Staples, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
A judgment was recovered in the year of 1874, in the county court of Rockingham, against the plaintiff in error, as sheriff of the county, on account of the default of his deputy, R. G. Coakley. This judgment amounting, principal, interest and costs, to $813.16, was, in the year 1878, fully paid by the plaintiff in error, and at the May term, 1879, of the circuit court of Rockingham, he moved for a judgment against the deputy and his sureties for the amount so paid, with interest and damages. The sureties appeared and defended the motion. They insisted that as the alleged default or misconduct of the deputy occurred prior to 1869, and as more than ten years had elapsed for the time of such default to the date of the notice, the claim of the plaintiff was barred by the statute of limitation; and it was so held by the learned judge of the circuit court. This is the first question presented for our consideration. Its decision depends mainly upon the provisions of our statutes found in chapter 49, Code of 1873.
[633]*633The 46th section of that chapter provides, that where-any deputy of a sheriff shall commit any default or misconduct in office for which his principal is liable, or for' which a judgment or decree shall be rendered against such principal, the latter may, on motion, obtain a judgment against such deputy and his sureties for the full amount for which such principal may be so liable, or for which such judgment or decree may have been rendered.
The 47th section provides, that when any judgment or decree shall be obtained against a sheriff for or on account of the default or misconduct of his deputy, and shall be paid in whole or in part, he or his personal representatives may, on motion, obtain a judgment or decree against such deputy and his sureties for the amount so paid, with interest thereon from the time of such payment, and five-per centum damages on such amount.
It will be observed that under the 46th section whenever the sheriff becomes liable on account of the default of his deputy, whether a judgment has or has not been recovered against the sheriff, and although he has paid nothing to the creditor, he is entitled to recover against the deputy and his securities the amount for which he may be so liable. Under the 47th section, however, the sheriff is authorized to proceed against the deputy and his sureties only where there has been a recovery against him and a payment of the amount in whole or in part to the creditor. At common law the sheriff, upon paying the debt accruing from the default of his deputy, might at once bring an action against such deputy and his securities for reimbursement. But until such payment no right of action could accrue upon the bond of the deputy.
The object of the 46th section was to furnish a complete indemnity to the sheriff by providing for him a remedy by anticipation, so as to enable him to recover of the deputy in time to meet the demand of the creditor.. As was said by [634]*634Judge Tucker in McDaniel v. Brown, 3 Leigh, 221: “Asa payment by the sheriff would often be ruinous, the provision was made to enable Mm to recover from his deputy before he was pressed himself, or to make one judgment meet the other by proceeding against the deputy pari passu with the creditors proceeding against himself.” From this it is obvious that the 46 th section is cumulative, and was not designed to affect any of the sheriff’s existing rights and remedies. He may if he pleases waive any proceeding under that section, await the termination of the creditor’s action against him, pay the amount of the recovery, and then proceed by action on the deputy’s bond, or by motion under the 47th section. If the' deputy is notified of the creditor’s action or motion against his principal, it is his duty to appear and defend it. It is in effect his suit and his liability, and that of his sureties is as fully established by the judgment as though it were a direct proceeding against the deputy himself. Such a judgment is a judicial ascertainment of the deputy’s default or misconduct, which cannot be called in question in any subsequent proceeding against the deputy and his sureties. In such case the action of the sheriff against the deputy is not on account of the default of the latter, but for money paid under a judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction in a suit to which the deputy was the real party. The sheriff is not bound to prove the default or misconduct of the deputy, or to show when it occurred. These are wholly immaterial inquiries. All that is necessary for him to do is to show the action against himself on account of the deputy’s default; the notification to "the deputy to defend, or that he had notice and did make defence, and the payment by the sheriff of ■the amount of the recovery. Freeman on Judgments, •§§ 181, 217; Crocker on Sheriffs, § 847.
If, therefore, it be conceded that under the 46th section of our statute a right of action accrues to the sheriff, so [635]*635soon as Ms liability to the creditor attaches on account of the deputy’s default, it must also be conceded that under the 47th section the sheriff’s right of action accrues from the time of his paying the amount of the recovery againt him. The language of the provision is, “ that when the money shall be paid in whole or in part, the sheriff may on motion obtain a decree or judgment against the deputy and Ms sureties for the amount so paid.” The obvious meaMng is, that after the sheriff has made the payment, he may bring his action or motion thereafter against the deputy at any time within the period prescribed by the statute of limitation. The mere fact that a remedy is given the sheriff by the 46th section for his protection and indemnity can impose no obligation upon him to resort to that remedy under peril of being barred of a right existing at common law, and under another section of the statute.
This rule of law is somewhat illustrated by the case of Clem v. Holmes, 33 Gratt., p. 722, in which it was held that the statute giving the parent the right to sue for the seduction of his daughter without alleging or proving a loss of service, did not deprive him of the right to bring his common law action, maMng the loss of service the gravamen of complaint. In such case the period of limitation is to be computed not for the time of the seduction, but for the time the damage accrued. In many cases, indeed, the operation of the statute is made to depend upon the form of the action.
Before concluding this branch of the case, it is proper to say that the deputy had notice of the action against his principal; that he employed counsel to defend it, and actually appeared and made defence. So that in this case he was estopped to contest the sheriff’s motion against him and his sureties. For these reasons we are of the opinion that the circuit court erred in holding that the motion of the plaintiff in error is barred by limitation.
[636]*636The next question is as to the defence of a former recovery. After a careful examination of the record, I am satisfied that the circuit court properly decided that this defence is not sustained by the proofs. The motion which was made first in 1878, and tried in January, 1879, was a proceeding against the deputy and his sureties upon the bond of March, 1866. It is true that three sureties were also upon the bond of December, 1866, but in the latter bond other persons were united with them as the co-o bligees.
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Staples, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
A judgment was recovered in the year of 1874, in the county court of Rockingham, against the plaintiff in error, as sheriff of the county, on account of the default of his deputy, R. G. Coakley. This judgment amounting, principal, interest and costs, to $813.16, was, in the year 1878, fully paid by the plaintiff in error, and at the May term, 1879, of the circuit court of Rockingham, he moved for a judgment against the deputy and his sureties for the amount so paid, with interest and damages. The sureties appeared and defended the motion. They insisted that as the alleged default or misconduct of the deputy occurred prior to 1869, and as more than ten years had elapsed for the time of such default to the date of the notice, the claim of the plaintiff was barred by the statute of limitation; and it was so held by the learned judge of the circuit court. This is the first question presented for our consideration. Its decision depends mainly upon the provisions of our statutes found in chapter 49, Code of 1873.
[633]*633The 46th section of that chapter provides, that where-any deputy of a sheriff shall commit any default or misconduct in office for which his principal is liable, or for' which a judgment or decree shall be rendered against such principal, the latter may, on motion, obtain a judgment against such deputy and his sureties for the full amount for which such principal may be so liable, or for which such judgment or decree may have been rendered.
The 47th section provides, that when any judgment or decree shall be obtained against a sheriff for or on account of the default or misconduct of his deputy, and shall be paid in whole or in part, he or his personal representatives may, on motion, obtain a judgment or decree against such deputy and his sureties for the amount so paid, with interest thereon from the time of such payment, and five-per centum damages on such amount.
It will be observed that under the 46th section whenever the sheriff becomes liable on account of the default of his deputy, whether a judgment has or has not been recovered against the sheriff, and although he has paid nothing to the creditor, he is entitled to recover against the deputy and his securities the amount for which he may be so liable. Under the 47th section, however, the sheriff is authorized to proceed against the deputy and his sureties only where there has been a recovery against him and a payment of the amount in whole or in part to the creditor. At common law the sheriff, upon paying the debt accruing from the default of his deputy, might at once bring an action against such deputy and his securities for reimbursement. But until such payment no right of action could accrue upon the bond of the deputy.
The object of the 46th section was to furnish a complete indemnity to the sheriff by providing for him a remedy by anticipation, so as to enable him to recover of the deputy in time to meet the demand of the creditor.. As was said by [634]*634Judge Tucker in McDaniel v. Brown, 3 Leigh, 221: “Asa payment by the sheriff would often be ruinous, the provision was made to enable Mm to recover from his deputy before he was pressed himself, or to make one judgment meet the other by proceeding against the deputy pari passu with the creditors proceeding against himself.” From this it is obvious that the 46 th section is cumulative, and was not designed to affect any of the sheriff’s existing rights and remedies. He may if he pleases waive any proceeding under that section, await the termination of the creditor’s action against him, pay the amount of the recovery, and then proceed by action on the deputy’s bond, or by motion under the 47th section. If the' deputy is notified of the creditor’s action or motion against his principal, it is his duty to appear and defend it. It is in effect his suit and his liability, and that of his sureties is as fully established by the judgment as though it were a direct proceeding against the deputy himself. Such a judgment is a judicial ascertainment of the deputy’s default or misconduct, which cannot be called in question in any subsequent proceeding against the deputy and his sureties. In such case the action of the sheriff against the deputy is not on account of the default of the latter, but for money paid under a judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction in a suit to which the deputy was the real party. The sheriff is not bound to prove the default or misconduct of the deputy, or to show when it occurred. These are wholly immaterial inquiries. All that is necessary for him to do is to show the action against himself on account of the deputy’s default; the notification to "the deputy to defend, or that he had notice and did make defence, and the payment by the sheriff of ■the amount of the recovery. Freeman on Judgments, •§§ 181, 217; Crocker on Sheriffs, § 847.
If, therefore, it be conceded that under the 46th section of our statute a right of action accrues to the sheriff, so [635]*635soon as Ms liability to the creditor attaches on account of the deputy’s default, it must also be conceded that under the 47th section the sheriff’s right of action accrues from the time of his paying the amount of the recovery againt him. The language of the provision is, “ that when the money shall be paid in whole or in part, the sheriff may on motion obtain a decree or judgment against the deputy and Ms sureties for the amount so paid.” The obvious meaMng is, that after the sheriff has made the payment, he may bring his action or motion thereafter against the deputy at any time within the period prescribed by the statute of limitation. The mere fact that a remedy is given the sheriff by the 46th section for his protection and indemnity can impose no obligation upon him to resort to that remedy under peril of being barred of a right existing at common law, and under another section of the statute.
This rule of law is somewhat illustrated by the case of Clem v. Holmes, 33 Gratt., p. 722, in which it was held that the statute giving the parent the right to sue for the seduction of his daughter without alleging or proving a loss of service, did not deprive him of the right to bring his common law action, maMng the loss of service the gravamen of complaint. In such case the period of limitation is to be computed not for the time of the seduction, but for the time the damage accrued. In many cases, indeed, the operation of the statute is made to depend upon the form of the action.
Before concluding this branch of the case, it is proper to say that the deputy had notice of the action against his principal; that he employed counsel to defend it, and actually appeared and made defence. So that in this case he was estopped to contest the sheriff’s motion against him and his sureties. For these reasons we are of the opinion that the circuit court erred in holding that the motion of the plaintiff in error is barred by limitation.
[636]*636The next question is as to the defence of a former recovery. After a careful examination of the record, I am satisfied that the circuit court properly decided that this defence is not sustained by the proofs. The motion which was made first in 1878, and tried in January, 1879, was a proceeding against the deputy and his sureties upon the bond of March, 1866. It is true that three sureties were also upon the bond of December, 1866, but in the latter bond other persons were united with them as the co-o bligees. It may be that both bonds were before the jury on the trial in January,. 1879, and that all three of the receipts given by Coakley toSprinkeTs administrator were also in evidence; but this-was necessary to ascertain to which set of sureties the liability properly attached. The verdict of the jury and the judgment of the court extended only to such default of the deputy as occurred under the bond of March, 1866. It is hardly to be supposed that the plaintiff’s intention was to unite in one notice and motion two sets of sureties upon two bonds, given at different times and embracing different transactions. Such a proceeding would have been justly obnoxious to the charge of a misjoinder of parties. There-is enough in the record to show that the jury did not design to pass upon any matter covered by the bond of December, 1866, and therefore it was that the receipt of January, 1867, for $396, was not included either in the verdict of the jury or the judgment of the court. So soon as it was made to appear that this receipt imposed no liability upon the sureties in the bond of December, 1866, that receipt was, no doubt, withdrawn for the consideration of the jury, and was necessarily so withdrawn because it could impose no-liability upon the parties then before the court.
It was for this reason the plaintiff recovered part only of the amount he had paid on account of the deputy’s default. It was for the recovery of the balance that the present motion was brought against the sureties .on the bond of [637]*637^December, 1866. It is very true that the notice is identically the same as the first. The reason is obvious. The plaintiff, having two sets of sureties to deal with, upon different bonds, was compelled to proceed against both by separate motions, and in so doing the language of the notices would be identically the same. The present notice is for a liability growing out of the receipt for $396, 30th July, 1867, which was part of the amount recovered by the creditor against the sheriff. The latter was compelled to pay it on account of the deputy’s misconduct; he has never been repaid the amount, and is justly entitled to be reimbursed by the deputy and his sureties.
Objection was made in the court below to the introduction of any parol proof of what passed on the trial of the first motion in January, 1879, and the objection has been renewed in this court. The admissibility of such evidence is not now an open question. Whenever a former judgment is relied on as a bar, whether by pleading or in evidence, it is competent for the plaintiff to show that it did not relate to the same property or transaction in controversy, and the question of identity thus raised is a matter of fact to be decided upon the evidence if the record is itself silent. And so if the cause of action is devisible or the pleadings involve two distinct propositions, it is competent to show that only one of them was submitted to and passed upon by the jury: 1 Green. Ev. § 532; Daniel v. Southside Railroad Company, 20 Gratt. 344; Kelly v. Board of Public Works, 25 Gratt. 760; Packet Company v. Sickles, 5 Wall. 580; Chrisman’s Adm’x v. Harman and al. 29 Gratt. 494.
In the case before us the matters involved in the present motion were not in fact submitted to the jury in the trial of the first motion, and even if submitted could not have been legally adjudicated by them. No question of estoppel can therefore arise in the case. We are therefore of opinion that the circuit court committed no error in holding that [638]*638the plea of a former recovery was not sustained by the proofs. As already stated, however, the court erred in deciding that the statute of limitation is a bar to the action. For that error the judgment of the circuit court must be reversed and a judgment entered here for the plaintiff in error for the sum of $373.30, with interest and damages.
Judgment reversed.