Alexsam, Inc. v. Mastercard International Incorporated

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
• Decided: March 3, 2022
• Docket: 21-1785
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

Case: 21-1785 Document: 44 Page: 1 Filed: 03/03/2022

NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

ALEXSAM, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant

v.

MASTERCARD INTERNATIONAL INCORPORATED, Defendant-Appellee ______________________

2021-1785 ______________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York in No. 1:15-cv-02799-ILG- VMS, Senior Judge Israel Leo Glasser. ______________________

Decided: March 3, 2022 ______________________

HUNTER T CARTER, Arent Fox LLP, New York, NY, ar- gued for plaintiff-appellant. Also represented by JACQUELINE KNAPP BURT, Heninger Garrison Davis, LLC, Atlanta, GA; TIMOTHY C. DAVIS, W. LEE GRESHAM, III, Bir- mingham, AL; JONATHAN ROBERT MILLER, Rozier Hardt McDonough PLLC, Atlanta, GA, STEVEN WHITEFIELD RITCHESON, Insight, Chatsworth, CA.

ELIOT DAMON WILLIAMS, Baker Botts LLP, Palo Alto, Case: 21-1785 Document: 44 Page: 2 Filed: 03/03/2022

CA, argued for defendant-appellee. Also represented by MICHAEL HAWES, Houston, TX; CHRISTOPHER PATRICK, ROBERT C. SCHEINFELD, JENNIFER COZEOLINO TEMPESTA, New York, NY ______________________

Before NEWMAN, LOURIE, and STOLL, Circuit Judges. STOLL, Circuit Judge. In this appeal, we consider MasterCard International Inc.’s charge that AlexSam, Inc. took inconsistent positions before the Patent and Trial Appeal Board, on the one hand, and at the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York, on the other, concerning the implications of a covenant not to sue on standing. The district court found that AlexSam had taken inconsistent positions and thus held it estopped and granted summary judgment dismiss- ing AlexSam’s complaint with prejudice. On appeal, AlexSam argues that the district court abused its discre- tion by crediting AlexSam with a position it never actually took before the Board. We agree. We therefore reverse the district court’s summary judgment and remand for further proceedings. BACKGROUND AlexSam is the owner of U.S. Patent Nos. 6,000,608 and 6,189,787 (the “licensed patents”), both titled “Multi- function Card System.” Generally speaking, the licensed patents are directed to pre-paid cards (like a gift card) that can be used with point-of-sale devices. See ’608 patent, Ab- stract. Back in 2005, AlexSam and MasterCard entered into a non-exclusive license agreement permitting MasterCard “to process and enable others to process” certain licensed transactions, J.A. 200 ¶ 2.1, that are “covered by one of the” licensed patents, id. ¶ 1.3. MasterCard, in exchange, agreed to pay AlexSam royalties for each licensed Case: 21-1785 Document: 44 Page: 3 Filed: 03/03/2022

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transaction and to provide AlexSam with monthly reports itemizing the number of licensed transactions and the cor- responding royalties owed for the relevant time period. J.A. 202–03 ¶¶ 4.1–4.2. A couple of years later, AlexSam contacted Master- Card, complaining that the monthly reports did not ac- count for all of the applicable licensed transactions and, as a result, MasterCard had not paid all the royalties it owed under the license. MasterCard disagreed. In May 2015, AlexSam sued MasterCard in the Eastern District of New York for breach of contract, seeking the allegedly unpaid royalties. MasterCard filed counterclaims seeking (among other things) a declaratory judgment that the licensed pa- tents are invalid and not infringed. AlexSam moved to dismiss MasterCard’s patent-re- lated declaratory judgment counterclaims, arguing that a covenant not to sue contained in the license agreement stripped MasterCard of standing to sue for declaratory re- lief. The covenant recites: Alex[S]am hereby agrees and covenants to not at any time initiate, assert, or bring any claim (in any court, administrative agency, or other tribunal, an- ywhere in the world) against MasterCard, for any claim or alleged liabilities of any kind and nature, at law, in equity, or otherwise, known and un- known, suspected and unsuspected, disclosed and undisclosed, relating to Licensed Transactions arising or occurring before or during the term of this Agreement. J.A. 201 ¶ 2.2. In AlexSam’s view, this covenant prevented AlexSam from suing MasterCard for patent infringement and, ac- cordingly, MasterCard could have no reasonable apprehen- sion of a patent infringement suit. Continuing, AlexSam Case: 21-1785 Document: 44 Page: 4 Filed: 03/03/2022

argued, if there is no threat of infringement suit, there is no justiciable case or controversy and thus no standing. In November 2015, the district court, citing the Su- preme Court’s decision in MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc., 549 U.S. 118 (2007), denied AlexSam’s motion. The court determined that MasterCard’s counterclaims met the requirements to bring claims for declaratory relief under the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201. J.A. 3–4 ¶ 2. It went on to explain, however, that whether declara- tory relief would ultimately be appropriate would “depend, in part, on how the [c]ourt (or a jury) interprets” the par- ties’ license agreement, something the court could not do “as a matter of law in the context of” AlexSam’s motion. Id. A couple of years later, in March 2017, MasterCard pe- titioned for covered business method (CBM) review of the licensed patents. AlexSam opposed institution in its pre- institution patent owner response, arguing that Master- Card lacked standing under 37 C.F.R. § 42.302(a)—a re- quirement for CBM review. In particular, AlexSam asserted that standing was not established under § 43.302(a) because AlexSam had not “sued” or “charged” MasterCard with patent infringement. Section 43.302(a) states: A petitioner may not file with the Office a petition to institute a covered business method patent re- view of the patent unless the petitioner, the peti- tioner’s real party-in-interest, or a privy of the petitioner has been sued for infringement of the pa- tent or has been charged with infringement under that patent. Charged with infringement means a real and substantial controversy regarding in- fringement of a covered business method patent ex- ists such that the petitioner would have standing to bring a declaratory judgment action in Federal court. Case: 21-1785 Document: 44 Page: 5 Filed: 03/03/2022

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Id. 1 (emphases added). As it had argued to the district court, AlexSam argued to the Board that it had not actually sued MasterCard for patent infringement. AlexSam also argued that it had not “charged” MasterCard with patent infringement, asserting that the covenant not to sue pre- vented AlexSam from doing so. The Board requested supplemental briefing on the question of MasterCard’s standing to petition for CBM re- view, specifically regarding the effect of the covenant not to sue. Ultimately, in September 2017, the Board denied in- stitution for both patents, determining that MasterCard did not have CBM standing under § 43.302(a). See Master- card Int’l Inc. v. Alexsam, Inc., No. CBM2017-00041, 2017 WL 4221401 (P.T.A.B. Sept. 21, 2017). 2

1 The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office promul- gated § 42.302(a) in 2012, citing Section 18 of the Leahy–Smith America Invents Act, Pub. L. No. 112–29, 125 Stat. 284, 329 (2011) as authority. See Changes to Im- plement Inter Partes Review Proceedings, Post-Grant Re- view Proceedings, and Transitional Program for Covered Business Method Patents, 77 Fed. Reg. 48,680, 48,727, 48,731 (Aug. 14, 2012). AIA Section 18(a)(1)(B) relates to standing and recites: A person may not file a petition for a transitional proceeding with respect to a covered business method patent unless the person or the person’s real party in interest or privy has been sued for in- fringement of the patent or has been charged with infringement under that patent. 125 Stat. at 330. 2 The Board issued a nearly identical decision deny- ing institution for the ’608 patent. See Mastercard Int’l Inc. v. Alexsam, Inc., No. CBM2017-00042, 2017 WL 4221130 Case: 21-1785 Document: 44 Page: 6 Filed: 03/03/2022

In its decision, the Board began by noting that Master- Card had not actually been sued with patent infringement, and thus focused its inquiry on whether MasterCard had been “charged with infringement” under § 42.302(a). The Board explained that § 42.302(a)’s “charged with infringe- ment” inquiry requires consideration of whether a party has “the ability to seek relief in Federal court” for patent infringement. Id. at *4. Accordingly, the Board considered “case law addressing when a party might have Article III standing to bring a declaratory judgment action,” including the Supreme Court’s decision in MedImmune. Id. Ulti- mately, in determining that MasterCard had not been “charged with infringement” under § 42.302(a), the Board determined that “the broad language of the covenant not to sue provision” in the parties’ license agreement “remove[d] any imminent possibility that [AlexSam] could bring an in- fringement action against [MasterCard].” Id. at *5. In the Board’s view, MasterCard faced no “imminent” threat of in- fringement, and thus had no standing to petition for CBM review under § 42.302(a). In July 2018, MasterCard moved for summary judg- ment in the district court, asserting that AlexSam’s argu- ments to the Board regarding the covenant not to sue and MasterCard’s standing to petition for CBM review judi- cially estopped AlexSam from pursuing its breach of con- tract claim against MasterCard. In MasterCard’s view, because AlexSam argued that the breadth of the covenant not to sue removed any threat of a suit for patent infringe- ment (thus depriving MasterCard of standing to petition for CBM review), AlexSam’s decision to press forward with its breach of contract claim and claim for royalties despite the breadth of the covenant amounted to an inconsistent position warranting judicial estoppel.

(P.T.A.B. Sept. 21, 2017). For brevity, we cite only the de- cision denying institution for the ’787 patent. Case: 21-1785 Document: 44 Page: 7 Filed: 03/03/2022

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The magistrate judge recommended denying Master- Card’s motion for summary judgment. The district court, however, agreed with MasterCard and entered judgment dismissing AlexSam’s complaint with prejudice and dis- missing MasterCard’s patent-related counterclaims with- out prejudice. Alexsam, Inc. v. Mastercard Int’l Inc., 15- CV-2799 (ILG) (SMG), 2020 WL 3286785 (E.D.N.Y. June 17, 2020) (Judgment Op.). AlexSam appeals. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1). DISCUSSION We review the district court’s summary judgment un- der the law of the regional circuit, here the Second Circuit. See Convolve, Inc. v. Compaq Comput. Corp., 812 F.3d 1313, 1317 (Fed. Cir. 2016). The Second Circuit reviews the grant or denial of summary judgment de novo. Ash- more v. CGI Grp., Inc., 923 F.3d 260, 271 (2d Cir. 2019). We also apply regional circuit law to questions of judicial estoppel. Egenera, Inc. v. Cisco Sys., Inc., 972 F.3d 1367, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2020). The Second Circuit reviews a “dis- trict court’s decision to invoke judicial estoppel . . . for abuse of discretion.” Ashmore, 923 F.3d at 271. “While def- erential, abuse of discretion review is not a rubber stamp. A district court may not do inequity in the name of equity.” Id. (quoting Clark v. All Acquisition, LLC, 886 F.3d 261, 266 (2d Cir. 2018)). In addition, a district court’s decision to invoke judicial estoppel is an abuse of discretion when it rests on an error of law or clearly erroneous factual find- ings. See, e.g., id. at 277, 283. The Supreme Court in New Hampshire v. Maine out- lined several factors that “typically inform the decision whether to apply” judicial estoppel. 532 U.S. 742, 750 (2001). The Second Circuit has adopted the so-called New Hampshire factors, explaining that “[j]udicial estoppel is properly invoked where: (1) a party’s later position is clearly inconsistent with its earlier position, and (2) the Case: 21-1785 Document: 44 Page: 8 Filed: 03/03/2022

party’s former position has been adopted in some way by the court in an earlier proceeding.” Ashmore, 923 F.3d at 272 (citing New Hampshire, 532 U.S. at 750–51). The Second Circuit also “often, but not always, require[s] a showing that the party asserting the two inconsistent posi- tions would derive an unfair advantage against the party seeking estoppel.” Id. (citing New Hampshire, 532 U.S. at 751). On appeal, AlexSam argues that the district court abused its discretion by invoking judicial estoppel. At its core, AlexSam’s argument is that its position has been con- sistent throughout: the covenant not to sue precludes AlexSam from suing MasterCard for patent infringement, thus depriving MasterCard of standing to petition for CBM review and to bring declaratory judgment counterclaims of patent noninfringement and invalidity. At the same time, AlexSam contends that the covenant not to sue does not preclude it from suing for breach of contract and seeking royalties for the breach. We agree that AlexSam’s argu- ments have been consistent. The district court’s contrary finding—crediting AlexSam with a position that it never actually took before either the Board or district court—is clearly erroneous, and therefore its decision to invoke judi- cial estoppel was an abuse of discretion. In its decision, the district court stated: “When Alex[S]am argued before the [Board] that the covenant not to sue eliminates MasterCard’s standing for declaratory re- lief, it also necessarily took the position that the same cov- enant prohibits a claim for royalties under the license agreement.” Judgment Op., 2020 WL 3286785, at *5 (em- phasis added). This conclusion is wholly inconsistent with the record. In response to the Board’s request for supplemental briefing on the effect of the covenant, MasterCard (who filed its brief first) argued that AlexSam’s decision to sue for breach of contract voided the covenant not to sue. Case: 21-1785 Document: 44 Page: 9 Filed: 03/03/2022

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According to MasterCard, this was so because the covenant was broad enough to bar AlexSam for suing for any claim relating to the licensed transactions arising out of the par- ties’ agreement, including a breach of contract claim. J.A. 1485–86. AlexSam pushed back on this in its respon- sive supplemental brief. Specifically, AlexSam argued that the covenant prevented AlexSam from suing for patent in- fringement (and only patent infringement), stating: “On the one hand, the [covenant] was included to provide [Mas- terCard] with assurance that it would not be sued for pa- tent infringement. On the other hand, [AlexSam] intended to enter into a [l]icense [a]greement and have the ability to enforce its terms.” J.A. 1502. Thus, AlexSam argued, the covenant was “further evidence” that AlexSam could not sue MasterCard for patent infringement. J.A. 1500; see also J.A. 1503 (“The [covenant not to sue] further clarifies that [AlexSam] cannot sue [MasterCard] for patent in- fringement.”). None of this supports the district court’s conclusion that AlexSam “necessarily took” the position that the covenant prohibits a claim for royalties under the license agreement. AlexSam argued only that the covenant barred it from suing MasterCard for patent infringement. In defense of the district court’s conclusion, Master- Card repeatedly quotes (without context) a single sentence from AlexSam’s supplemental briefing before the Board. According to Mastercard, this single sentence shows that AlexSam argued that the covenant was broad enough to bar it from suing for royalties. E.g., Appellee’s Br. 13, 16, 24–28, 35. The sentence is not limited to “infringement” and states: “The [covenant] is also sufficient to moot a claim for declaratory relief.” J.A. 1501 (citing Already, LLC v. Nike, Inc., 568 U.S. 85, 93 (2013)). This sentence comes from a section of AlexSam’s supplemental brief di- rectly responding to what it characterized as MasterCard’s “misleading” arguments. MasterCard argues that this statement, in combination with the Supreme Court’s deci- sions in MedImmune and Already, shows AlexSam should Case: 21-1785 Document: 44 Page: 10 Filed: 03/03/2022

be judicially estopped from pursuing its breach of contract claim because it was taking inconsistent positions. Specifically, relying on MedImmune, MasterCard ar- gues that it has declaratory judgment standing to chal- lenge the licensed patents (either in district court or by petitioning for CBM review), Appellee’s Br. 23–24, and that AlexSam can defeat that standing only by “moot[ing]” Mas- terCard’s declaratory claim, id. at 25–26. According to MasterCard, AlexSam attempted to do just that, likening the covenant not to sue in the license agreement to the cov- enant at issue in Already. As MasterCard put it: “Alex[S]am’s PTAB argument presented a broad, uncondi- tional and irrevocable covenant not to sue – as was the case in Already – broad enough to prohibit Alex[S]am from bringing any claim or making any demand against Mas- ter[C]ard related to its IP, i.e., for disputed patent royal- ties.” Id. at 26. MasterCard argues that because it would have declaratory judgment standing under MedImmune in the absence of AlexSam’s assertion that the covenant was broad enough under Already to “moot a claim for declara- tory relief,” J.A. 1501, AlexSam’s assertion amounted to taking a position that would estop it from pursuing its roy- alty claims. See id. at 35 (“[B]y arguing that the . . . cove- nant was ‘sufficient to moot a claim for declaratory relief,’ Alex[S]am could not collect disputed royalties.”) The problem with MasterCard’s argument is that it reads too much into a single sentence, stripping it of any context. Here’s that same sentence in context: The payment of royalties is Petitioner’s obligation under the License Agreement – not a condition of the [covenant]. Petitioner’s intentional, and admit- ted, refusal to pay royalties it owes supports a claim for breach, not patent infringement. Fur- ther, the [covenant] provides no explicit means for its revocation. The [covenant] also is sufficient to moot a claim for declaratory relief. . . . The facts do Case: 21-1785 Document: 44 Page: 11 Filed: 03/03/2022

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not support the conclusion that the [covenant] was, or could be, revoked by the filing of Patent Owner’s breach of contract claim. Finally, Petitioner con- tends that the [covenant] is both “not uncondi- tional” and “void and not irrevocable.” Petitioner provides no evidence or support for its position that the parties intended the [covenant] to be condi- tional or revocable. Petitioner simply lacks stand- ing and its attempts to manufacture it are wrong. Petitioner has not been sued for infringement and the [covenant] is further evidence that Patent Owner cannot sue Petitioner, who is a licensee, for infringement. J.A. 1501–02 (citation omitted) (emphasis altered). Read- ing this sentence in context, it is abundantly clear that AlexSam was continuing to argue only that the covenant precluded a claim for patent infringement, a position which the Board adopted and which AlexSam maintained in dis- trict court. AlexSam did not argue that the covenant also precluded its breach of contract claim. The district court’s finding to the contrary was clearly erroneous. As such, the district court’s conclusion that AlexSam “necessarily took” an inconsistent position was clearly er- roneous in view of the record, and accordingly its invoca- tion of judicial estoppel was an abuse of discretion. 3

3 To be sure, the district court may be entirely cor- rect that the broadly worded covenant not to sue “prohibits a claim for royalties under the license agreement.” Judg- ment Op., 2020 WL 3286785, at *5. But that question—one which requires contract interpretation under the applica- ble law—is not before us. Indeed, the district court has not had briefing or the opportunity to consider this unresolved question but can do so on remand. All we decide today is that the district court erred in crediting AlexSam with a Case: 21-1785 Document: 44 Page: 12 Filed: 03/03/2022

CONCLUSION We have considered the parties’ remaining arguments and find them unpersuasive. 4 For the above reasons, we agree with AlexSam that the district court abused its dis- cretion by invoking judicial estoppel based on an erroneous fact finding unsupported by the record. We therefore re- verse the district court’s summary judgment and remand for further proceedings. REVERSED AND REMANDED

position it never took, thus abusing its discretion in invok- ing judicial estoppel. 4 We specifically note that AlexSam argues on ap- peal that it was improper for the district court to construe the claims of the licensed patents prior to determining whether MasterCard breached the terms of the license agreement. We disagree. The license specifically defines licensed transactions as those “covered” by one of the li- censed patents. J.A. 200 ¶ 1.3. The district court correctly determined that claim construction was a necessary pre- requisite for determining whether any alleged transaction was a licensed transaction for which MasterCard owed roy- alties. We are not, however, reviewing the legal question of claim construction, which may affect the amount of roy- alties MasterCard owes as well as the validity of the li- censed patents. Because this appeal is focused on the threshold issue of whether AlexSam can bring its suit in the first instance, the question of claim construction is not subject to interlocutory review.