IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF MISSISSIPPI GREENVILLE DIVISION
JAMES ALLEN, ET AL. PLAINTIFFS
V. CAUSE NO.: 4:08CV120-SA-DAS
ED SCHAFER, Secretary of the U.S. Department of Agriculture DEFENDANT
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This cause comes before the Court on the motion of the Defendant to dismiss this case for
lack of subject matter jurisdiction, or alternatively, to transfer this matter to the United States District
Court for the District of Columbia [10]. Plaintiffs have responded in opposition to the motion, and
the Court, having considered the memoranda and submissions of the parties, along with other
pertinent authorities, concludes that the Motion to Transfer should be GRANTED.
Factual and Procedural Background
The Equal Credit Opportunity Act (“ECOA”) creates a private right of action against a
creditor who discriminates against any applicant “with respect to any aspect of a credit transaction
. . . on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex or marital status, or age . . . .”. 15 U.S.C.
§ 1691(a); see Garcia v. Johanns, 444 F.3d 625, 629 n. 4 (D.C. Cir. 2006). The statute defines the
term “creditor” to include the United States government, see 15 U.S.C. §§ 1691a(e), (f), and thereby
waives the United States’ sovereign immunity for claims brought under the ECOA. See Moore v.
USDA, 55 F.3d 991, 994-95 (5th Cir. 1995); Williams v. Conner, 522 F. Supp. 2d 92, 99 (D.D.C.
2007). Claims under the ECOA must be brought within two years of the date of the alleged
violation. See 15 U.S.C. § 1691e(f).
However, in 1998, Congress enacted Section 741, a retroactive limited waiver of the ECOA’s statute of limitations. See Garcia, 444 F.3d at 629 n.4. Section 741 was “a response to a
fundamental breakdown in the USDA’s system for processing discrimination complaints.” Benoit
v. United States Dep'of Agric., 577 F. Supp. 2d 12, 17 (D.D.C. 2008). The civil rights office of the t
USDA was essentially “dismantled” in the early 1980s and, as a result, many administrative
complaints of discrimination filed with the USDA between 1981 and 1996 “were never processed,
investigated or forwarded to the appropriate agencies for conciliation.” Pigford v. Glickman, 185
F.R.D. 82, 88 (D.D.C. 1999). The agency’s failure to properly process these complaints effectively
denied a large number of complainants the right to seek relief under applicable anti-discrimination
statutes -- such as the ECOA -- because the limitations periods for those statutes expired while the
complainants waited for a response from the USDA. See Administrative Civil Rights Adjudications
Under Section 741, 63 Fed. Reg. 67392, 67392 (Dec. 4, 1998) (explaining the genesis of Section
741).
It was under ECOA that four hundred and one African American farmers from Alabama,
Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina,
Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia alleged (1) that the USDA willfully
discriminated against them when they applied for various farm programs, and (2) that when they
filed complaints of discrimination with the USDA, the USDA failed properly to investigate those
complaints. Pigford v. Glickman, 182 F.R.D. 341, 342-43 (D.D.C. 1998) (order on motion for class
certification). Following the passage of Section 741, thereby waiving ECOA’s statute of limitations,
a Consent Decree was agreed upon and entered by the Court.
The consent decree provided for the creation of a two-track mechanism to resolve the
discrimination claims of individual class members. Pigford, 185 F.R.D. at 95-96. The Decree
2 further included a provision permitting individuals who did not timely present their claims to
nonetheless present their claims if they could demonstrate that they were prevented from making a
timely application due to “extraordinary circumstances beyond their control.” Id. at 95 n. 5. Many
class members attempted to file claims after the Court-imposed deadline of September 15, 2000,
with limited success in proving those “extraordinary circumstances.” See Pigford v. Veneman, 173
F. Supp. 2d 38, 39 (D.D.C. 2001) (noting that by 2001, 61,000 late claims had been filed; the
arbitrator had reviewed 41,000, and denied 40,000 for failing to meet the “extraordinary
circumstances” standard).
Congress subsequently enacted a new cause of action for Pigford claimants who had “not
previously obtained a determination on the merits of a Pigford claim.” Pub. L. No. 110-234, §
14012, 122 Stat. 923, 1448-51 (2008). Congress conditioned the new cause of action on a two-year
statute of limitations and a limited amount of funds. See Pub. L. No. 110-246, §§ 14012(c)(2), (i)(l),
(k), 122 Stat. 1651, 2209-12 (2008).
On September 15, 2008, twenty-eight named plaintiffs brought a Pigford claim pursuant to
Section 14012(b) of the Food, Conservation and Energy Act of 2008, in the Northern District of
Mississippi. The Defendant thereafter filed a Motion to Dismiss, or in the alternative, to Transfer
to Cure the Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction. Defendant contends that this Court lacks subject
matter jurisdiction because Section 14012 directs the filing of all Pigford claims in the United States
District Court for the District of Columbia.
Motion to Dismiss Standard
A motion to dismiss premised on Rule 12(b)(1) attacks the court’s jurisdiction to hear and
decide any issues in the case. FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(1). Therefore, the court may address such
3 motion at any time during the pendency of the litigation that is asserted or even upon its own motion.
See Williamson v. Tucker, 645 F.2d 404 (5th Cir. 1981). A motion under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(1) should be granted “only if it appears certain that the plaintiffs cannot prove any
set of facts in support of their claims that would entitle them to relief.” Home Builders Ass’n of
Miss., Inc., v. City of Madison, 143 F.3d 1006, 1010 (5th Cir. 1998).
It is well settled that on a 12(b)(1) motion the court may go outside the pleadings and
consider additional facts, whether contested or not and may even resolve issues of contested facts.
Clark v. Tarrant County, 798 F.2d 736, 741 (5th Cir. 1986). If, however, the court limits its review
to the face of the pleadings, the safeguards under Rule 12(b)(6) apply. If the court considers external
matters to the pleadings in deciding a 12(b)(1) motion, the allegations of the complaint need not be
taken as true. If the factual matters considered outside the pleadings are undisputed, the court need
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF MISSISSIPPI GREENVILLE DIVISION
JAMES ALLEN, ET AL. PLAINTIFFS
V. CAUSE NO.: 4:08CV120-SA-DAS
ED SCHAFER, Secretary of the U.S. Department of Agriculture DEFENDANT
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This cause comes before the Court on the motion of the Defendant to dismiss this case for
lack of subject matter jurisdiction, or alternatively, to transfer this matter to the United States District
Court for the District of Columbia [10]. Plaintiffs have responded in opposition to the motion, and
the Court, having considered the memoranda and submissions of the parties, along with other
pertinent authorities, concludes that the Motion to Transfer should be GRANTED.
Factual and Procedural Background
The Equal Credit Opportunity Act (“ECOA”) creates a private right of action against a
creditor who discriminates against any applicant “with respect to any aspect of a credit transaction
. . . on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex or marital status, or age . . . .”. 15 U.S.C.
§ 1691(a); see Garcia v. Johanns, 444 F.3d 625, 629 n. 4 (D.C. Cir. 2006). The statute defines the
term “creditor” to include the United States government, see 15 U.S.C. §§ 1691a(e), (f), and thereby
waives the United States’ sovereign immunity for claims brought under the ECOA. See Moore v.
USDA, 55 F.3d 991, 994-95 (5th Cir. 1995); Williams v. Conner, 522 F. Supp. 2d 92, 99 (D.D.C.
2007). Claims under the ECOA must be brought within two years of the date of the alleged
violation. See 15 U.S.C. § 1691e(f).
However, in 1998, Congress enacted Section 741, a retroactive limited waiver of the ECOA’s statute of limitations. See Garcia, 444 F.3d at 629 n.4. Section 741 was “a response to a
fundamental breakdown in the USDA’s system for processing discrimination complaints.” Benoit
v. United States Dep'of Agric., 577 F. Supp. 2d 12, 17 (D.D.C. 2008). The civil rights office of the t
USDA was essentially “dismantled” in the early 1980s and, as a result, many administrative
complaints of discrimination filed with the USDA between 1981 and 1996 “were never processed,
investigated or forwarded to the appropriate agencies for conciliation.” Pigford v. Glickman, 185
F.R.D. 82, 88 (D.D.C. 1999). The agency’s failure to properly process these complaints effectively
denied a large number of complainants the right to seek relief under applicable anti-discrimination
statutes -- such as the ECOA -- because the limitations periods for those statutes expired while the
complainants waited for a response from the USDA. See Administrative Civil Rights Adjudications
Under Section 741, 63 Fed. Reg. 67392, 67392 (Dec. 4, 1998) (explaining the genesis of Section
741).
It was under ECOA that four hundred and one African American farmers from Alabama,
Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina,
Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia alleged (1) that the USDA willfully
discriminated against them when they applied for various farm programs, and (2) that when they
filed complaints of discrimination with the USDA, the USDA failed properly to investigate those
complaints. Pigford v. Glickman, 182 F.R.D. 341, 342-43 (D.D.C. 1998) (order on motion for class
certification). Following the passage of Section 741, thereby waiving ECOA’s statute of limitations,
a Consent Decree was agreed upon and entered by the Court.
The consent decree provided for the creation of a two-track mechanism to resolve the
discrimination claims of individual class members. Pigford, 185 F.R.D. at 95-96. The Decree
2 further included a provision permitting individuals who did not timely present their claims to
nonetheless present their claims if they could demonstrate that they were prevented from making a
timely application due to “extraordinary circumstances beyond their control.” Id. at 95 n. 5. Many
class members attempted to file claims after the Court-imposed deadline of September 15, 2000,
with limited success in proving those “extraordinary circumstances.” See Pigford v. Veneman, 173
F. Supp. 2d 38, 39 (D.D.C. 2001) (noting that by 2001, 61,000 late claims had been filed; the
arbitrator had reviewed 41,000, and denied 40,000 for failing to meet the “extraordinary
circumstances” standard).
Congress subsequently enacted a new cause of action for Pigford claimants who had “not
previously obtained a determination on the merits of a Pigford claim.” Pub. L. No. 110-234, §
14012, 122 Stat. 923, 1448-51 (2008). Congress conditioned the new cause of action on a two-year
statute of limitations and a limited amount of funds. See Pub. L. No. 110-246, §§ 14012(c)(2), (i)(l),
(k), 122 Stat. 1651, 2209-12 (2008).
On September 15, 2008, twenty-eight named plaintiffs brought a Pigford claim pursuant to
Section 14012(b) of the Food, Conservation and Energy Act of 2008, in the Northern District of
Mississippi. The Defendant thereafter filed a Motion to Dismiss, or in the alternative, to Transfer
to Cure the Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction. Defendant contends that this Court lacks subject
matter jurisdiction because Section 14012 directs the filing of all Pigford claims in the United States
District Court for the District of Columbia.
Motion to Dismiss Standard
A motion to dismiss premised on Rule 12(b)(1) attacks the court’s jurisdiction to hear and
decide any issues in the case. FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(1). Therefore, the court may address such
3 motion at any time during the pendency of the litigation that is asserted or even upon its own motion.
See Williamson v. Tucker, 645 F.2d 404 (5th Cir. 1981). A motion under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(1) should be granted “only if it appears certain that the plaintiffs cannot prove any
set of facts in support of their claims that would entitle them to relief.” Home Builders Ass’n of
Miss., Inc., v. City of Madison, 143 F.3d 1006, 1010 (5th Cir. 1998).
It is well settled that on a 12(b)(1) motion the court may go outside the pleadings and
consider additional facts, whether contested or not and may even resolve issues of contested facts.
Clark v. Tarrant County, 798 F.2d 736, 741 (5th Cir. 1986). If, however, the court limits its review
to the face of the pleadings, the safeguards under Rule 12(b)(6) apply. If the court considers external
matters to the pleadings in deciding a 12(b)(1) motion, the allegations of the complaint need not be
taken as true. If the factual matters considered outside the pleadings are undisputed, the court need
not make specific factual findings for the record.
Discussion and Analysis
Although the Plaintiffs argue that jurisdiction is proper in the Northern District of
Mississippi, they acknowledge that the case should be transferred to the United States District Court
for the District of Columbia for the convenience of the parties and witnesses. Because the parties
are in agreement that the District Court for the District of Columbia is an appropriate forum for this
matter, the Court grants the Motion to Transfer. However, because the Defendant argues that
transfer is proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1631, but Plaintiffs contend that 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) should be
used, this Court must determine whether subject matter jurisdiction is proper in the Northern District
4 of Mississippi.1
Plaintiffs argue that under the ECOA, the Northern District of Mississippi is an appropriate
forum for the action based on the general venue statute found at 28 U.S.C. § 1391(e). However,
Defendant contends that Congress specifically limited the appropriate venue to the District Court of
the District of Columbia in the statute.
The Court notes that Plaintiffs’ case is not brought pursuant to the ECOA. As noted above,
Congress created a new cause of action for Pigford claimants under the Food, Conservation and
Energy Act of 2008 because all applicable limitations periods had expired under ECOA. Plaintiffs
specifically allude to Section 14012 in the opening paragraph of their Complaint. Accordingly,
Section 14012(b) states:
Any Pigford claimant who has not previously obtained a determination on the merits of a Pigford claim may, in a civil action brought in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, obtain that determination.
Pub. L. No. 110-249, § 14012(b).
Plaintiffs argue that the word “may” modifies “in a civil action brought in the United States
District Court for the District of Columbia,” such that Section 14012 claims may be brought in that
district just as any other district.
In a statutory interpretation case, the beginning point must be the language of the statute, and
“when a statute speaks with clarity to an issue, judicial inquiry into the statute’s meaning, in all but
the most extraordinary circumstance, is finished.” Estate of Cowart v. Nicklos Drilling Co., 505 U.S.
1 28 U.S.C. Section 1404 provides that a district court may transfer a civil action, for the convenience of parties and witnesses and in the interest of justice, to any other district where the claim might have been brought. 28 U.S.C. Section 1631, entitled Transfer to Cure Want of Jurisdiction, allows the transfer of an action from a court which lacks subject matter jurisdiction to another district where the claim could have been brought.
5 469, 475, 112 S. Ct. 2589, 120 L. Ed. 2d 379 (1992) (citing Demarest v. Manspeaker, 498 U.S. 184,
190, 111 S. Ct. 599, 112 L. Ed. 2d 608 (1991).
The clear reading of the statute provides that a Pigford claimant who has yet to obtain a
determination of the claim may file suit. This is the creation of the new claim. Where that suit must
be filed is specifically referred to in that section - - the United States District Court for the District
of Columbia. See United States v. Ron Pair Enters., 489 U.S. 235, 241, 109 S. Ct. 1026, 103 L. Ed.
2d 290 (1989) (noting that where a phrase is set aside by commas, “that phrase stands independent”).
Moreover, based on the extensive legal history of these claims, it was clearly Congress’ intent
to vest the District Court of the District of Columbia with adjudicatory control over these cases. See
Pigford v. Vilsack, 613 F. Supp. 2d 78 (D.D.C. 2009); Benoit v. United States Dep’t of Agric., 577
F. Supp. 2d 12 (D.D.C. 2008); In re Black Farmers Discrimination Litigation, 587 F. Supp. 2d 23
(D.D.C. 2008); Pigford v. Schafer, 536 F. Supp. 2d 1 (D.D.C. 2008); Williams v. Conner, 522 F.
Supp. 2d 92 (D.D.C. 2007); Pigford v. Johanns, 421 F. Supp. 2d 130 (D.D.C. 2006); Wise v.
Glickman, 257 F. Supp. 2d 123 (D.D.C. 2003); Pigford v. Veneman, 173 F. Supp. 2d 38 (D.D.C.
2001); Garcia v. Veneman, 211 F.R.D. 15 (D.D.C. 2002); Pigford v. Glickman, 185 F.R.D. 82
(D.D.C. 1999).
Accordingly, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1631, this case is hereby TRANSFERRED to the
United States District Court for the District of Columbia.
SO ORDERED, this the 27th day of July, 2009.
/s/ Sharion Aycock U.S. DISTRICT JUDGE