objected to document request numbers 6, 15, and 16 on the ground that the information sought contains confidential information, and, with respect to document request number 16, that the documents contain trade [964] secrets. They objected to document request numbers 38 and 39 to the extent that Alpha and Levitis seek documents not in their possession, custody, or control.
Following these responses, Alpha and Levitis brought the instant motion, asserting that defendants’ responses to their demands were inadequate. They argue that the disclosure sought is material and necessary to their claims, and that penalties should be imposed upon defendants for their failure to provide adequate responses to their demands, or, alternatively, that the court should compel defendants to respond to their demands. Defendants, in turn, have brought the cross motion for a protective order, pursuant to CPLR 3103 (a), which permits the court to make a protective order limiting the use of any disclosure device.
In support of their cross motion for a protective order, defendants argue that federal law, namely, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (the GLBA) and the regulations issued thereunder, prohibit them from disclosing the information requested by interrogatory numbers 13, 14, and 16 and document request numbers 6 and 16. The GLBA was enacted to provide procedures for financial institutions
“(1) to insure the security and confidentiality of consumer records and information;
“(2) to protect against any anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of such records; and
“(3) to protect against unauthorized access to or use of such records or information which could result in substantial harm or inconvenience to any customer” (15 USC § 6801 [b]).
The GLBA, therefore, requires a financial institution to give its customers notice and an opportunity to opt out of disclosure before releasing any customer’s “nonpublic personal information to a nonaffiliated third party” (15 USC § 6802 [b] [1]). The Federal Trade Commission has promulgated regulations to implement the provisions of the GLBA (16 CFR 313.1-318.18). 16 CFR 313.10 (a) provides that the financial institution may not disclose any nonpublic personal information (see 16 CFR 313.3 [n]) about a consumer to a nonaffiliated third party (see id.) unless it has provided to the consumer an initial notice, an opt-out notice, and has given the consumer a reasonable opportunity to opt out of the disclosure and the consumer does not opt out.
16 CFR 313.1 (b) provides that 16 CFR part 313 applies to “those ‘financial institutions’. . . over which the Federal Trade [965] Commission . . . has enforcement authority pursuant to Section 505(a)(7) of the [GLBA],” which includes “mortgage brokers” (see 16 CFR 313.3 [k] [2] [xi]). Thus, Continental qualifies as a “financial institution” under the GLBA. Defendants contend that Alpha and Levitis’ disclosure requests include demands for personal financial information concerning Continental’s clients and/or a list or description of Continental’s clients that are not available to the public and constitute the “nonpublic personal information” of Continental’s customers which the GLBA and its regulations prohibit them from disclosing (see 15 USC § 6809 [4]; 16 CFR 313.3 [o]). They note that a HUD-1 (demanded by Alpha and Levitis) contains the mortgage insurance case name, and the names and addresses of the borrower, seller, and lender, which is nonpublic information (see 16 CFR 313.1, 313.3 [n]). In addition, it is undisputed that Alpha is a “nonaffiliated third party” (16 CFR 313.3 [m] [1]). Continental thus argues that in order to disclose the nonpublic personal information to Alpha, a nonaffiliated third party, sought by Alpha and Levitis’ discovery demands, it would have to obtain the consent of each and every client, a burdensome task, or else it is prohibited, by the GLBA, from disclosing the information demanded. Defendants, therefore, contend that if they were to provide the information demanded by Alpha and Levitis’ disclosure requests, they would violate the GLBA and its regulations.
Insofar as the GLBA requires a financial institution to maintain the confidentiality of customer information, it poses an obvious conflict with the broad scope of discovery contemplated by CPLR 3101. However, the opt-out requirement of the GLBA is subject to express exceptions, set forth in 15 USC § 6802 (e) (8), which permit financial institutions to disclose nonpublic personal customer information to a nonaffiliated entity when necessary to
“comply with Federal, State, or local laws, rules, and other applicable legal requirements; to comply with a properly authorized civil, criminal, or regulatory investigation or subpoena or summons by Federal, State, or local authorities; or to respond to judicial process or government regulatory authorities having jurisdiction over the financial institution for examination, compliance, or other purposes as authorized by law.”
16 CFR 313.15 (a) (7) (iii) similarly provides for an exception to [966] the opt-out requirement “[t]o respond to judicial process or government regulatory authorities having jurisdiction over [the financial institution] for examination, compliance, or other purposes as authorized by law.”
While no New York court has yet addressed the issue of whether the disclosure of nonpublic personal information to a nonaffiliated third party to comply with civil discovery is permitted by 15 USC § 6802 (e) (8), the courts that have addressed it have concluded that the GLBA should not bar a proper discovery request so long as the disclosure is made subject to an appropriate protective order (see Marks v Global Mtge. Group, Inc., 218 FRD 492, 495-497 [SD W Va 2003]; Ex parte Mutual Sav. Life Ins. Co., 899 So 2d 986, 992-993 [Ala 2004]; Martino v Barnett, 215 W Va 123, 129, 595 SE2d 65, 71 [2004]).