24CA1889 Allen v Concord Energy 02-12-2026
COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS
Court of Appeals No. 24CA1889 City and County of Denver District Court No. 21CV32298 Honorable Jill D. Dorancy, Judge
J. Christian Allen,
Plaintiff-Appellant and Cross-Appellee,
v.
Concord Energy Holdings, LLC, a Colorado Limited Liability Company, and Concord Energy, LLC, a Colorado Limited Liability Company,
Defendants-Appellees and Cross-Appellants.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN PART, AND CASE REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS
Division I Opinion by JUDGE BERGER* J. Jones and Meirink, JJ., concur
NOT PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO C.A.R. 35(e) Announced February 12, 2026
Womble Bond Dickinson (US), LLP, Kendra N. Beckwith, Nathan B. Thoreson, Denver, Colorado; Otteson Shapiro, LLP, Kevin T. Schutte, William P. Dunne III, Dallas, Texas, for Plaintiff-Appellant and Cross-Appellee
Malik Semmens, LLC, Damon M. Semmens, Denver, Colorado; Hunton Andrews Kurth, LLP, Christopher M. Pardo, Boston, Massachusetts; Hunton Andrews Kurth, LLP, Katherine P. Sandberg, Washington, D.C.; Hunton Andrews Kurth, LLP, Trevor S. Cox, Richmond, Virginia, for Defendants- Appellees and Cross-Appellants
*Sitting by assignment of the Chief Justice under provisions of Colo. Const. art. VI, § 5(3), and § 24-51-1105, C.R.S. 2025. ¶1 In this civil action for unpaid wages or compensation under
the Colorado Wage Claim Act (CWCA), the jury awarded substantial
damages to plaintiff, J. Christian Allen. Acting on Allen’s C.R.C.P.
59 motion, the district court attempted to supplement that jury
award with penalties, interest, and attorney fees authorized by the
CWCA. But the court ruled too late on that motion because it had
already been denied by operation of law. Allen appeals the resulting
judgment.
¶2 Defendants, Concord Energy Holdings, LLC and Concord
Energy, LLC (jointly, Concord), cross-appeal, claiming that Allen’s
breach of fiduciary duty results in a complete forfeiture of his
compensation.
¶3 We affirm the judgment based on the jury’s verdict, reverse the
denial of Allen’s C.R.C.P. 59 motion, and remand for further
proceedings.
I. Facts and Procedural History
¶4 Concord, an energy commodities marketing, logistics, and
trading company, hired Allen as Director of East Trading. Allen’s
employment agreement provided that he would earn a yearly salary
of $150,000 plus a bonus “[b]ased on [the] overall performance of
1 the East Book of business,” equal to “[fifty percent] of the East Book
incentive pool, calculated as [twenty percent] of realized gross
margin net of a desk fee,” payable quarterly in cash.
¶5 Because of unprecedented levels of market volatility in
February 2021, Allen sold on Concord’s behalf approximately $38
million of natural gas to Brazos Electric Power Cooperative (Brazos).
Concord’s profit margin for the sale was very high. But, in selling
the gas to Brazos, Allen exceeded the pre-existing $250,000 credit
limit that Concord had set for transactions with Brazos. Concord
presented undisputed evidence that the purpose of the credit limits
was to limit Concord’s exposure on the trades.
¶6 Brazos failed to pay Concord the money owed on the contract
and filed for bankruptcy. Concord was a creditor of Brazos and
sold its bankruptcy claim to a third party for approximately $4
million less than it would have received had Brazos honored its
contract. Because of the high profit margin on the sales, Concord
still realized a large profit.
¶7 Concord refused to compensate Allen for the Brazos trades,
and, in May 2021, Allen was terminated following Concord’s
2 determination that he lied about obtaining credit approval for the
Brazos trades.1
¶8 In July 2021, Allen sued Concord for breach of the
employment agreement and violation of section 8-4-109, C.R.S.
2025, of the CWCA. Allen sought his unpaid wages, statutory
penalties, and attorney fees and costs. Concord counterclaimed for
breach of fiduciary duty, breach of the duty of loyalty, negligence,
and fraud or false representation.
¶9 After a lengthy trial, a jury returned a verdict in Allen’s favor
on his breach of contract and CWCA claims, found that Concord’s
failure to pay was willful, and awarded him $3.36 million — the
amount of the bonus on the Brazos trades. The jury also found
that Allen breached his fiduciary duty but that he proved his
affirmative defenses of waiver and ratification.
¶ 10 Both parties timely filed post-trial motions under C.R.C.P. 59.
Concord argued that given the jury’s finding that Allen had
breached his fiduciary duty to Concord, the court was required to
1 Allen’s co-trader on the East Book, Peter Rebstock, was
disciplined for violating the Brazos credit limit, but Allen was ultimately terminated.
3 render an “equitable” determination under the “faithless servant
doctrine” that Allen forfeited his right to the compensation claimed.
¶ 11 By timely written order, the district court denied Concord’s
motion, concluding that the faithless servant doctrine was
inapplicable to the facts of the case based on the jury’s ratification
and waiver verdicts.
¶ 12 Allen moved to amend the judgment to award him statutory
penalties for Concord’s willful withholding of wages under the
CWCA, pre- and post-judgment interest, and attorney fees and
costs. The district court granted in part and denied in part the
motion on September 20, 2024, nine days after the deadline for
ruling on C.R.C.P. 59 motions had expired.2 Three days later, in an
amended order, the district court awarded Allen $6,832,157.68,
including $2,527,068.75 in penalties under the 2022 version of the
CWCA and $940,663.93 in prejudgment interest. The court stated
2 Allen filed his motion to amend the judgment on July 10, 2024.
C.R.C.P. 59(j) provides that a court “shall determine any post-trial motion within 63 days (9 weeks) of the date of the filing of the motion,” which, in this case, was September 11, 2024. If the court fails to rule on the motion within 63 days, it is “deemed denied for all purposes.” C.R.C.P. 59(j).
4 that it would address Allen’s attorney fees request in a separate
order.
¶ 13 On appeal, Allen argues that the court erred by denying (by
operation of law) his C.R.C.P. 59 motion. He also contends that he
is entitled to the statutory penalties prescribed by the 2023 version
of the CWCA and that he is further entitled to pre- and post-
judgment interest and attorney fees.
¶ 14 Concord cross-appeals, arguing that the judgment must be
reversed in its entirety because Allen forfeited all claimed
compensation. Additionally, Concord argues that the district court
reversibly erred by excluding evidence showing that Allen failed to
obtain credit approval prior to making the Brazos trades.
¶ 15 We first address Concord’s challenges to the judgment and
then address Allen’s contentions.
II. Automatic Forfeiture of Allen’s Compensation
¶ 16 Concord contends that allowing Allen to recover compensation
in this case is inconsistent with the Colorado Supreme Court’s
decisions in Jet Courier Service, Inc. v. Mulei, 771 P.2d 486 (Colo.
1989), and Moore & Co. v. T-A-L-L, Inc., 792 P.2d 794 (Colo. 1990) —
cases that Concord argues address the faithless servant doctrine
5 and stand for the proposition that an employee completely forfeits
compensation while in breach of his fiduciary duty to his employer.
Concord argues that, because the jury found that Allen breached
his fiduciary duty, he is entitled to no compensation and therefore
the judgment entered by the district court must be reversed.
A. Standard of Review
¶ 17 Our review of a jury’s verdict is highly deferential. Palmer v.
Diaz, 214 P.3d 546, 550 (Colo. App. 2009). It is the sole prerogative
of the jury to resolve disputes of fact and to determine the weight of
the evidence, the inferences to be drawn from it, and the credibility
of the witnesses. Fisher v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 2015 COA
57, ¶ 40, aff’d, 2018 CO 39. Accordingly, we won’t disturb a jury’s
verdict if there is competent evidence in the record to support it,
even if reasonable people could reach a different conclusion based
on the same facts. Id.; see also People in Interest of S.G.L., 214 P.3d
580, 583 (Colo. App. 2009).
¶ 18 We review a trial court’s denial of a C.R.C.P. 59 motion for an
abuse of discretion. Gold Hill Dev. Co., L.P. v. TSG Ski & Golf, LLC,
2015 COA 177, ¶ 52. A trial court’s ruling constitutes an abuse of
6 discretion when it is manifestly arbitrary, unreasonable, or unfair,
or is based on a misunderstanding of the law. Id. at ¶ 65.
B. Applicable Law
1. Breach of Fiduciary Duty
¶ 19 To recover on a claim for breach of fiduciary duty, “a plaintiff
must prove: 1) that the defendant was acting as a fiduciary of the
plaintiff; 2) that he breached a fiduciary duty to the plaintiff; 3) that
the plaintiff incurred damages; and 4) that the defendant’s breach
of fiduciary duty was a cause of the plaintiff’s damages.” Graphic
Directions, Inc. v. Bush, 862 P.2d 1020, 1022 (Colo. App. 1993).
¶ 20 Ratification may be a defense against a claim of breach of
fiduciary duty. Adams v. Paine, Webber, Jackson & Curtis, Inc., 686
P.2d 797, 801 (Colo. App. 1983), aff’d, 718 P.2d 508 (Colo. 1986).
“Ratification may occur if a principal accepts the benefits resulting
from [an agent’s] unauthorized act,” Siener v. Zeff, 194 P.3d 467,
472 (Colo. App. 2008), and “thereby become[s] obligated to the same
extent as [the principal] would have been had [the principal]
originally authorized the agent’s act,” M.S.P. Indus., Inc. v.
Diversified Mortg. Servs., Inc., 777 P.2d 237, 238 (Colo. App. 1989).
It must be shown that a principal had knowledge of the material
7 facts before the principal is held to have ratified the agent’s acts.
Adams, 686 P.2d at 801.
¶ 21 Similarly, waiver may be a defense to a breach of fiduciary
duty claim under certain circumstances. Barker v. Jeremiasen, 676
P.2d 1259, 1262 (Colo. App. 1984). Waiver is the intentional
relinquishment of a known right. Lone Pine Corp. v. City of Fort
Lupton, 653 P.2d 405, 406 (Colo. App. 1982). To establish a waiver,
there must be a clear, unequivocal, and decisive act of the party
demonstrating the relinquishment. Barker, 676 P.2d at 1262.
2. Jet Courier and Moore
¶ 22 The faithless servant doctrine, a concept grounded in the law
of agency, generally disentitles an employee from recovering
compensation when the employee owes a duty of loyalty to his
employer and is faithless in the performance of his services. See
Chelsea Indus., Inc. v. Gaffney, 449 N.E.2d 320, 326-27 (Mass.
1983); Phansalkar v. Andersen Weinroth & Co., L.P., 344 F.3d 184,
200 (2d Cir. 2003) (applying New York law). While no Colorado
cases mention the doctrine by name, Concord argues that Jet
Courier and Moore recognized the doctrine in their discussions of
when compensation is forfeited.
8 ¶ 23 In Jet Courier, an employee in the air courier business —
frustrated by his employer’s failure to pay his bonus — set up a
competing enterprise behind his employer’s back and diverted
much of his employer’s business to his new venture by poaching
the pilot staff, along with five major bank customers. 771 P.2d at
489-91. The supreme court held that the employee was not entitled
to his unpaid compensation, stating as a general rule that “an
employee is not entitled to any compensation for services performed
during the period he engaged in activities constituting a breach of
his duty of loyalty even though part of these services may have been
properly performed.” Id. at 499-500. However, a disloyal employee
“could still recover compensation for services properly rendered
during periods in which no . . . breach occurred and for which
compensation is apportioned in his employment agreement.” Id. at
500.
¶ 24 In Moore, the supreme court considered whether a real estate
broker, operating under an exclusive listing agreement with the
seller, automatically forfeited a real estate commission by breaching
his fiduciary duty when the broker withheld material information
from the seller and disclosed confidential information to another
9 purchaser. 792 P.2d at 798. The court, relying on section 469 of
the Restatement (Second) of Agency (A.L.I. 1958) and Jet Courier,
held that the broker’s breach of fiduciary duty resulted in the
broker’s forfeiture of the commission regardless of any
demonstrable harm to the seller or any evidence of fraud, self-
dealing, or secret profit to the broker. Moore, 792 P.2d at 800. “To
hold otherwise would reward the broker for conduct violative of the
broker’s basic duty to the seller,” the court elaborated. Id.
C. Analysis
¶ 25 In several respects, Concord substantially overreads both Jet
Courier and Moore. Jet Courier is a breach of the duty of loyalty
case. 771 P.2d at 492-93. A breach of the duty of loyalty occurs
when an employee acts for his own benefit to the detriment of the
employer. Id.
¶ 26 In some, but not all, cases, as pointed out in Jet Courier, a
breach of the duty of loyalty may also constitute a breach of
10 fiduciary duty. Id. at 492 n.10. But a breach of fiduciary duty is
not necessarily a breach of the duty of loyalty.3
¶ 27 As in all cases, the facts matter. The conduct alleged in Jet
Courier was that the employee began competing with Jet Courier
Service, Inc. (Jet) while he was still on the company’s payroll. Id. at
489-90. He allegedly solicited and spirited away not only Jet’s
customers, but also Jet’s employees. Id. at 490. His entreaties to
Jet’s customers and employees effectively decimated Jet’s business.
Id. (“Jet was able to maintain its . . . operations only through a
rapid and massive transfer of resources . . . .”).
¶ 28 In Moore, a real estate broker repeatedly violated his fiduciary
duties to his client, leading to a forfeiture of his real estate
commission. 792 P.2d at 800.
¶ 29 The conduct alleged in this case is very different. Allen did not
compete with Concord. He did not attempt to convince Concord’s
customers to go elsewhere or encourage its employees to leave their
3 Concord repeatedly uses the term “faithless servant doctrine,”
which does not appear in Jet Courier, Moore, or any other Colorado authority cited to us or of which we are aware. We will therefore use the language contained in our case law instead of the “faithless servant doctrine.”
11 employment and go to work for a new business. The district court
correctly distinguished this situation from the breach of duty of
loyalty in Jet Courier when it granted Allen’s motion for directed
verdict on the breach of duty of loyalty claim. Allen exceeded the
$250,000 credit limit assigned to Brazos, which the jury apparently
found to be a breach of Allen’s fiduciary duty to Concord. But the
jury also explicitly found that Concord ratified Allen’s actions and
waived the consequences of that conduct.4
¶ 30 Concord argues that the jury’s verdicts of waiver and
ratification have no effect on the jury’s finding that Allen breached
his fiduciary duty because forfeiture of compensation is automatic
upon a finding of a breach of fiduciary duty. For multiple reasons,
we disagree.
4 The jury was instructed that the defense of ratification applies if
the jury finds that (1) Concord “had full knowledge of all the important facts” regarding Allen’s actions; and (2) “[b]y words or conduct, Concord . . . ratified or accepted” Allen’s conduct by accepting the benefits, failing to timely object, or acquiescing to or approving of Allen’s conduct.
The jury was instructed that the defense of waiver was proved if (1) Concord knew of Allen’s breach of fiduciary duty and that the breach gave Concord the right to seek damages; and (2) Concord intentionally and voluntarily gave up this right.
12 ¶ 31 First, the record demonstrates that Concord did not preserve
this argument. The position that Concord took in the district court
is materially different than the argument it makes in this court:
that upon the finding of a breach of fiduciary duty, forfeiture of
compensation is automatic as a matter of law. An automatic
forfeiture of compensation that results as a matter of law is not an
“equitable matter,” which is how Concord presented the issue in its
Rule 59 motion. For these reasons, we could decide this issue on
the basis that Concord failed to preserve the claimed error.
¶ 32 Nonetheless, we assume, without deciding, that Concord
preserved its arguments as to automatic forfeiture and address and
reject Concord’s arguments on the merits.
¶ 33 While it is true that Jet Courier discussed forfeiture of
compensation, neither it nor Moore says anything about ratification
or waiver. Those doctrines were inapplicable in Jet Courier and
Moore because it would make no sense to say that Jet ratified the
same conduct that essentially destroyed its business. See Jet
Courier, 771 P.2d at 490. And certainly, there was no evidence
cited in the Jet Courier opinion that arguably could have implicated
the doctrine of waiver by the employer. What Jet Courier does say is
13 that, upon a finding of a breach of the duty of loyalty, the fact that
the employer may have benefitted by the challenged transactions
does not prevent forfeiture of the disloyal employee’s compensation.
Id. at 498.
¶ 34 But that is not the same thing as saying that under no
circumstances are the well-established legal doctrines of ratification
and waiver inapplicable to a breach of duty of loyalty case, much
less all breach of fiduciary duty cases that do not involve the type of
disloyalty found in Jet Courier. Proving an affirmative defense
means there is no liability even if the elements of the claim are
proved; we see no reason to apply a different rule here.
¶ 35 We reject Concord’s argument that while the doctrines of
ratification and waiver may be pertinent to an affirmative claim of
breach of fiduciary duty, they can have no effect when a breach of
fiduciary duty is used as a defense to the recovery of
compensation.5 Concord cites no authority in support of that
contention, and we are aware of none. That position also defies
common sense. We don’t understand why waiver and ratification
5 We note that Concord does not challenge the jury’s findings as to
ratification or waiver in its appeal.
14 would apply to justify Allen’s conduct when he is sued for breach of
fiduciary duty but not when he is sued for forfeiture of otherwise
earned compensation based on an alleged breach of fiduciary duty.
¶ 36 For these reasons, we conclude that the district court did not
err by rejecting Concord’s arguments that Allen automatically
forfeited his compensation when the jury found he breached his
fiduciary duty.
III. Exclusion of Video Evidence
¶ 37 Concord next contends that the district court abused its
discretion by excluding video evidence showing that Allen did not
obtain manager approval prior to completing the Brazos trades. We
conclude that there was no reversible error in this respect.
A. Additional Facts
¶ 38 Allen testified that, on February 13, 2021, John Vedra,
Concord’s risk manager, gave him permission to make trades
exceeding Brazos’s credit limit by telling him, “You’re good. Go for
it.” On re-direct, Allen acknowledged Vedra’s deposition testimony
that Vedra had been at a birthday party at Topgolf that morning
and was not in the office, but Allen maintained that he had
completed all Brazos trades by 10:39 a.m. on February 13 based on
15 Vedra’s in-office approval. Allen also testified about the cold
weather that day, saying that the “low was [minus two] and the high
was [two] Fahrenheit,” which, according to Allen, undermined
Vedra’s testimony that he had been at Topgolf early that morning.
¶ 39 On the next trial day, Concord sought to introduce video
evidence corroborating Vedra’s testimony that he had been at
Topgolf the morning of February 13 and therefore did not give
approval to Allen to exceed the credit limit. The district court
rejected this proposed evidence, stating it was not “critical to any of
the issues.”
B. Applicable Law and Standard of Review
¶ 40 Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the
existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of
the action more probable or less probable than it would be without
the evidence.” CRE 401. Evidence that is not relevant is
inadmissible. CRE 402. Even relevant evidence may nonetheless
be excluded “if its probative value is substantially outweighed by
the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or
misleading the jury.” CRE 403.
16 ¶ 41 We review a district court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of
discretion. CORE Elec. Coop. v. Freund Invs., LLC, 2022 COA 63,
¶ 16. A district court abuses its discretion when its decision is
“manifestly arbitrary, unreasonable, or unfair, or based on an
erroneous understanding or application of the law.” Id.
¶ 42 We review errors in evidentiary rulings for harmless error, if
preserved. Bernache v. Brown, 2020 COA 106, ¶ 26. Thus, we will
only disturb the district court’s decision if an error affected a party’s
substantial rights. Id. “An error affects a substantial right when it
can be said with fair assurance that the error substantially
influenced the outcome of the case or impaired the basic fairness of
the trial itself.” Banek v. Thomas, 733 P.2d 1171, 1178 (Colo.
1986).
¶ 43 Concord contends that it was deprived of a fair trial when the
district court precluded it from introducing video evidence regarding
Vedra’s non-presence in the office when he allegedly gave in-office
approval to Allen to exceed the credit limit. Concord makes a
persuasive argument that the video evidence was relevant to the
important question of whether Allen actually obtained approval to
17 exceed Brazos’s credit limit. See CRE 401; CRE 403. The proffered
evidence was directly relevant to whether the risk manager
approved the transactions at the time they were made, a matter
disputed at trial. See CRE 401.
¶ 44 Notwithstanding the relevance of the evidence, we must review
the entire record to determine whether the alleged error rejecting
the evidence requires reversal. People v. Gaffney, 769 P.2d 1081,
1088 (Colo. 1989) (“If a reviewing court can say with fair assurance
that, in light of the entire record of the trial, the error did not
substantially influence the verdict or impair the fairness of the trial,
the error may properly be deemed harmless.”).
¶ 45 If the jury had credited Allen’s testimony that Vedra approved
in advance the transactions that exceeded Brazos’s credit limit, it is
difficult to understand why the jury found that Allen breached his
fiduciary duty. While it is impossible to know exactly why the jury
found that Allen breached his fiduciary duty to Concord, the only
logical explanation is that the jury rejected Allen’s testimony that he
received advance approval from Vedra. If the jury found that Vedra
approved the transactions in advance, there would be no basis to
find that Allen breached his fiduciary duty.
18 ¶ 46 The evidence was overwhelming that Allen testified falsely
when he said that he had obtained advance approval of the Brazos
trades that exceeded the credit limit. With the exception of Allen,
every percipient witness — Rebstock; Vedra; Matthew Flavin
(Concord’s CEO); John Evenstad (Concord’s credit manager); and
Jennifer Kotulski (a senior trader on a different Concord book) —
testified that Allen never sought or obtained credit approval for the
Brazos trades.
¶ 47 Even more compelling was the written record of
communications between Concord and Brazos’s representatives
that constituted and confirmed the trades. Those communications,
recorded by Concord’s automatic systems, cast grave doubt on
whether there was sufficient time between the initiation of the trade
discussions and the confirmation of the trades for anyone to have
obtained additional credit approval.
¶ 48 For these reasons, we conclude that the jury rejected Allen’s
testimony that he obtained advance approval of the Brazos trades
and found that Allen breached his fiduciary duty. That rejection
renders harmless any error in the rejection of the video evidence.
19 ¶ 49 Whether or not Vedra approved the transactions before the
fact has little, if any, relevance or probative value to whether
Concord later ratified Allen’s actions or waived the consequences of
those actions.
¶ 50 The evidence supporting the jury’s waiver and ratification
findings was extensive and was not dependent on Allen’s testimony
or credibility. The following evidence supported the jury’s waiver
and ratification findings:
• There were multiple Brazos trades over the long holiday
weekend. The trade blotters, which recorded every trade,
showed that except for the first Brazos trade, every
Brazos trade substantially exceeded Brazos’s credit limit,
by millions of dollars. None of these trades were
concealed from Concord management by Allen or
Rebstock.
• Despite repeated indications that the Brazos credit limit
was violated, Concord management did nothing to stop or
limit further Brazos trades. Concord management had
every opportunity during the holiday weekend to stop
further Brazos trades.
20 • During the Texas storm that led to the market
disruptions, Concord executed many trades, apart from
the Brazos trades, that exceeded, in some cases by tens
of millions of dollars, the established credit limits for
those customers.
• The evidence presented by Concord’s management at
trial regarding the risk of loss of over-the-limit trades was
misleading and incomplete. Concord’s cost of the gas it
sold to Brazos for $37 million was approximately
$850,000. As Evenstad stated in an email he sent to
Concord’s management, “[W]e spun $850,000 worth of
gas into a $34 million profit.” Because of the huge
upsides of these trades, Concord had every incentive to
overlook and ratify the Brazos trades.
¶ 51 For these reasons, we conclude that there is no reasonable
probability that the exclusion of the video evidence affected the
jury’s verdicts. Therefore, any error in excluding the video evidence
was harmless. Banek, 733 P.2d at 1178.
21 IV. Statutory Penalties Under the CWCA
¶ 52 Allen contends that the 2023 version of the CWCA, which
provides enhanced penalties, is applicable to his claim for statutory
penalties, even though he filed his complaint in 2021 and Concord’s
failure to pay the compensation occurred before the effective date of
the amendments to the CWCA. We conclude, like the district court,
that the 2022 version of the CWCA prescribes the penalty in this
case.
A. Applicable Law and Standard of Review
¶ 53 Employers in Colorado must immediately pay wages that are
“earned, vested, determinable, and unpaid” at the time the
employer terminates an employee. § 8-4-109(1)(a). If an employer
fails to pay earned wages, the employee “may send a written
demand . . . or may file an administrative claim or civil action for
the payment.” § 8-4-109(3)(a). Once an employee does so, the
employer may cure the violation by tendering the unpaid wages
within fourteen days. § 8-4-109(3)(a.5). If the employer fails to
make payment within fourteen days, the employer must pay a
statutory penalty in addition to the unpaid wages. § 8-4-109(3)(b).
22 ¶ 54 Section 8-4-109, prior to the 2023 amendment, provided that
the penalty is either “the employee’s average daily earnings for each
day, not to exceed ten days, until such payment . . . is made” or, “if
greater,” 125% of the unpaid wages up to $7,500 and 50% of the
wages in excess of $7,500. § 8-4-109(3)(b)(I)-(II), C.R.S. 2022. If the
employee shows the employer willfully failed to pay, the penalty
“shall increase” by 50%. § 8-4-109(3)(c), C.R.S. 2022.
¶ 55 The relevant portion of section 8-4-109, as amended in 2023,
states, “On or after January 1, 2023, if an employer fails . . . to pay”
wages, the employer must pay the wages, “plus an automatic
penalty” of the “greater of two times the amount of the unpaid
wages . . . or one thousand dollars.” § 8-4-109(3)(b)(I), C.R.S. 2023;
see Ch. 370, sec. 7, § 8-4-109, 2022 Colo. Sess. Laws 2628-29. If
the employee can show the employer willfully failed to pay, the
penalty is “the greater of three times the amount of the unpaid
wages . . . or three thousand dollars.” § 8-4-109(3)(b)(II), C.R.S.
2023.
¶ 56 When interpreting statutes, reviewing courts must “give effect
to the General Assembly’s purpose or intent . . . begin[ning] with
the language of the statute itself.” Martin v. People, 27 P.3d 846,
23 851 (Colo. 2001). “If the statutory language unambiguously sets
forth the legislative purpose, we need not apply additional rules of
statutory construction to determine the statute’s meaning.” Id.
“Absent legislative intent to the contrary, we presume a statute
operates prospectively,” and “retroactive application of a statute is
generally frowned upon.” City of Colorado Springs v. Powell, 156
P.3d 461, 464-65 (Colo. 2007).
¶ 57 The question of which version of the CWCA applies is a
question of law that we review de novo. Patterson Recall Comm.,
Inc. v. Patterson, 209 P.3d 1210, 1216-17 (Colo. App. 2009).
B. Analysis
1. Statutory Penalties
¶ 58 On appeal, Allen contends that he is entitled to a penalty of
$10,093,275 (three times the unpaid wages found by the jury)
under the 2023 amendment to the CWCA, an amount far greater
than the $2,527,068.75 the district court attempted to award under
the prior statute. See § 8-4-109(3)(b)(II), C.R.S. 2023. Allen argues
that the amended version of the CWCA applies because Concord’s
“willful refusal to pay . . . continued through January 1, 2023,
when the amendment went into effect.”
24 ¶ 59 This argument was not made in the district court and
therefore wasn’t preserved. We nevertheless exercise our discretion
to address and reject this argument on its merits.
¶ 60 To begin, we agree with Allen that the court’s failure to timely
rule on his motion to amend the judgment renders the ruling void.
C.R.C.P. 59(j); De Avila v. Est. of DeHerrera, 75 P.3d 1144, 1146
(Colo. App. 2003) (“Actions taken under C.R.C.P. 59 after the [sixty-
three]-day period are outside the court’s jurisdiction and are void.”).
But we are aware of no authority that prohibits us from considering
the court’s analysis in such an order, even though it has no
operative effect.
¶ 61 For multiple reasons, we agree with the district court’s
analysis that the 2022 version of the CWCA is applicable. Unlike
statutes that prescribe daily penalties for doing or not doing a
particular act, no such provisions are contained in the 2023 version
of the CWCA. Cf. Associated Bus. Prods. v. Indus. Claim Appeals
Off., 126 P.3d 323, 324, 326 (Colo. App. 2005) (discussing a
statutory scheme that penalizes continuing violations at $300 per
day, for a total of $24,900, for nonpayment of medically necessary
25 cell phone bills), abrogated by, Colo. Dep’t of Lab. & Emp. v. Dami
Hosp., LLC, 2019 CO 47M.
¶ 62 Allen’s argument that statements contained in court filings
made after the commencement of the case somehow constituted a
new demand for payment that triggered the 2023 amended
penalties finds no support in any authorities cited by Allen, or of
which we are aware. Moreover, that argument is inconsistent with
the words of both the original and amended statute.
¶ 63 A statute is presumed to apply prospectively, not retroactively.
Powell, 156 P.3d at 464-65. Had the General Assembly intended
that the enhanced penalties prescribed in the 2023 amendments be
applied to prior events, it could have and would have said so.
¶ 64 Considering the plain language of the CWCA in both the 2022
and 2023 versions, and applying the required presumption, we
conclude that the statute does not support the application of the
amended statute to the facts of this case. Id.; Martin, 27 P.3d at
851.
26 2. Interest, Costs, and Attorney Fees
¶ 65 We also conclude that Allen is entitled to both pre- and post-
judgment interest, and we remand for entry of a revised judgment
that includes such interest.
¶ 66 Finally, we conclude that Allen is presumptively entitled,
under section 8-4-110(1)(b)(I), C.R.S. 2025, to an award of attorney
fees both in the district court and on appeal. We are persuaded
that Lester v. Career Building Academy, 2014 COA 88, sets forth the
correct analysis for an award of attorney fees under the CWCA. We
remand the case for further proceedings on attorney fees both in
the district court and on appeal.6 See C.A.R. 39.1 (“In its
discretion, the appellate court may determine entitlement to and
the amount of an award of attorney fees for the appeal or may
remand those determinations to the lower court or tribunal.”).
6 Allen has been successful in preserving the judgment entered in
his favor on the jury verdict and for assessment of the statutory penalty, even though he has not succeeded in his claim for an enhanced penalty under the 2023 version of the CWCA. As a result, we conclude that Allen is the prevailing party on appeal.
27 V. Disposition
¶ 67 The judgment for unpaid wages or compensation based on the
jury’s verdict is affirmed. The district court’s order denying Allen’s
C.R.C.P. 59 motion by operation of law is reversed and the case is
remanded for entry of the penalty prescribed by the 2022 version of
the CWCA and an award of prejudgment and postjudgment interest.
The case is also remanded to determine Allen’s entitlement to
attorney fees.
JUDGE J. JONES and JUDGE MEIRINK concur.