Mr. Chile Justice Lord
delivered the opinion of the court:
1. The first objection raised is as to the jurisdiction of equity to grant relief in cases of trespass and waste. The [233]*233general rule that a court of equity will refuse to take jurisdiction and award even a temporary injunction in cases of a mere trespass, is conceded; but there is an established exception in cases of mines, timber, and the like, in which an injunction will be granted to restrain the commission of acts by which the substance of an estate is injured, destroyed, or carried away. In such case, the injury being irreparable, or difficult of ascertainment in damages, the remedy at law is inadequate. The defendants are not claiming that the remedy at law for the alleged trespasses committed and threatened is adequate, if the title or right of possession to the mining claim is in the plaintiffs. It is substantially conceded that, if such is the case, the injury is irreparable and the remedy at law inadequate. The contention of the defendants is that the title or right of possession of the plaintiffs to the mining claim is denied and contested, and that they must first establish such title or right by a judgment at law in ejectment, or for the recovery of its possession before a justice’s court. This contention is manifestly grounded on the assumption that the plaintiffs are not in possession of the mining claim in question, and that the defendants are withholding its possession from them. All the cases cited and relied upon by the defendants are those in which title was involved. But there is no issue of title here by the pleadings or the facts, other than the possessory title acquired by location and possession. Under the statutes of the United States all valuable mineral deposits in land belonging to it are free and open to exploration, occupation, and purchase by its citizens, under the regulations prescribed therein, and by the local customs and laws of miners in the several mining districts so far as they are not inconsistent with the laws of the United States: Rev. Stat. U. S. §§ 2319,2325. They provide the mode to be pursued in the location of such lands, and that the locators are granted the exclusive right of possession and enjoyment of the surface included within [234]*234the boundaries of their location. The lands thus located are called mining claims, and the locators are spoken of as owners antecedent to the entry of the government patent. In explaining the nature of these rights, Mr. Justice Brewer said: “ The statutes of the United States provide that upon performance of certain conditions, the discoverer of a mine becomes entitled to a patent. If all these conditions have been performed, the full equitable title is vested in the discoverer, and all that the government retains is the naked legal title, in trust for the equitable owner. If only partially performed, he has an absolute right of possession, and an inchoate title, which further performance will perfect and complete”: Aspen Smelting Co. v. Rucker, 28 Fed. Rep. 221. Such a right of possession, or possessory title, is valuable and protected by law, but it is not declared by the statutes of this state to be real estate title.
The plaintiffs in their complaint claim the right to mine the Black Butte lode as owners thereof by virtue of location and possession, and set forth the particular facts upon which they rely to support their right. They then aver that while in the possession of the mine, and engaged in developing it, the defendants entered upon it with picks and shovels, and commenced to work thereon by proceeding to dig and uncover the ledge with intent to remove the mineral therefrom, and threatened to continue to dig and appropriate the valuable minerals of the mine to their own use, and to permanently deprive the plaintiffs of it; that they are insolvent; and that unless the defendants be restrained, the plaintiffs will suffer great and irreparable loss and injury. The Code provides that a justice’s court has jurisdiction of an action at law to recover the possession of a mining claim, and that the complaint must set forth the facts constituting the plaintiff’s right of possession, with such description of the mining claim as will be sufficient to identify it: Hill’s Code, § 2175, et seq. By [235]*235this provision a remedy is afforded at law to determine the right of possession, or the possessory title to a mining claim. But the facts indisputably show that plaintiffs are in possession of the mining claim. They are not seeking to recover it, but to protect it from the threatened waste and trespass which would despoil the mine of its valuable ore, and affect its substance. To defeat the plaintiffs’ right of possession, and to establish their own, the defendants set up facts designed to show that the plaintiffs have not such right of possession, owing to defects in their location, and their failure to do the annual assessment work, and further set up their own location of the Dunlap and Hard Scrabble mines, a pa rt of which is alleged to cover the mining claim in dispute. The defendants claim the right by location to do the acts alleged to be trespass and waste, and which affect the substance of the mining claim, and they insist that the plaintiffs shall establish their right of possession to the mining claim by judgment for its recovery before an inj unction will issue, when the facts show that the plaintiffs are already in possession of it, and that the injury to it is irremediable at law. It is the defendants who are in a position to bring an action at law in a justice’s court for the recovery of the mine, and to determine whether tlíe right of possession is in the plaintiffs or themselves. It is the proper remedy for the defendants, if they wish to determine the possessory title. The plaintiffs cannot resort to it as they are in possession. The facts alleged show that the acts of trespass committed and threatened to be continued affect the substance of the mine and will cause irreparable injury unless restrained. It is said that the working of mines is something more than the common ordinary use of real estate, and requires the use of more than ordinary remedies to protect the rights of parties entitled to the possession: 15 Am. & Eng. Enc. 605. In aid of the action of trespass or waste, the foundation of the jurisdiction of a court of equity is in the [236]*236probability of irreparable injury, and multiplicity of suits. In our judgment not alone the facts alleged, but the facts proven, show the case is a proper one for the jurisdiction of equity to award an injunction.
2. It is next claimed that there was no valid location of .the Black Butte mining claim, for the following reasons: First, it is argued that there must be a discovery of a mineral-bearing ledge before there can be a location, and that the evidence is insufficient to show that the plaintiffs or their grantors discovered such a vein or lode. We think the evidence shows that prior to the location of the mine, the predecessors in interest of the plaintiffs discovered a ledge or lode of gold-bearing rock or quartz where the Black Butte mine is now situated, and that it is valuable, and probably capable of yielding large returns. The development so far, according to the testimony of several witnesses, indicates that there is a large body of ore, which being greatly decomposed, is easily worked, and is rich in gold.
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Mr. Chile Justice Lord
delivered the opinion of the court:
1. The first objection raised is as to the jurisdiction of equity to grant relief in cases of trespass and waste. The [233]*233general rule that a court of equity will refuse to take jurisdiction and award even a temporary injunction in cases of a mere trespass, is conceded; but there is an established exception in cases of mines, timber, and the like, in which an injunction will be granted to restrain the commission of acts by which the substance of an estate is injured, destroyed, or carried away. In such case, the injury being irreparable, or difficult of ascertainment in damages, the remedy at law is inadequate. The defendants are not claiming that the remedy at law for the alleged trespasses committed and threatened is adequate, if the title or right of possession to the mining claim is in the plaintiffs. It is substantially conceded that, if such is the case, the injury is irreparable and the remedy at law inadequate. The contention of the defendants is that the title or right of possession of the plaintiffs to the mining claim is denied and contested, and that they must first establish such title or right by a judgment at law in ejectment, or for the recovery of its possession before a justice’s court. This contention is manifestly grounded on the assumption that the plaintiffs are not in possession of the mining claim in question, and that the defendants are withholding its possession from them. All the cases cited and relied upon by the defendants are those in which title was involved. But there is no issue of title here by the pleadings or the facts, other than the possessory title acquired by location and possession. Under the statutes of the United States all valuable mineral deposits in land belonging to it are free and open to exploration, occupation, and purchase by its citizens, under the regulations prescribed therein, and by the local customs and laws of miners in the several mining districts so far as they are not inconsistent with the laws of the United States: Rev. Stat. U. S. §§ 2319,2325. They provide the mode to be pursued in the location of such lands, and that the locators are granted the exclusive right of possession and enjoyment of the surface included within [234]*234the boundaries of their location. The lands thus located are called mining claims, and the locators are spoken of as owners antecedent to the entry of the government patent. In explaining the nature of these rights, Mr. Justice Brewer said: “ The statutes of the United States provide that upon performance of certain conditions, the discoverer of a mine becomes entitled to a patent. If all these conditions have been performed, the full equitable title is vested in the discoverer, and all that the government retains is the naked legal title, in trust for the equitable owner. If only partially performed, he has an absolute right of possession, and an inchoate title, which further performance will perfect and complete”: Aspen Smelting Co. v. Rucker, 28 Fed. Rep. 221. Such a right of possession, or possessory title, is valuable and protected by law, but it is not declared by the statutes of this state to be real estate title.
The plaintiffs in their complaint claim the right to mine the Black Butte lode as owners thereof by virtue of location and possession, and set forth the particular facts upon which they rely to support their right. They then aver that while in the possession of the mine, and engaged in developing it, the defendants entered upon it with picks and shovels, and commenced to work thereon by proceeding to dig and uncover the ledge with intent to remove the mineral therefrom, and threatened to continue to dig and appropriate the valuable minerals of the mine to their own use, and to permanently deprive the plaintiffs of it; that they are insolvent; and that unless the defendants be restrained, the plaintiffs will suffer great and irreparable loss and injury. The Code provides that a justice’s court has jurisdiction of an action at law to recover the possession of a mining claim, and that the complaint must set forth the facts constituting the plaintiff’s right of possession, with such description of the mining claim as will be sufficient to identify it: Hill’s Code, § 2175, et seq. By [235]*235this provision a remedy is afforded at law to determine the right of possession, or the possessory title to a mining claim. But the facts indisputably show that plaintiffs are in possession of the mining claim. They are not seeking to recover it, but to protect it from the threatened waste and trespass which would despoil the mine of its valuable ore, and affect its substance. To defeat the plaintiffs’ right of possession, and to establish their own, the defendants set up facts designed to show that the plaintiffs have not such right of possession, owing to defects in their location, and their failure to do the annual assessment work, and further set up their own location of the Dunlap and Hard Scrabble mines, a pa rt of which is alleged to cover the mining claim in dispute. The defendants claim the right by location to do the acts alleged to be trespass and waste, and which affect the substance of the mining claim, and they insist that the plaintiffs shall establish their right of possession to the mining claim by judgment for its recovery before an inj unction will issue, when the facts show that the plaintiffs are already in possession of it, and that the injury to it is irremediable at law. It is the defendants who are in a position to bring an action at law in a justice’s court for the recovery of the mine, and to determine whether tlíe right of possession is in the plaintiffs or themselves. It is the proper remedy for the defendants, if they wish to determine the possessory title. The plaintiffs cannot resort to it as they are in possession. The facts alleged show that the acts of trespass committed and threatened to be continued affect the substance of the mine and will cause irreparable injury unless restrained. It is said that the working of mines is something more than the common ordinary use of real estate, and requires the use of more than ordinary remedies to protect the rights of parties entitled to the possession: 15 Am. & Eng. Enc. 605. In aid of the action of trespass or waste, the foundation of the jurisdiction of a court of equity is in the [236]*236probability of irreparable injury, and multiplicity of suits. In our judgment not alone the facts alleged, but the facts proven, show the case is a proper one for the jurisdiction of equity to award an injunction.
2. It is next claimed that there was no valid location of .the Black Butte mining claim, for the following reasons: First, it is argued that there must be a discovery of a mineral-bearing ledge before there can be a location, and that the evidence is insufficient to show that the plaintiffs or their grantors discovered such a vein or lode. We think the evidence shows that prior to the location of the mine, the predecessors in interest of the plaintiffs discovered a ledge or lode of gold-bearing rock or quartz where the Black Butte mine is now situated, and that it is valuable, and probably capable of yielding large returns. The development so far, according to the testimony of several witnesses, indicates that there is a large body of ore, which being greatly decomposed, is easily worked, and is rich in gold. Of course mining property at this state of development is speculative in its character, and its value cannot be calculated with any degree of certainty, as the value of the ore beyond the point of development cannot be ascertained, but the indications are that the lode is rich in gold-bearing quartz. ‘Second, it is claimed that there is nothing in the evidence to show that the plaintiffs or their predecessors in interest ever marked off the location of the Black Butte mining claim so that its boundaries could be readily traced. Section 2324, Rev. Stat. U. S. provides that “ The location must be distinctly marked on the ground, so that its boundaries can be readily traced.” The court below, in adopting the report of the referee, found that the.boundaries of the Black Butte mine were well defined by blazed trees, stakes, and stumps of small trees, — the tops of the trees being cut off from four to six feet above ground, and the stumps, squared, and that they can be readily traced. We think there was abundant evi[237]*237dence to sustain the finding of the court on this point. The evidence shows that the Black Butte mine or lode of gold-bearing quartz was discovered by Dudley Curl in the spring of 1886; that he took as a partner one A. P. Lamb, and that they located the Black Butte mine by posting a notice of the location at the discovery shaft, and marked the boundaries of the claim by artificial monuments sufficient to give notice to any person of its boundaries. It also appears, especially from the early part of 1889, that the artificial monuments which marked the boundaries of the location of the mine are plain and visible, and are of a permanent character.
3. It is contended that the notice of location is defective and insufficient. The evidence shows that the notice which was posted at the discovery shaft and recorded in the records of Grant County, was as follows: “ Notice is hereby given that the undersigned having complied, etc., has located one thousand five hundred linear feet on the Black Butte lode or ledge, situated in Fox Valley mining district, Grant County, Oregon, described as follows: Commencing at this notice and running seven hundred and fifty feet in a southwesterly direction, and seven hundred and fifty feet in a northeasterly direction; also claim three hundred feet on each side with all dips, spurs, and angles. This ledge or lode is situated on the Dud Curl and A. P. Lamb placer claim, situated at the head of Rich- Gulch, just above John Harper & Co.’s placer claim.” It is contended that this description would simply go seven hundred and fifty feet in a certain direction and back to the starting point, but this is not so. It is seven hundred and fifty feet from the notice in a southwesterly direction, and seven hundred and fifty feet from the notice in a northeasterly direction, which makes one thousand five hundred linear feet. The evidence also shows that .there was no regular organized mining district in which the Black Butte mine is situated, and consequently it is not [238]*238subject to any local laws or regulations, but the rights of plaintiffs are governed entirely by the statutes of the United States. Section 2324, Devised Statutes of the United States, does not require notice of a mining claim to to be either posted or recorded, but entrusts that matter to local regulation, subject to the condition that when a notice is required to be recorded, it shall contain, among other things, a description of the property; ( Carter v. Bacigalupi, 83 Cal. 187;) so that there is no possible ground upon which to predicate the idea that the boundaries of the Black Butte mining claim are not described and marked off so that they can be readily ascertained and traced.
It is lastly alleged that the requirement of the statute that one hundred dollars in value of work and improvement to be done and made on the lode in each year has not been complied with. There was but slight reference to this point at the argument. We think, however, the testimony of Curl, Oak, Brown, and Allen shows that the plaintiffs and their predecessors in interest have performed work, and made improvements which are of the required value. We think that it is established that the Black Butte lode has been continuously worked by the plaintiffs and their predecessors in interest since its discovery, and that from the year 1889 the plaintiffs continued to develop it by expending much labor, time, and material.
As these were the only points relied upon, it results from these considerations that the decree must be affirmed.