Case: 19-12963 Date Filed: 04/27/2020 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-12963 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
Agency No. A030-905-960
ALICIA ALONSO,
Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent. ________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals ________________________
(April 27, 2020)
Before WILSON, NEWSOM and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Alicia Alonso seeks review of the final order of the Board of Immigration
Appeals (BIA) affirming the Immigration Judge’s (IJ) denial of her application for Case: 19-12963 Date Filed: 04/27/2020 Page: 2 of 7
waiver of inadmissibility, which she filed in conjunction with her application for
adjustment of status under the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 (CAA), Pub. L. No.
89-732, 80 Stat. 1161. On appeal, Alonso makes two arguments. First, she argues
that her 2002 Florida conviction for attempted first-degree murder with a deadly
weapon, pursuant to Fla. Stat. §§ 782.04(1), 777.04(1), and 775.087, does not
render her ineligible for a waiver of inadmissibility under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h)
because Florida’s first-degree murder statute is broader than the generic definition
of murder applicable to § 1182(h). Second, she argues for the first time on appeal
that she is eligible for a § 1182(h) waiver because she previously received a waiver
under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(3). After careful review of the record, we deny Alonso’s
petition on the first ground and dismiss her petition on the second ground.
I
Under the CAA, an alien who is a native or citizen of Cuba can, in certain
circumstances, apply to adjust her status to that of a lawful permanent resident.
See CAA § 1. 1 Specifically, the CAA provides that:
[T]he status of any alien who is a native or citizen of Cuba and who has been inspected and admitted or paroled into the United States subsequent to January 1, 1959 and has been physically present in the United States for at least two years, may be adjusted by the Attorney General, in his discretion and under such regulations as he may prescribe, to that of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence if the alien makes an application for such adjustment, and
1 The CAA is codified as a historical note to 8 U.S.C. § 1255. 2 Case: 19-12963 Date Filed: 04/27/2020 Page: 3 of 7
the alien is eligible to receive an immigrant visa and is admissible to the United States for permanent residence.
Id. Thus, in order to be eligible for CAA relief, the foreign national must be
“admissible to the United States for permanent residence.” Id. If, like Alonso, the
foreign national seeking adjustment has been deemed inadmissible, she can seek a
waiver of inadmissibility under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h), which allows the Attorney
General to waive inadmissibility in certain circumstances. Importantly, though, the
Attorney General may not waive inadmissibility “in the case of an alien who has
been convicted of . . . murder or . . . an attempt or conspiracy to commit murder.”
8 U.S.C. § 1182(h).
The IJ denied Alonso’s application for a waiver of inadmissibility under
§ 1182(h), holding that her 2002 conviction for attempted murder under Fla. Stat.
§ 782.04(1) statutorily precludes her from a § 1182(h) waiver. The BIA affirmed.
On appeal, Alonso contends that the BIA erred, arguing that because she could
have been convicted under Fla. Stat. § 782.04(1)’s felony murder provision—
which does not require proof of an intent to kill—her conviction does not qualify
as attempted “murder” under § 1182(h).
First things first: we need to examine the meaning of the generic term
“murder,” as it’s used in § 1182(h). “We review the BIA’s statutory interpretation
de novo, but will defer to the BIA’s interpretation of a statute if it is reasonable and
does not contradict the clear intent of Congress.” Quinchia v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 552 3 Case: 19-12963 Date Filed: 04/27/2020 Page: 4 of 7
F.3d 1255, 1258 (11th Cir. 2008) (quotation omitted); see also Chevron, U.S.A.,
Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842–44 (1984). Here, the BIA
relied on its previous decision in Matter of M-W-, in which it held that the term
“murder”—as it is used in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA)—involves
an unlawful killing with “malice aforethought,” which includes an “intent to kill”
or a “depraved heart.” 25 I. & N. Dec. 748, 751–53 (B.I.A. 2012). Alonso does
not challenge this interpretation.
The question becomes, then, whether Alonso’s conviction under Fla. Stat.
§ 782.04(1) qualifies as an attempted “murder” under the definition set out in
Matter of M-W-. To determine “whether [an] alien’s state conviction is of an
offense comparable to an offense listed in the INA,” we employ either the
“categorical” or “modified categorical” approach. Francisco v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
884 F.3d 1120, 1126 (11th Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted). “Under the categorical approach, a court must confine its consideration
only to the fact of conviction and the statutory definition of the offense.” Donawa
v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 735 F.3d 1275, 1280 (11th Cir. 2013). We compare the
elements of the offense to the generic definition, “ask[ing] only whether the state
statute defining the crime of conviction categorically fits within the generic federal
definition of a corresponding [offense].” Id. (quotation omitted). In doing so, we
“presume that the conviction rested upon nothing more than the least of the acts
4 Case: 19-12963 Date Filed: 04/27/2020 Page: 5 of 7
criminalized [by the state statute], and then determine whether even those acts are
encompassed by the generic federal offense.” Id. (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted).
We may, alternatively, apply the modified categorical approach if the statute
of conviction is divisible. Spaho v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 837 F.3d 1172, 1176–77 (11th
Cir. 2016). “A state statute is divisible when it lists a number of alternative
elements that effectively create several different crimes.” Id. at 1177 (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). A statute is indivisible, by contrast, if it
“contains a single set of elements that are not set forth in the alternative.” Id.
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Case: 19-12963 Date Filed: 04/27/2020 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-12963 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
Agency No. A030-905-960
ALICIA ALONSO,
Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent. ________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals ________________________
(April 27, 2020)
Before WILSON, NEWSOM and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Alicia Alonso seeks review of the final order of the Board of Immigration
Appeals (BIA) affirming the Immigration Judge’s (IJ) denial of her application for Case: 19-12963 Date Filed: 04/27/2020 Page: 2 of 7
waiver of inadmissibility, which she filed in conjunction with her application for
adjustment of status under the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 (CAA), Pub. L. No.
89-732, 80 Stat. 1161. On appeal, Alonso makes two arguments. First, she argues
that her 2002 Florida conviction for attempted first-degree murder with a deadly
weapon, pursuant to Fla. Stat. §§ 782.04(1), 777.04(1), and 775.087, does not
render her ineligible for a waiver of inadmissibility under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h)
because Florida’s first-degree murder statute is broader than the generic definition
of murder applicable to § 1182(h). Second, she argues for the first time on appeal
that she is eligible for a § 1182(h) waiver because she previously received a waiver
under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(3). After careful review of the record, we deny Alonso’s
petition on the first ground and dismiss her petition on the second ground.
I
Under the CAA, an alien who is a native or citizen of Cuba can, in certain
circumstances, apply to adjust her status to that of a lawful permanent resident.
See CAA § 1. 1 Specifically, the CAA provides that:
[T]he status of any alien who is a native or citizen of Cuba and who has been inspected and admitted or paroled into the United States subsequent to January 1, 1959 and has been physically present in the United States for at least two years, may be adjusted by the Attorney General, in his discretion and under such regulations as he may prescribe, to that of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence if the alien makes an application for such adjustment, and
1 The CAA is codified as a historical note to 8 U.S.C. § 1255. 2 Case: 19-12963 Date Filed: 04/27/2020 Page: 3 of 7
the alien is eligible to receive an immigrant visa and is admissible to the United States for permanent residence.
Id. Thus, in order to be eligible for CAA relief, the foreign national must be
“admissible to the United States for permanent residence.” Id. If, like Alonso, the
foreign national seeking adjustment has been deemed inadmissible, she can seek a
waiver of inadmissibility under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h), which allows the Attorney
General to waive inadmissibility in certain circumstances. Importantly, though, the
Attorney General may not waive inadmissibility “in the case of an alien who has
been convicted of . . . murder or . . . an attempt or conspiracy to commit murder.”
8 U.S.C. § 1182(h).
The IJ denied Alonso’s application for a waiver of inadmissibility under
§ 1182(h), holding that her 2002 conviction for attempted murder under Fla. Stat.
§ 782.04(1) statutorily precludes her from a § 1182(h) waiver. The BIA affirmed.
On appeal, Alonso contends that the BIA erred, arguing that because she could
have been convicted under Fla. Stat. § 782.04(1)’s felony murder provision—
which does not require proof of an intent to kill—her conviction does not qualify
as attempted “murder” under § 1182(h).
First things first: we need to examine the meaning of the generic term
“murder,” as it’s used in § 1182(h). “We review the BIA’s statutory interpretation
de novo, but will defer to the BIA’s interpretation of a statute if it is reasonable and
does not contradict the clear intent of Congress.” Quinchia v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 552 3 Case: 19-12963 Date Filed: 04/27/2020 Page: 4 of 7
F.3d 1255, 1258 (11th Cir. 2008) (quotation omitted); see also Chevron, U.S.A.,
Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842–44 (1984). Here, the BIA
relied on its previous decision in Matter of M-W-, in which it held that the term
“murder”—as it is used in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA)—involves
an unlawful killing with “malice aforethought,” which includes an “intent to kill”
or a “depraved heart.” 25 I. & N. Dec. 748, 751–53 (B.I.A. 2012). Alonso does
not challenge this interpretation.
The question becomes, then, whether Alonso’s conviction under Fla. Stat.
§ 782.04(1) qualifies as an attempted “murder” under the definition set out in
Matter of M-W-. To determine “whether [an] alien’s state conviction is of an
offense comparable to an offense listed in the INA,” we employ either the
“categorical” or “modified categorical” approach. Francisco v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
884 F.3d 1120, 1126 (11th Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted). “Under the categorical approach, a court must confine its consideration
only to the fact of conviction and the statutory definition of the offense.” Donawa
v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 735 F.3d 1275, 1280 (11th Cir. 2013). We compare the
elements of the offense to the generic definition, “ask[ing] only whether the state
statute defining the crime of conviction categorically fits within the generic federal
definition of a corresponding [offense].” Id. (quotation omitted). In doing so, we
“presume that the conviction rested upon nothing more than the least of the acts
4 Case: 19-12963 Date Filed: 04/27/2020 Page: 5 of 7
criminalized [by the state statute], and then determine whether even those acts are
encompassed by the generic federal offense.” Id. (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted).
We may, alternatively, apply the modified categorical approach if the statute
of conviction is divisible. Spaho v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 837 F.3d 1172, 1176–77 (11th
Cir. 2016). “A state statute is divisible when it lists a number of alternative
elements that effectively create several different crimes.” Id. at 1177 (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). A statute is indivisible, by contrast, if it
“contains a single set of elements that are not set forth in the alternative.” Id.
When we use the modified categorical approach, we “may consult a limited class
of documents, such as indictments and jury instructions, to determine which
alternative formed the basis of the defendant’s prior conviction.” Id. (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted).
Section 782.04 of the Florida Statutes, as it existed in 2002, defined
first-degree murder as:
[T]he unlawful killing of a human being:
1. When perpetrated from a premeditated design to effect the death of the person killed or any human being;
2. When committed by a person engaged in the perpetration of, or in the attempt to perpetrate, any [of a list of offenses]; or
3. Which resulted from the unlawful distribution of any [of a list of substances] by a person 18 years of age or older, when 5 Case: 19-12963 Date Filed: 04/27/2020 Page: 6 of 7
such drug is proven to be the proximate cause of the death of the user . . . .
Fla. Stat. § 782.04(1)(a) (2002). Alonso argues that we should apply the
categorical approach and hold that she could have been convicted under
§ 782.04(1)(a)(2)—the statute’s “felony murder” provision, see, e.g., State v.
Sturdivant, 94 So. 3d 434, 436 (Fla. 2012)—which she claims is inconsistent with
the term “murder” in § 1182(h) because it does not require the intent to kill.
We disagree. Like the IJ and the BIA below, we believe the modified
categorical approach is appropriate here: Although premeditated and felony
murder reside in the same statute, the crimes of attempted premeditated murder
(codified in Fla. Stat. §§ 782.04 and 777.04) and attempted felony murder
(codified in Fla. Stat. § 782.051) are separate crimes with distinct elements. And
it’s clear, when we apply the modified categorical approach, that Alonso was
charged and convicted of attempted premeditated murder. The Information filed
against Alonso alleged, in Count 1, that she “feloniously attempt[ed] to kill a
human being . . . from a premeditated design”—a count to which Alonso
subsequently pleaded guilty. Under Florida law, the element of “premeditated
design” requires both a specific intent to kill and premeditation. Reaves v. Sec’y,
Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 717 F.3d 886, 889 (11th Cir. 2013) (citing Anderson v. State,
276 So. 2d 17, 18 (Fla. 1973)). The BIA correctly determined, therefore, that
Alonso was ineligible for a waiver of inadmissibility because, using the modified 6 Case: 19-12963 Date Filed: 04/27/2020 Page: 7 of 7
categorical approach, it’s clear that she was charged and convicted of attempted
premeditated murder under Florida law—the elements of which match the BIA’s
generic definition of murder. Accordingly, we deny Alonso’s petition for review
on this ground.
II
Alonso also argues, separately, that it was improper to reject her application
for a waiver of inadmissibility under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h), given that she had
previously been granted a waiver under § 1182(d)(3). Alonso did not present this
claim before the BIA, however, and we therefore lack jurisdiction to consider it.
Sundar v. I.N.S., 328 F.3d 1320, 1323 (11th Cir. 2003). Accordingly, we dismiss
Alonso’s petition for review on this ground.
PETITION DENIED IN PART AND DISMISSED IN PART.