Allison v. Industrial Claim Appeals Office of Colorado

884 P.2d 1113, 18 Brief Times Rptr. 1915, 1994 Colo. LEXIS 838, 1994 WL 642738

• Court: Supreme Court of Colorado
• Decided: November 15, 1994
• Docket: 93SC663
• Status: Published

Opinions

Justice ERICKSON

delivered the Opinion of the Court.

We granted certiorari to review the order denying certiorari entered in Allison v. Industrial Claim Appeals Office, No. 98CE0013 (Colo.App. Sept. 1, 1993). We vacate the court of appeals order denying cer-tiorari and remand to the court of appeals for determination of the issues on the merits.

The court of appeals, in construing section 8-43-307, 3B C.R.S. (1994 Supp.), limited the review of a workers’ compensation case decided by the Industrial Claim Appeals Office (ICAO) to certiorari. Administrative review of workers’ compensation and unemployment compensation eases is conducted by the ICAO. The only judicial review of awards for workers’ compensation and unemployment compensation cases decided by the ICAO is in the court of appeals. The petitioner asserts that section 8-43-307, which limited review to certiorari, is unconstitutional because it denied him access to the courts and the right to an appeal of a workers’ compensation award. We granted certiorari to consider the following issues:

Whether section 8-43-307, 3B C.R.S. (1994 Supp.), section 8-74-107, 3B C.R.S. (1986 & 1994 Supp.) and C.A.R. 46.4 and 46.7 unconstitutionally deny workers’ compensation parties access to the courts in violation of the United States Constitution amendment XIV and the Colorado Constitution, article 2, sections 6 and 25.

Whether the court of appeals correctly interpreted C.A.R. 46.4 and 46.7 to limit claimant’s right to a rehearing in light of C.A.R. 52 which provides that no ‘Writ of Certiorari to the Supreme Court shall issue unless a petition for rehearing has been filed in the court of appeals.”

We agree that section 8-43-307 denies workers’ compensation claimants access to the courts and remand this ease to the court of appeals with directions to review Allison’s claims on the merits pursuant to C.A.R. 3.1(c), which provides:

(c) Priority of Industrial Claim Appeals Office Cases. All appeals from the Industrial Claim Appeals Office shall have precedence over any civil cause of a different nature pending in said court, and the Court of Appeals shall always be deemed open for the determination thereof, and shall be determined by the Court of Appeals in the manner as provided for other appeals.¹

I

Richard Allison filed a claim for workers’ compensation.² The claim was subsequently heard and determined by an ALJ. The decision of the ALJ was reviewed and affirmed by a panel of the ICAO.

Allison filed a petition for a writ of certiorari with the court of appeals pursuant to section 8-43-307, which was denied. Section 8-43-307 provides for certiorari review of a workers’ compensation claim. Section 8-74^107, 3B C.R.S. (1986 & 1994 Supp.), cited by Allison in his petition for writ of certiorari to this court, provides a procedure for the court of appeals to review unemployment compensation claims.³ Section 8-74r-107 provides that:

(1) No action, proceeding, or suit to set aside an industrial claim appeals panel’s decision or to enjoin the enforcement thereof shall be brought unless the petitioning party has first complied with the review provisions of sections 8-74-104 and 8-74-106.

(2) Actions, proceedings, or suits to set aside, vacate, or amend any final decision of the industrial claim appeals panel or to enjoin the enforcement thereof may be commenced in the court of appeals by any interested party, including the division.

§ 8-74-107. The enactment of section 8-74-107 by the General Assembly provides unemployment compensation claimants with a constitutional procedure for judicial review on the merits. The section permits any interested party to commence “[ajctions, proceedings, or suits” to obtain review in the court of appeals. The procedure for review by the court of appeals in section 8-74 — 107 is mandatory rather than discretionary and provides the access to the courts required by article II, section 6 of the Colorado Constitution.

The direct appeal of workers’ compensation cases was afforded by section 8-53-119, 3B C.R.S. (1986).⁴ Section 8-53-119 was repealed by the General Assembly, effective July 1,1990. Ch. 62, sec. 77,1990 Colo.Sess. Laws 576. The General Assembly, by repealing section 8-53-119, limited review of workers’ compensation claims to the discretionary certiorari procedure set out in section 8-43-307.⁵ By way of contrast, the General Assembly granted unemployment compensation claimants the right of appeal on the merits in section 8-74-107. The General Assembly could not have intended to grant a right of appeal to unemployment compensation claimants while limiting the right of review afforded to workers’ compensation claimants.

The certiorari provisions of section 8-43-307, which became effective in 1991, permit review of ICAO decisions in workers’ compensation cases by the court of appeals. See ch. 219, sec. 37, § 8-43-307, 1991 Colo.Sess. Laws 1324, 1324-25. Specifically, section 8-43-307 provides:

(1)The final order of the director or the panel shall constitute the final order of the division. Any person in interest, including the Colorado compensation insurance authority, being dissatisfied with any final order of the division, may file a petition for a writ of certiorari in the court of appeals against the industrial claim appeals office as defendant to modify or vacate any such order on the grounds set forth in section 8-43-308. The court of appeals may issue a summary order denying any petition for vvrit of certiorari filed pursuant to this section. Such summary order shall be based on criteria established by the supreme court, by rule, governing the exercise of discretion by the court of appeals in such cases.

(2) All such actions shall have precedence over any civil cause of a different nature pending in such court, and the court of appeals shall always be deemed open for the trial thereof, and such actions shall be tried and determined by the court of appeals in the manner provided for other civil actions.

(3) All such actions shall be commenced by service of a copy of the petition upon the industrial claim appeals office and filing the same with the court of appeals. The petition shall state the grounds upon which the review is sought and shall also be served upon all other parties. After the filing of a petition for a writ of certiorari in the court of appeals, such action shall be conducted in the manner prescribed by the Colorado appellate rules.

§ 8-43-307 (emphasis added).⁶ The procedures for review on certiorari are set forth in C.A.R. 46(a),⁷ which provides:

(a) Petition for Certiorari to the Court of Appeals. A petition for review in the Court of Appeals on writ of certiorari as provided in section 8-43-307, C.R.S., is a matter addressed to the sound judicial discretion of the court, and such determination shall constitute judicial review. A petition for writ of certiorari will be granted only if one or more of the following grounds is present:

(1) That the findings of fact may not be sufficient;

(2) That conflicts in the evidence may not be resolved in the record;

(3) That the findings of fact may not be supported by the evidence;

(4) That the findings of fact may not support the order;

(5) That the order may not be supported by applicable law;

(6) That the order decided a question of substance not previously determined.

Certiorari does not constitute judicial review on the merits. The existence of any of the six grounds for certiorari provides a basis for judicial review of the record on certiorari. However, the decision to grant or deny certiorari is wholly discretionary. Sutterfield v. District Court, 165 Colo. 225, 228, 438 P.2d 236, 239 (1968). The denial of certiorari does not determine the merits of the case, but reflects only that the case is not properly postured for review. Menefee v. City & County of Denver, 190 Colo. 163, 165, 544 P.2d 382, 383 (1976).

Pursuant to section 8^3-307, the court of appeals denied certiorari in this case. Allison filed a petition for rehearing but the court of appeals denied the petition on the ground that C.A.R. 46 does not provide for a rehearing of a denial of certiorari by the court of appeals.⁸ In denying certiorari, the court of appeals is not required to set forth reasons or a basis for denying review. Neither the granting nor the denial of certiorari by the court of appeals addresses or resolves the merits of the issues raised on appeal. No record exists as to why certiorari was denied or granted. When certiorari is granted the issues for review are disclosed for the first time.

. We granted certiorari to determine whether the procedures for review set forth in sections 8^3-307 and 8-74-107 are unconstitutional and whether the rehearing provisions in the Colorado Appellate Rules are internally conflicting. We reverse, remand, and hold that Allison’s right to access to the courts is violated by the limitation of appellate review to certiorari in section 8-43-307 and C.A.R. 46.

II

Allison asserts that section 8-43-307 violates his constitutional right to access to the state courts.⁹ We agree. An analysis of the current process for workers’ compensation review and the role of the ICAO in reviewing the decision of the ALJ provides the foundation for reversal.

A. The Workers’ Compensation Review Process

Prior to 1991, a workers’ compensation claimant was granted the right to appeal to the court of appeals rather than to petition for a writ of certiorari. See eh. 219, see. 37, § 8-413-307,1991 Colo.Sess.Laws 1324, 1324-25. Section 8-43-307(1), as amended, states that “[a]ny person in, interest ... being dissatisfied with any final order of the division, may file a petition for a writ of certiorari in the court of appeals against the industrial claim appeals office as defendant to modify or vacate any such order on the grounds set forth in section 8-43-308.”¹⁰

B. Judicial Review of Agency Decisions

Article II, section 6 of the Colorado Constitution provides: “Courts of justice shall be open to every person, and a speedy remedy afforded for every injury to person, property, or character.” This article does not create a substantive right; it provides a procedural right to a judicial remedy whenever the General Assembly creates a substantive right that accrues under Colorado law. See Sigman v. Seafood Ltd. Partnership I, 817 P.2d 527, 533 (Colo.1991) (“[I]f a right does accrue under the law, the courts will be available to effectuate such right”) (citing O’Quinn v. Walt Disney Prod., Inc., 177 Colo. 190, 195, 493 P.2d 344, 346 (1972)); see also State Farm v. Broadnax, 827 P.2d 531, 534 n. 6 (Colo.1992) (citing Sigmon).11

As a result of the guarantee of access to the courts, parties are constitutionally entitled to judicial review of an administrative agency’s decisions that affect their substantive statutory rights. State v. Snyder, 474 N.E.2d 702, 706 (Ohio Mun.1984); see also Boddie v. Connecticut, 401 U.S. 371, 376, 91 S.Ct. 780, 785, 28 L.Ed.2d 113 (1971) (stating that denying a person “full access to [the judicial] processes raises grave problems for its legitimacy”). Several state courts and a prominent commentator have concluded that it is unconstitutional for an agency to issue a decision affecting an individual’s substantive rights unless the individual is able to obtain some sort of judicial review of the agency’s decision. See Snyder, 474 N.E.2d at 706 (holding that the “access to courts” provision in the Ohio Constitution requires that agency action be reviewable by courts); see also Laisne v. California State Bd. of Optometry, 19 Cal.2d 831, 123 P.2d 457, 463 (1942) (stating that a vested property right may not be destroyed in a non-judicial proceeding); Long Island College Hosp. v. Catherwood, 23 N.Y.2d 20, 294 N.Y.S.2d 697, 703 n. 3, 241 N.E.2d 892, 896 n. 3 (1968) (noting that the state constitution requires some sort of judicial review of final, substantive agency action that seriously affects personal or property rights); Arthur Larson, 3 Law of Workmen’s Compensation § 80.10(a) (1993) (asserting that the “[e]omplete destruction of the right of [judicial] review would be unconstitutional”).

C. Certiorari as Access

The General Assembly created a substantive right to workers’ compensation, see sections 8-40-101 through 8-47-209, 3B C.R.S. (1994 Supp.), and Allison accrued rights pursuant to the statutes. Therefore, Allison is entitled under article II, section 6 of the Colorado Constitution to judicial review on the merits of the ICAO’s decision. The questions before us are what procedures are necessary to protect Allison’s right to access to the courts and to guarantee that the courts are available to effectuate Allison’s statutory rights, and whether the discretionary decision to grant certiorari review by the court of appeals pursuant to section 8-43-307 satisfies the state constitutional requirement for judicial review of the ICAO’s decision on the merits.

Article II, section 6 of the Colorado Constitution provides that the “courts of justice shall be open.” The phrasing of this mandate in the terms of “shall” provides a mandatory constitutional right to judicial consideration of accrued rights. See Hernandez v. District Court, 814 P.2d 379, 381 (Colo.1991) (“[T]he word ‘shall’ ... involves a ‘mandatory connotation’ and hence is the antithesis of discretion or choice.”) (quoting People v. Guenther, 740 P.2d 971, 975 (Colo.1987)). The discretionary nature of the decision to grant certiorari review pursuant to C.A.R. 46(a) belies the mandatory nature of article II, section 6. Review of a certiorari petition is not sufficient to satisfy the constitutional requirement of access to the courts which mandates review on the merits. The right of review guaranteed by the right of access to the courts, therefore, means a review on the merits. See Boddie, 401 U.S. at 378, 91 S.Ct. at 786 (“What the Constitution does require is ‘an opportunity ... granted at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner,’ ... ‘for [a] hearing appropriate to the nature of the case.’ ”) (citations omitted). Certiorari to the court of appeals is not a review on the merits and merely determines that the case is not properly postured for review. See Maryland v. Baltimore Radio Show, 338 U.S. 912, 917-20, 70 S.Ct. 252, 254-56, 94 L.Ed. 562 (1950) (holding that the denial of a petition for a writ of certiorari does not support the conclusion that either the majority or the dissent at the prior levels correctly applied the law). The right of access to the courts is not satisfied by discretionary review by the court of appeals of an ICAO decision on certiorari.

The respondents assert that a purely discretionary decision to grant certiorari satisfies the requirements of article II, section 6 and cite Bill Dreiling Motor Co. v. Court of Appeals, 171 Colo. 448, 468 P.2d 37 (1970), to support their contention. In Bill Dreiling, we held that an appeal of right to the Colorado Supreme Court was not required to provide “appellate review” of a district court judgment:

There is no question that certiorari is now, and always has been, a recognized form of appellate review. Indeed, under the common law, the only comparable types of review available were by writ of error, writ of false judgment, or writ of certiorari_ Certiorari is presently recognized as a form of appellate review.... Other courts have agreed with this.

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The petitioner contends that certiorari is not a writ of right. This argument begs the question of whether our procedure contravenes the constitutional provisions. The petition provided in the Colorado Appellate Rules for a writ of certiorari is an application of right. The study by this court of that petition and of the record on appeal to determine whether to grant or deny the petition constitutes a review. As to petitions for certiorari which are denied, we hold that this review is “appellate review” as that term is used in the Colorado constitution.

Bill Dreiling, 171 Colo. at 452-53, 468 P.2d at 39-40 (citations omitted).

Our holding in Bill Dreiling is not disposi-tive of this ease. Bill Dreiling involved an issue of appellate review, not access to the courts and thus involved article VI, section 2(2), and not article II, section 6.¹² Additionally, the statutes being challenged in Bill Dreiling provided petitioner with one appeal of right to the court of appeals. Bill Dreiling initially brought an action in state district court as a matter of right and was guaranteed access to two state courts — the court of appeals and the district court. Thus, while Bill Dreiling stated that certiorari review is appellate review, it did not hold that certiora-ri review constitutes judicial review on the merits. Therefore, certiorari review does not provide a litigant with access to the courts.

In this case, section 8-43-307 eliminated the mandatory access to obtain a determination of the right to workers’ compensation in a judicial forum. After initially adjudicating his claim before a hearing officer, Allison was only granted an appeal to the ICAO. Following the administrative hearing, Allison was not entitled to a determination from a judicial forum on the merits of his claim pursuant to section 8^43-307. Although a litigant may file a petition for certiorari review with the court of appeals, the court of appeals may reject the petition without making any ruling on the merits.

The effect of section 8-43-307 and C.A.R. 46(a) is that the court of appeals need not make any ruling concerning a decision of the ICAO. Moreover, because no other court has any obligation to rule on the validity of the ICAO decisions in workers’ compensation cases, such decisions can become final without a state court determination that they are valid. Certiorari does not constitute a meaningful opportunity to be heard in this case. See Boddie, 401 U.S. at 377, 91 S.Ct. at 785 (stating that “due process requires, at a minimum, that absent a countervailing state interest of overriding significance, persons forced to settle their claims of right and duty through the judicial process must be given a meaningful opportunity to be heard”). A denial of certiorari only means that the case is not properly postured for review and does not reflect on the merits of the petition. Baltimore Radio Show, 338 U.S. at 917-18, 70 S.Ct. at 254-55. Under section 8-43-307, an administrative agency is given final authority to determine a claimant’s entitlement to workers’ compensation.¹³

Finally, the need for providing judicial review on the merits of agency decisions is clear: specialized administrative tribunals, although efficient, are not always as willing or able as state courts to protect individual rights. See Richard L. Revesz, Specialized Courts and the Administrative Lawmaking System, 138 U.Pa.L.Rev. 1111, 1147-53 (1990) (describing shortcomings of specialized judges as instruments of control over administrative action); Richard Posner, Will the Federal Courts of Appeals Survive Until 1984? An Essay on Delegation and Specialization of the Judicial Function, 56 S.Cal. L.Rev. 761, 777-89 (1983) (same); Ellen R. Jordan, Specialized Courts: A Choice?, 76 Nw.U.L.Rev. 745, 748 (1981) (noting that ad-. judication by specialized tribunals is marred by “insularity and less searching scrutiny of arguments”). Specialized tribunals may be affected by narrow administrative concerns, may be less independent from the political process and political pressures, and may be less aware of the general principles of law than courts of law with general jurisdiction. Posner, 56 S.Cal.L.Rev. at 777-89. Therefore, judicial review on the merits of the decisions of the ICAO is required to protect an individual’s constitutional right to access to the courts embodied in article II, section 6 of the Colorado Constitution.¹⁴

Ill

For the foregoing reasons, we hold that Allison’s rights to access to the courts are violated by limiting review to the application for a writ of certiorari set forth in section 8-43-307, 3B C.R.S. (1994 Supp.). Accordingly, we vacate the order denying certiorari and remand to the court of appeals with directions to review Allison’s claims on the merits pursuant to Colorado Appellate Rule 3.1(c).

VOLLACK, J., dissents. ROVIRA, C.J., and MULLARKEY, J., join in the dissent.

1 . C.A.R. 3.1(c) must be construed with C.A.R. 3.1(a), which provides:

(a) How Taken. Appeals from orders and awards of the Industrial Claim Appeals Office shall be in the manner and within the time prescribed by statute. On appeal from orders and awards entered upon review of cases determined by the Industrial Claim Appeals Office, the record of the proceedings shall be arranged in chronological order, with all duplicates omitted. The record shall be properly paginated and fully indexed and bound by the agency.

C.A.R. 3.1(a) (emphasis added). Section 8^13-307 prescribes the only statutory procedure for workers’ compensation claimants to obtain review of the orders of the ICAO. In the absence of a statutory procedure that provides the constitutionally required access to the courts, we remand pursuant to C.A.R. 3.1(c).

2 . The underlying workers' compensation claim that is the subject of this statutory challenge arose as a result of two work-related injuries suffered by Allison. Following the first injury. Allison received a workers’ compensation structured settlement from the Colbrado Compensation Insurance Authority (CCIA). After the CCIA settled the first claim, Allison was injured again.

Pursuant to an admission of liability, the CCIA paid Allison temporary total disability benefits for the second injury. The CCIA agreed to pay an amount based on Allison's weekly wage, but reduced the weekly amount by the structured settlement Allison received as a! result of the first workers’ compensation claim. ¡Allison contested the offset before an administrative law judge (ALJ) and sought the imposition of penalties against the respondents for withholding the full amount of temporary total disability benefits. The CCIA countered, asserting that pursuant to § 8 — 42—103(1)(d)(I), 3B C.R.S. ¡(1994 Supp.), the settlement received by Allison in the first case constituted the proceeds of an employer pension or disability plan and could be, used as an offset against benefits due Allison under the second claim. j

The ALJ denied the CCIA's request for an offset and found that the CCIA had reduced Allison’s temporary total disability benefits without "legal justification.” Based on these findings, the ALJ imposed penalties on the CCIA pursuant to § 8-43-304(1), 3B C.R.S. (1994 Supp.). The CCIA filed a petition to review the ALJ’s order. The ALJ issued a supplemental order that reversed the ruling that Allison was entitled to penalties but left in place the decision to prohibit the offset.

3 . Section 8-74-107(5) establishes a priority for the review of unemployment compensation claims:

(5) Actions, proceedings, and suits to review any final decision of the industrial claim appeals panel or questions certified to the court of appeals by such panel shall be heard in an expedited manner and shall be given precedence over all other civil cases, except cases arising under the “Workers’ Compensation Act of Colorado”, articles 40 to 47 of this title.

The multiple definitions of the word "division” in Title 8 indicate that § 8-74-107 does not apply to workers’ compensation cases. "Division” is defined within the Workers' Compensation Act at § 8-40-201(4), 3B C.R.S. (1994 Supp.) as “the division of workers' compensation in the department of labor and employment.” At § 8-70-103(8), 3B C.R.S. (1994 Supp.), “division,” as used in the Colorado Employment Security Act, is defined as "the division of employment and training.”

Section 8-74-107(2), 3B C.R.S. (1994 Supp.), refers to actions, proceedings, or suits brought "by any interested party, including the division;” the appropriate division is that defined by § 8-70-103(8). Because § 8-74-107(2) addresses actions, proceedings, and suits in an unemployment compensation context, the actions and proceedings described in § 8-74 — 107(5) apply only to cases within articles 70 to 82 rather than those arising under the Workers’ Compensation Act.

4 . Section 8-53-119 stated:

8-53-119. Appeals to the court of appeals.

(1) Any person in interest, including the state compensation insurance authority, being dissatisfied with any final order of the panel, may commence an action in the court of appeals against the industrial claim appeals office as defendant to modify or vacate any such order on the grounds set forth in section 8-53-120.

(2) All such actions shall have precedence over any civil cause of a different nature pending in such court, and the court of appeals shall always be deemed open for the trial thereof, and such actions shall be tried and determined by the court of appeals in the manner provided for other civil actions.

(3) All such actions shall be commenced by service of a copy of the petition upon the industrial claim appeals office and filing the same with the court of appeals. The petition shall state the grounds upon which review is sought and shall also be served upon all other parties. After the filing of a petition for review in the court of appeals, such action shall be conducted in the manner prescribed by the Colorado appellate rules.

5 . Following the recodification of the workers’ compensation act of 1990, § 8-53-119 was repealed and replaced by § 8-43-307. In its original form, section 8-43-307 adopted the language in § 8-53-119. Ch. 62, sec. 1, § 8-43-307, 1990 Colo.Sess.Laws 468, 511. Effective July 1, 1991, however, the right to "commence an action” was replaced by the right to “file a petition for a writ of certiorari” in the court of appeals, which does not require review on the merits. Ch. 219, sec. 37, § 8-43-307, 1991 Colo.Sess.Laws 1324. The legislative history does not reflect any reason or basis for limiting review of decisions of the ICAO in workers' compensation cases to certiorari while maintaining a review on the merits in unemployment compensation cases decided by the ICAO.

6 . Section 8-43-308, 3B C.R.S. (1994 Supp.), sets forth the grounds for setting aside an award:

Upon hearing the action, the court of appeals may affirm or set aside such order, but only upon the following grounds: That the findings of fact are not sufficient to permit appellate review; that conflicts in the evidence are not resolved in the record; that the findings of fact are not supported by the evidence; •that the findings of fact do not support the order; or that the award or denial of benefits is not supported by applicable law. If the findings of fact entered by the director or administrative law judge are supported by substantial evidence, they shall not be altered by the court of appeals.

7 .We also note the similarity of the language in § 13-4-102(4), 6A C.R.S. (1994 Supp.), which provides:

The court of appeals may review decisions of the industrial claim appeals panel in workers’ compensation cases under articles 40 to 47 of title 8, C.R.S., by writ of certiorari as prescribed by the Colorado appellate rules.

The constitutionality of this section is not before us.

8 . Although C.A.R. 52(b) requires a party to file a petition for rehearing before a writ of certiorari can be filed, Allison filed a petition for a writ of certiorari with this court.

9 . Allison also claims that § 8-43-307 denies him due process and equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the United States and Colorado Constitutions. Because we hold that certiorari review by the court of appeals denies Allison access to the courts we need not address Allison’s additional claims.

Allison contends that Colorado Appellate Rules 46 and 52 are internally conflicting and should be amended to provide for a rehearing if certio-rari is denied by the court of appeals. Allison claims that C.A.R. 46.4 and 46.7 do not allow for the filing of a petition for rehearing after the court of appeals denies a petition for a writ of certiorari in a workers’ compensation proceeding. Access to the supreme court is restricted because a party may only petition the supreme court for certiorari review if a rehearing has been denied. C.A.R. 52. The respondents agree with Allison that there is an inherent conflict between C.A.R. 46 and 52. Resolution of the conflict is not necessary because we hold that limitation of review to certiorari by the court of appeals in this case is unconstitutional.

10 . The previous version of § 8-43-307(1) provided:

Any person in interest, including the state compensation insurance authority, being dissatisfied with any final order of the panel, may commence an action in the court of appeals against the industrial claim appeals office as defendant to modify or vacate any such order on the grounds set forth in section 8-43-308.

11 . The court in Broadnax concluded that the statutory scheme requiring binding arbitration did not violate petitioners' right of access to the courts under article II, section 6 of the Colorado Constitution. Broadnax is not controlling, however, because the statutes at issue in Broadnax permitted parties to apply to the courts to confirm, vacate, modify, or correct arbitration awards. Id.; see §§ 13-22-213 to -215, -219, -221, 6A C.R.S. (1987).

12 . By defining and protecting the state judiciary's powers, article VI of the Colorado Constitution advances the principle of separation of powers. People v. Vanhorn, 20 Colo.App. 215, 230-31, 77 P. 978, 983 (1904) (stating that the decision of the state board of education cannot be so final that "no judicial inquiry into their correctness can be had” because such lack of judicial inquiry would violate the principle of separation of powers contained in article VI). By contrast, article II, section 6 protects an individual's right of access to the judicial system.

By providing the court of appeals with purely discretionary review, the General Assembly has not threatened the independence of the court of appeals — the additional discretion enhances the power of the court of appeals by giving it the option not to hear a case. The provisions might nevertheless endanger individual rights of access to the courts protected by article II, section 6 because such purely discretionary review might prevent a litigant from ever receiving a determination of a case on the merits in a judicial forum.

13 . We also note that in cases in which the court of appeals denies certiorari, there will be no accessible record of the determinations by the ALJ or the ICAO. The absence of a published or catalogued record of workers’ compensation determinations will make it difficult for future parties to rely on well-developed precedent. See Boddie v. Connecticut, 401 U.S. 371, 374, 91 S.Ct. 780, 784, 28 L.Ed.2d 113 (1971) ("Perhaps no characteristic of an organized and cohesive society is more fundamental than its erection and enforcement of a system of rules defining the various rights and duties of its members, enabling them to govern their affairs and definitively settle their differences in an orderly, predictable manner.”).

14 . We do not hold that the requisite judicial review take place at the supreme court or be a de novo review. See Public Util. Comm'n v. Northwest Water Corp., 168 Colo. 154, 451 P.2d 266 (1969) (determining that a court may give deference to the findings of fact of an administrative agency). The General Assembly has authority to determine the method of judicial scrutiny, so long as the claimant receives some judicial determination on the merits.