Mr. Justice Miller
delivered the opinion of the court.
Orlando Fairfax, a resident of the city of Alexandria, Va., previous to the outbreak of the late civil war, was the owner of about |8,700 of the obligations of said city, which were in the form of bonds; not negotiable ón their face, bearing interest at the rate of six per cent per annum, payable semiannually, and having several years to run, and transferable on the books of the corporation. These obligations were calléd stock of the city of Alexandria.- At the beginning .of the war, Fairfax left Alexandria, and'joined the Confederates, at the city of. Richmond, and did not return until the war was over.
During his absence, proceedings were instituted to confiscate this stock, and prosecuted to a decree .and sale.- The marshal made a transfer of it to the purchaser, who received the interest regularly until Fairfax commenced the present suit against the city to recover the-interest so paid,:and establish his right to the stock.
The Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia rendered judgment in his favor, and the city.sued out this writ of error.
The single question which we shall consider is, whether there was such a' séizure of this stocky or of Fairfax’s interest in the debt which the city owed' him, as gave to the,District' Court of the United-States jurisdiction to confiscate and sell it .under the act of Congress cm that subject,
All that was done in the way of- seizure appears in the following paper issued by the district attorney of the United States to the marshal of the district, and the marshal’s return, indorsed on it: — '
“ Office U. S. District, Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia,
“Alexandria, Va., Eeb. 22, 1884.
“'To the Marshal of the United States for the Eastern District of Virginia^
“In compliance with general.instructions, issued by the Attorney-General, under the act .of July 17, 1862, entitled ‘An Act to- suppress insurrection, to punish treason .and rebellion,-to seize and confiscate the property of rebels, and for other purposes.’
“I ’have' to' direct that you seize all the right, title, and interest of Dr; Orlando Fairfax, in and to eighty-seven shares of the stock of the corporation of Alexandria, in the eastern district of Virginia,' together with all the moneys due him, and becoming due from, the said corporation, for dividends upon said stock, together with all the improvements, buildings, rights, privileges, appurtenances, and other hereditaments to the, same belonging, or in any wise appertaining, and all right, title,, interest,-and estate of Dr. Orlando Fairfax therein, as proceedings are to be instituted to secure the confiscation of the same to the use of the.United States, under the above-entitled act.
“ You will report the seizure to me when the same-shall have been made. ' .
“ L. H. Chandler,
If. S. District Attorney.
(Indorsed as follows :) “No. 88. Order of seizure. Dr. Orlando Fairfax.”
“ United States Marshal’s Office,
“Alexandria, Va., Feb. 23,1864.
.“ I certify that I have seized the within-described property, and given notice ■ to It. Johnson, Esq., auditor of the corporation of-Alexandria, as 'within directed.
“ John Underwood,
If. S. Marshal
"Filed Feb. 24, 1864.”
In the present suit, it is among the facts agreed to by both parties, and signed by their counsel as part of the record, that these bonds or certificates of stock were carried by Fairfax to Richmond, and remained in his personal possession during the war. It is, therefore, clear that the marshal made no manual seizure of them, and did not mean to say so by his .return, unless he intended to make a false return. It is a fair and reasonable inference from the return and .the agreed facts in this cáse, that what he actually did to constitute a seizure, and what he understood to constitute the seizure of this stock, was “ notice to R. Johnson, auditor of the corporation of Alexandria.” The words “ as within directed ” turn bur attention to the order of the district attorney, under which the marshal acted. It will be there seen that he was directed to seize the interest of Fair-fax in ■ eighty-seven shares of the stock of the corporation of Alexandria, with all the moneys due him and becoming due on said stock, together with all improvements, buildings, &c-., to the same belonging. If any buildings were seized as u part of-the within-described property,” in the language of the marshal’s return, nothing has ever been heard of' it since. The order was, in legal effect, to attach the interest of Fairfax, in this stock.
We are of opinion that
Miller
v.
United States,
11 Wall. 268, and
Tyler
v.
Defrees,
id. 331, establish the proposition that a valid seizure or attachment of this stock, or his- interest in it, under the order of the district attorney, is a sufficient seizure to' give the court jurisdiction, provided the order and the marshal’s action under it are returned into court as the foundation for proceedings under the libel. But no more can be claimed for what was done as a seizure, or intended as a seizure, than if the order had been a writ under the seal of the court.
We are compelled, then, to inquire whether the simple statement- of the marshal, that he had given notice to R. Johnson, auditor, of the city, was a sufficient seizure, in face of .the conceded fact that he had made no actual or manual seizure of any thing, to give jurisdiction. In determining what it was of which Johnson had notice, it is perhaps fair to infer that the marshal read to him the paper issued by the district attorney. He then had notice that the United States govern
ment was aware of the existence of the stock or bonds which Fairfax owned; in other words, that the city was indebted to Fairfax, and that proceedings were in this mariner initiated for the confiscation of that indebtedness. There can be no doubt that the statute authorized the confiscation of the credits of one who came within its provisions. We have as little doubt that these stocks were credits within its meaning. It is clear that there was a mode of reaching’ them under the act of Congress, notwithstanding the evidences of Fairfax’s right to them were in his pocket, and beyond the reach of the piocess of the court: If the debt due him had- been by an individual, there would have been no difficulty in serving.such a process or notice on the debtor as would' have subjected him to the orders of the court in regard to it. If Johnson, as an individual, had owed the debt to Fairfax, it is- probable that the notice served on hirii would have been sufficient.
But an incorporated city is not an individual, and service of notice or process on one of its citizens is not service on it.
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Mr. Justice Miller
delivered the opinion of the court.
Orlando Fairfax, a resident of the city of Alexandria, Va., previous to the outbreak of the late civil war, was the owner of about |8,700 of the obligations of said city, which were in the form of bonds; not negotiable ón their face, bearing interest at the rate of six per cent per annum, payable semiannually, and having several years to run, and transferable on the books of the corporation. These obligations were calléd stock of the city of Alexandria.- At the beginning .of the war, Fairfax left Alexandria, and'joined the Confederates, at the city of. Richmond, and did not return until the war was over.
During his absence, proceedings were instituted to confiscate this stock, and prosecuted to a decree .and sale.- The marshal made a transfer of it to the purchaser, who received the interest regularly until Fairfax commenced the present suit against the city to recover the-interest so paid,:and establish his right to the stock.
The Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia rendered judgment in his favor, and the city.sued out this writ of error.
The single question which we shall consider is, whether there was such a' séizure of this stocky or of Fairfax’s interest in the debt which the city owed' him, as gave to the,District' Court of the United-States jurisdiction to confiscate and sell it .under the act of Congress cm that subject,
All that was done in the way of- seizure appears in the following paper issued by the district attorney of the United States to the marshal of the district, and the marshal’s return, indorsed on it: — '
“ Office U. S. District, Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia,
“Alexandria, Va., Eeb. 22, 1884.
“'To the Marshal of the United States for the Eastern District of Virginia^
“In compliance with general.instructions, issued by the Attorney-General, under the act .of July 17, 1862, entitled ‘An Act to- suppress insurrection, to punish treason .and rebellion,-to seize and confiscate the property of rebels, and for other purposes.’
“I ’have' to' direct that you seize all the right, title, and interest of Dr; Orlando Fairfax, in and to eighty-seven shares of the stock of the corporation of Alexandria, in the eastern district of Virginia,' together with all the moneys due him, and becoming due from, the said corporation, for dividends upon said stock, together with all the improvements, buildings, rights, privileges, appurtenances, and other hereditaments to the, same belonging, or in any wise appertaining, and all right, title,, interest,-and estate of Dr. Orlando Fairfax therein, as proceedings are to be instituted to secure the confiscation of the same to the use of the.United States, under the above-entitled act.
“ You will report the seizure to me when the same-shall have been made. ' .
“ L. H. Chandler,
If. S. District Attorney.
(Indorsed as follows :) “No. 88. Order of seizure. Dr. Orlando Fairfax.”
“ United States Marshal’s Office,
“Alexandria, Va., Feb. 23,1864.
.“ I certify that I have seized the within-described property, and given notice ■ to It. Johnson, Esq., auditor of the corporation of-Alexandria, as 'within directed.
“ John Underwood,
If. S. Marshal
"Filed Feb. 24, 1864.”
In the present suit, it is among the facts agreed to by both parties, and signed by their counsel as part of the record, that these bonds or certificates of stock were carried by Fairfax to Richmond, and remained in his personal possession during the war. It is, therefore, clear that the marshal made no manual seizure of them, and did not mean to say so by his .return, unless he intended to make a false return. It is a fair and reasonable inference from the return and .the agreed facts in this cáse, that what he actually did to constitute a seizure, and what he understood to constitute the seizure of this stock, was “ notice to R. Johnson, auditor of the corporation of Alexandria.” The words “ as within directed ” turn bur attention to the order of the district attorney, under which the marshal acted. It will be there seen that he was directed to seize the interest of Fair-fax in ■ eighty-seven shares of the stock of the corporation of Alexandria, with all the moneys due him and becoming due on said stock, together with all improvements, buildings, &c-., to the same belonging. If any buildings were seized as u part of-the within-described property,” in the language of the marshal’s return, nothing has ever been heard of' it since. The order was, in legal effect, to attach the interest of Fairfax, in this stock.
We are of opinion that
Miller
v.
United States,
11 Wall. 268, and
Tyler
v.
Defrees,
id. 331, establish the proposition that a valid seizure or attachment of this stock, or his- interest in it, under the order of the district attorney, is a sufficient seizure to' give the court jurisdiction, provided the order and the marshal’s action under it are returned into court as the foundation for proceedings under the libel. But no more can be claimed for what was done as a seizure, or intended as a seizure, than if the order had been a writ under the seal of the court.
We are compelled, then, to inquire whether the simple statement- of the marshal, that he had given notice to R. Johnson, auditor, of the city, was a sufficient seizure, in face of .the conceded fact that he had made no actual or manual seizure of any thing, to give jurisdiction. In determining what it was of which Johnson had notice, it is perhaps fair to infer that the marshal read to him the paper issued by the district attorney. He then had notice that the United States govern
ment was aware of the existence of the stock or bonds which Fairfax owned; in other words, that the city was indebted to Fairfax, and that proceedings were in this mariner initiated for the confiscation of that indebtedness. There can be no doubt that the statute authorized the confiscation of the credits of one who came within its provisions. We have as little doubt that these stocks were credits within its meaning. It is clear that there was a mode of reaching’ them under the act of Congress, notwithstanding the evidences of Fairfax’s right to them were in his pocket, and beyond the reach of the piocess of the court: If the debt due him had- been by an individual, there would have been no difficulty in serving.such a process or notice on the debtor as would' have subjected him to the orders of the court in regard to it. If Johnson, as an individual, had owed the debt to Fairfax, it is- probable that the notice served on hirii would have been sufficient.
But an incorporated city is not an individual, and service of notice or process on one of its citizens is not service on it. It has its officers, who speak and act for it by authority of law; and some one of these officers, either by an express statutory provision, or by the nature of their functions, is the proper person on whom all notices and processes necessary to bind it by judicial proceedings must be served.
It would seem to be reasonable that in proceedings
in rein
to confiscate property in the absence of its owner, where the seizure of it is a
sine qua non
to the jurisdiction of the court, and where, as in the present case, actual manucaption is impossible, the evidence which supports a constructive seizure should be scrutinized as closely, and be of a. character as satisfactory, as that which would subject the party holding the fund or owing the debt which is the object of the proceedings to ari ordinary civil suit in the .same court. If this be a- correct view of the subject, and we think it is quite as favorable to the validity of the judgment of- confiscation as can be maintained on sound principle, it is necessary to. inquire if service of process on the auditor would authorize a .judgment by default against the city in an. ordinary action. We are not informed by any thing in this record, or in the brief, of the nature of his functions. We have no reason to believe that it is any part of his
duty to defend actions at law against the • city, or to employ counsel for that purpose, or that he had any 'authority to do so. The word used to describe his office does'not imply that, as .treasurer, he had in his possession the money or other"property of the city. He was not even bound to make record of matters done by or affecting the corporation, as thé clerk or secretary of the gbverning body would be. He was not, piobably, a member of' the board of coúncilmen or aldermen, who governed,'the city, and whose duty it would have been to protect her in sueh a matter as this.
But we are relieved from any difficulty on this subject by the statute'of Virginia, which prescribes," as every law should do under which corporations are organized, the mode of serving; process or notice on them. It points out the.officers of the corporation on whom. such process or" notice may be served, and is so liberal in providing for service as to leave nq excuse' for departing from it by a service on any one. else. “ It shall be sufficient to serve any process against or notice to a corporation on its mayor, rector, president, or other'chief officer, or, in his absénee from the county or corporation in which he resides, or in whiqh is the: principal office of' the corporation against or to which the process or notice is, if it be a city or: town, bn the president of the council or board of trustées, or . in his absence, on the recorder, or any alderman or trustee.”' Code' of Virginia of i860,, p. 707, c. .170, sect. 7.
• It appears from these bonds,or certificates of debt that there was a mayor of the city. On him, if in the city,-the law-required service to be made. There is no return that he vfas absent,mor.is any reason given why service was not made on' him. There were;, as. it appears, a council, and a president of that council, and he is specially named-in the statute.as an’ offi-' .'■cer on whom service may be made; No reason'is given why service was not made on him.
But if, against’all so,und principle, wé could indulge in presumptions in favor of..this jurisdiction, and suppose'-that both these officers were' absent, notice should have been served on an alderman or'councilman,'since if appears that there were such officers.
We are not informed whether there was á recorder of that-
city. If there was, he was not served. But, by a strange inadvertence, almost the only officer not mentioned in the statute as one on whom the service may be made is the one selected, while all those are omitted whom the law specifically points out as the proper ones; and for the failure to serve them no reason is given.
In the absence of any appearance by Fairfax or by the city in a' case where the proceedings against the debtor and the owner of the debt-are wholly
ex parte
and by- default, and in the.absence of actual seizure of any tangible evidence of the debt, we are of opinion that no jurisdiction of that debt was acquired by the’notice to the auditor, and on this alone it is supposed to rest.
As in this-point we concur with the Court-of Appeals of Virginia, its judgment is
Affirmed.
Mu. Chief Justice Waite concurred in the judgment.