Alexis W. Rivera Lopez and Maria A. Benero Martin v. Doral Bank, et al.

• Court: United States Bankruptcy Court, D. Puerto Rico
• Decided: October 22, 2013
• Docket: 12-00318
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO 2 3 IN RE : 4 : CASE NO. 11-07081 (MCF) ALEXIS W. RIVERA LOPEZ : 5 MARIA A. BENERO MARTIN : CHAPTER 7 : 6 Debtors : __________________________________________: 7 : ALEXIS W. RIVERA LOPEZ : ADVERSARY NO. 12-00318 (MCF) 8 MARIA A. BENERO MARTIN : : 9 Plaintiffs : : 10 vs. : : 11 DORAL BANK, et al. : : 12 Defendants : : 13 __________________________________________:

14 OPINION AND ORDER 15 Plaintiffs Alexis W. Rivera Lopez and Maria A. Benero 16 17 Martin seek a partial judgment as to whether the Defendant Doral 18 Bank willfully violated the automatic stay and the Chapter 7 19 discharge injunction. Doral Bank has not opposed the Motion for 20 Partial Summary Judgment, after being granted several extensions 21 to do so. The matter is ripe for determination. 22 23 I. UNCONTESTED MATERIAL FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 24 The relevant undisputed facts in this case are as follows: 25 1. On August 23, 2011, Debtors Alexis W. Rivera Lopez and 26 Maria A. Benero Martin (hereafter referred to as "Debtors") each 27 filed a separate voluntary petition under Chapter 7. 28 1 1 2. In each bankruptcy case, the Clerk issued a Notice of 2 the filing of the Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Case, Meeting of 3 Creditors and Deadlines which stated the following: 4 Creditors May Not Take Certain Actions: 5 6 In most instances, the filing of the bankruptcy case automatically stays certain collection and 7 other actions against the debtor and the debtor's property. Under certain circumstances, the stay 8 may be limited to 30 days or not exist at all, 9 although the debtor can request the court to extend or impose a stay. If you attempt to collect 10 a debt or take other action in violation of the Bankruptcy Code, you may be penalized. Consult a 11 lawyer to determine your rights in this case. 12 3. The Bankruptcy Noticing Center sent the aforementioned 13 notices by first class mail to creditors listed in the Master 14 15 Address Lists in each of the cases on August 24, 2011. 16 4. Both Debtors included Doral Bank (hereinafter referred 17 to as “Doral”) in their respective Master Address Lists. 18 5. In their Schedules, Doral is listed as holding a 19 secured claim for $128,043.92, accrued on account of a mortgage 20 21 note secured by a mortgage deed over Debtors’ real property. 22 6. Subsequently, both petitions were consolidated into the 23 lead bankruptcy case. 24 7. Doral’s legal representative filed a Notice of 25 Appearance and Request for Notice on December 12, 2011. 26 27 8. On March 20, 2012, the court entered discharge of 28 Debtors. 2 1 9. On March 22, 2012, the Bankruptcy Noticing Center 2 notified the discharge order to Doral and other creditors. 3 10. During the months of March and April 2012, Doral or 4 its authorized collection agency made more than two dozen 5 6 telephone calls to Debtors asking for the payment of the debt 7 concerning their claim. 8 11. After the discharge order, Doral filed a complaint 9 against Debtors before the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Court of 10 First Instance, Guayama Part. 11 12 12. The complaint sought two legal remedies against 13 Debtors: 1) a collection of money and 2) foreclosure of 14 mortgage. 15 13. Subsequently, on November 3, 2012, Doral executed an 16 informative motion and requested a stay of local court 17 18 proceedings because the Debtors had moved to reopen the 19 bankruptcy case. 20 II. DISCUSSION 21 The court may grant partial summary judgment if the motion 22 and the supporting materials including the undisputed facts show 23 24 that the movant is entitled to it, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 25 56, as made applicable to these proceedings by virtue of Fed. R. 26 27 28 3 1 Bankr. P. 7056.1 2 Two of the fundamental protections afforded a debtor under 3 the bankruptcy system are the automatic stay and the discharge 4 injunction. In re Gagliardi, 290 B.R. 808 (Bankr. D. Colo. 5 6 2003)(The automatic stay has been called “one of the fundamental 7 protections that the Bankruptcy Code affords to debtors); Acosta 8 v. Reparto Saman, Inc. (In re Acosta), 464 B.R. 86, 96 (Bankr. 9 D.P.R. 2011)(The discharge is one of the fundamental in rem 10 functions of the bankruptcy courts). 11 12 The automatic stay allows the debtor a “breathing spell” 13 from collection efforts by its creditors while in bankruptcy and 14 the discharge allows a financial “fresh start” as a result of 15 the bankruptcy process. Soares v. Brockton Credit Union (In re 16 Soares), 107 F.3d 969, 975 (1st Cir. 1997); Laboy v. Firstbank P.R. 17 18 (In re Laboy), Adv. No. 09-00047 (ESL), 2010 Bankr. LEXIS 345 19 (Bankr. D.P.R. Feb. 2, 2010); In re Latanowich, 207 B.R. 326, 20 334 (Bankr. D. Mass. 1997). 21 The filing of a bankruptcy petition triggers an automatic 22 stay of “the commencement or continuation, including the 23 24 issuance or employment of process, of a judicial, 25

26 1 Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “Bankruptcy Code,” “section,” and “§” refer to Title 11 of the United States Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101 et 27 seq., as amended by the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (“BAPCPA”). All references to “Bankruptcy Rule” are to the 28 Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, and all references to “Rule” are to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 4 1 administrative, or other action or proceeding against the 2 debtor.” 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(1). Along with halting lawsuits 3 against a debtor, the automatic stay prevents creditors from 4 collecting prepetition obligations of the debtors through 5 6 telephone calls and dunning letters. 11 U.S.C. § 362(a); 7 Colorado E. Bank & Trust v. McCarthy (In re McCarthy), 421 B.R. 8 550, 564 (Bankr. D. Colo. 2009); Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. 9 Sommer, 3 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 362.03(8)(a)(16th ed. 2013). 10 The automatic stay therefore provides a debtor with some 11 12 breathing room from creditors’ demands. Baker v. Somerville Mun. 13 Fed. Credit Union (In re Baker), 2006 Bankr. LEXIS 3183 (Bankr. 14 D. Mass. 2006)(some breathing space is granted so that, among 15 other things, he may exempt certain assets to utilize his “fresh 16 start.”). 17 18 An individual injured by a willful violation of an 19 automatic stay shall recover actual damages, including costs and 20 attorneys’ fees, and may recover punitive damages in appropriate 21 circumstances. 11 U.S.C. § 362(k); In re Seaton, 462 B.R. 582 22 (Bankr. E. D. Va. 2011). 23 24 Debtors contend that Doral violated the automatic stay when 25 it appeared and actively sought legal remedies in the bankruptcy 26 case. In particular, Debtors allege that the mere filing of a 27 Notice of Appearance and Request for Notice through its legal 28 5 1 counsel in Debtors’ consolidated bankruptcy cases, constitutes a 2 willful act in violation of the stay. 3 The court holds that Doral did not incur in a willful 4 violation of the automatic stay by the mere filing of an 5 6 appearance and requesting to be notified of the bankruptcy 7 proceedings. Although the automatic stay was in effect and 8 Doral knew of this fact because it made an appearance in the 9 bankruptcy case, such conduct is not proscribed by the 10 Bankruptcy Code to constitute a violation of the stay. 11 12 The automatic stay prohibits acts that are against the 13 debtor, against the property of the estate and against debtor’s 14 property. For instance, Section 362(a)(1) expressly bars 15 “actions or proceedings against the debtor.” Section 16 362(a)(2)prevents “enforcement against the debtor or against 17 18 property of the estate” and Section 362(a)(5) disallows “any act 19 to create, perfect, or enforce against property of the debtor.” 20 Doral’s Notice of Appearance and Request for Notice is not an 21 act against the debtor, against property of the debtor or 22 against the estate, but merely informative. 23 24 The court finds the case of Knowles v. Bayview Loan 25 Servicing LLC (In re Knowles), 442 B.R. 150 (B.A.P. 1st Cir. 26 2011) instructive for the legal determination that Doral did not 27 violate the stay by filing a court appearance. In Knowles, the 28 6 1 debtor accused the creditor of violating the automatic stay when 2 it filed a proof of claim. The appellate court rejected 3 debtor’s accusation because it is an act that is authorized by 4 the Bankruptcy Code. By analogy, Doral’s act to notify the 5 6 legal counsel that would be handling its bankruptcy case is 7 sanctioned by local practice and not one that violates the 8 automatic stay. In fact, the D.P.R.Civ.R. 83D(A) requires “an 9 attorney who wishes to participate in any manner in an action 10 must file a formal written appearance.” Accordingly, the Court 11 12 denies Debtors’ request for partial summary judgment on the 13 grounds of violation of the automatic stay by the mere filing of 14 a Notice of Appearance and Request for Notice. 15 Debtors also contend that Doral committed a willful 16 violation of the stay when Doral, through its employees or 17 18 authorized collection agency, made more than two dozen telephone 19 calls to them during a period of two months, March and April 20 2012. 21 This fact is substantiated and uncontested by the 22 unanswered request for admissions served upon Doral by the 23 24 Debtors in accordance with Fed. R. Civ. P. 36, made applicable 25 through Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7036. A party that is served a 26 request for admission and fails to respond to the request is 27 deemed to have admitted the request. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7036(a). 28 7 1 The Statement of Uncontested Facts may cite admissions to 2 support factual assertion. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A). A party 3 opposing a motion for summary judgment must submit a counter- 4 statement, which “shall admit, deny or qualify the facts by 5 6 reference to each numbered paragraph of the moving party's 7 statement of material facts and unless a fact is admitted, shall 8 support each denial or qualification by a record citation.” 9 D.P.R.Civ.R. 56(c). P.R. Am. Ins. Co. v. Rivera-Vazquez, 603 F.3d 10 125 (1st Cir. 2010). By failing to answer the request for 11 12 admissions and opposing the motion for summary judgment, Doral 13 admitted that “during a period of two months, March and April 14 2012, Doral, or an authorized collection agency working for the 15 benefit of Doral, made more than two dozens of phone calls to 16 Debtor asking for the payment of the debt concerning this 17 18 action.”2 19 Any telephone calls made by Doral to Debtors after March 20 20, 2012 would not constitute a violation of the stay because 21 the stay was in place from August 23, 2011 to March 20, 2012. 22 The automatic stay commences upon the filing of a petition for 23 24 bankruptcy relief and remains in effect for an act against 25 property of the estate until such property is no longer property 26 of the estate or for any other act until the earliest of the 27 2 Docket No. 30, Debtors’ Separate Statement of Uncontested Facts, 28 Pursuant to District Court Local Rule 56(b) in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment, Exhibits 3 and 4. 8 1 time the case is closed, the time the case is dismissed, or a 2 discharge is granted or denied. 11 U.S.C. § 362(a),(c)(1)-(2). 3 See also In re Rodriguez Camacho v. Doral Fin. Corp. (In re 4 Rodriguez Camacho, 361 B.R. 294, 299 (B.A.P. 1st Cir. 2007). The 5 6 automatic stay began on August 23, 2011, when the petitions were 7 filed and ended on March 20, 2012, when the discharge order was 8 entered. By the same token, any telephone calls made by Doral 9 to Debtors demanding payment from March 1, 2012 to March 19, 10 2012 would constitute a violation of the automatic stay. Due to 11 12 the fact that the request for admission is unclear as to the 13 exact dates that Doral contacted Debtors requesting payment, we 14 are unable to grant partial summary judgment on the issue of 15 violation of the automatic stay. Debtors will have to establish 16 these facts at trial. 17 18 The next issue we need to examine is whether there was a 19 violation of the discharge order. Debtor argues that Doral filed 20 a collection of money and foreclosure action against Debtors 21 before the local court, after the entry of the discharge order. 22 The complaint demanded payment from the Debtors regarding the 23 24 pre-petition obligations Debtors owed Doral stemming from the 25 mortgage note executed by Debtors on March 4, 2003. 26 Section 524(a) protects the debtor from a subsequent suit 27 in a state court, or any other act to collect, by a creditor 28 9 1 whose claim had been discharged. Allan N. Resnick and Henry J. 2 Sommes, 4 Collier on Bankruptcy, ¶ 524.02 (16th Ed. 2013). The 3 discharge commences upon the entry of the order. See 11 U.S.C. 4 §727(b); Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4004(c)(1). The effects of the 5 6 discharge are specified in Section 524, which states in 7 pertinent part: 8 (a) A discharge in a case under this title-- 9 (1) voids any judgment at any time obtained, to the extent that such judgment is a 10 determination of the personal liability of the debtor with respect to any debt discharged under 11 section 727, 944, 1141, 1228, or 1328 of this 12 title, whether or not discharge of such debt is waived; 13 (2) operates as an injunction against the commencement or continuation of an action, the 14 employment of process, or an act, to collect, 15 recover or offset any such debt as a personal liability of the debtor, whether or not discharge 16 of such debt is waived;

17 11 U.S.C. § 524(a)(1) & (2). 18 If a creditor whose prepetition credit is subject to a 19 bankruptcy discharge incurs in post-discharge efforts to collect 20 21 on its claim, it will be liable for violation of the discharge 22 injunction under § 524. 23 Section 524(a) does not constitute a blanket prohibition 24 against all actions undertaken by creditors after the entry of 25 discharge. Hence, it is important to ascertain which enforcement 26 27 rights are retained and which ones are prohibited by the secured 28 creditor as a result of the entry of the discharge injunction. 10 1 “Actions to collect against the debtor personally are enjoined. 2 To pursue such in personam action against a debtor will 3 constitute a violation of the discharge injunction under Section 4 542(a)(2). In contrast, an action to enforce a lien against the 5 6 encumbered property is an action in rem. Such in rem actions are 7 not prohibited by a discharge. Once there is a discharge 8 injunction in place, even after the foreclosure sale, there will 9 be no recourse available against the debtor for any deficiency. 10 3 Norton Bankr. L. & Prac. ¶ 58:4 (3d. ed. 2013)(hereinafter 11 12 “Norton”). See also In re Smiley, 26 B.R. 680, 684 (Bankr. D. 13 Kan. 1982)(Section 524(a)(2) does not preclude creditors holding 14 unavoided liens from exercising their in rem rights post 15 discharge); In re Cassi, 24 B.R. 619, 626 (Bankr. N.D. Ind. 16 1982)(a valid, pre-filed lien that is not otherwise avoided 17 18 during the bankruptcy proceedings is not extinguished by the 19 discharge and remains enforceable in rem). 20 In this case, the order of discharge was entered on March 21 20, 2012, and notified to Doral on March 22, 2012. 22 Subsequently, on June 7, 2012, Doral filed the complaint for 23 24 collection of money against the Debtors and foreclosure of the 25 Debtors’ real property. The action to foreclose on the real 26 property is not barred by the discharge order because Doral’s 27 secured claim is not discharged. Therefore, it is free to 28 11 1 enforce its in rem remedies against Debtor’s real property after 2 the entry of the discharge injunction. 3 After the entry of the discharge order in the legal case, 4 Doral still had a valid mortgage lien on debtors’ real property. 5 6 Doral had every right to pursue a foreclosure action against the 7 real property. However, Doral did not limit its complaint to 8 foreclose on the real property. Doral also demanded payment 9 from the Debtors. The action for collection of money against 10 the Debtors constitutes an in personam action of a prepetition 11 12 debt subject to a discharge injunction and therefore violates 13 the discharge, pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 524(a)(2). The court 14 holds that Debtors are entitled to partial summary judgment on 15 the grounds that Doral violated the discharge when it filed a 16 complaint demanding payment on a prepetition debt from the 17 18 discharged Debtors but not as to its request for foreclosure of 19 the real property. 20 As to Doral’s demand for payment through telephone calls 21 during March and April 2012, there is a violation of a discharge 22 injunction for those calls made after March 20, 2012, the date 23 24 of the order of discharge entered by the court, but not for the 25 calls made before that date. As stated earlier, since the 26 request for admissions are unclear, the motion for partial 27 summary judgment is denied as to violation of discharge based on 28 12 1 telephone calls. Debtor will have to prove this point at trial. 2 ORDER 3 For the reasons expressed above, Plaintiffs’ Motion for 4 Partial Summary Judgment is denied in part and granted in part. 5 6 As to the allegations for violation of the automatic stay for 7 filing the Notice of Appearance and Request for Notice, it is 8 denied. Regarding the contention that Doral violated the order 9 of discharge by filing an in personam collection action, it is 10 granted. As to the allegation for violation of the discharge 11 12 order because Doral filed a foreclosure action, it is denied. 13 The Court shall schedule a trial on the matter of whether 14 the telephone calls made by Doral to Debtors were in violation 15 of the automatic stay and/or the discharge injunction and as the 16 issue of damages concerning violation of the discharge for 17 18 filing a collection complaint and any possible telephone calls 19 that were in violation of the automatic stay and/or the 20 discharge. 21 A joint pretrial is set for January 15, 2014, at 9:00 A.M. 22 and the parties are ordered to file a joint pretrial report 23 24 seven (7) days before the hearing. 25 26 27 28 13 1 In San Juan, Puerto Rico, this day of October, 2013. 2 ; ict ch Catan 4 Mildred Caban Flores 5 U. S. Bankruptcy Judge 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 14