Alexander v. Webster

6 Md. 359

• Court: Court of Appeals of Maryland
• Decided: December 15, 1854
• Status: Published

Opinion

Eccleston, J.,

delivered the opinion of this court.

In these cross-appeals, the plaintiffs below, (Alexander and Tyson,) insist, that the judgment should be reversed, because k does not give them a sufficient amount of damages. The defendants say the judgment ought to have been in their favor, and if they are wrong in this, that the damages allowed are too much.

One of the most difficult questions to be settled is, what is the meaning of this strangely worded contract, for it certainly is a most singular one in its terms. A portion of it is sufficiently plain to show, that on the 26th of July 1836, the plaintiffs agreed to sell to Patrick Macauley, the defendants’ intestate, one undivided fifth part of the tract of land called “Commonwealth,” for the sum of $4000. Of this sum, $1500, with interest from the 26th of March previous, was to be paid on or before the 8th day of September ensuing. The remaining $2500 to be paid so soon as he, (Macauley,) should sell or otherwise dispose of his aforesaid interest in the land, provided the same should at that time be worth $4000. And if his interest in the land should not sell for or be worth that sum, then he should be bound to pay only so much as should be equal to the difference between the sum of $1500 and the proceeds of sale or value of the land. The design of the parties, as stated in the contract, being, that the payment to be made by Macauley other than (he first payment of $1500 should be made out of the profits of his adventure. Then follows the provision which has given rise to this controversy. The language is: “And it is further understood, that if the said land called “'Commonwealth” shall be subscribed as capital stock in the Georges Creek Coal and Iron Company, according to the provisions of the act incorporating the Georges -Creek Mining Company and the supplement thereto, such subscription shall be considered as a sale and the valuation made thereof by the commissioners shall be considered as the value of said land, and the contingent payment of twenty-five hundred dollars shall be paid by a transfer of stock to the amount of the par value of said sum.”

It has been made a question in argument, whether the words “par value” are to be considered as having reference to the stock to be transferred or to the sum of twenty-five hundred dolíais. Although they are sira'nge words to be used in connection with a sum of money, whilst they are quite common and very appropriate in regard to stock, yet their position in this sentence is such, that we cannot consider them as having reference to the stock, but'to the sum of twenty-five hundred dollars. And taking them in this connection, they are superfluous and useless, because the par value of a given sum of money is nothing more or less than the sum itself.

Notwithstanding these words, by the express terms of the contract, cannot be considered as applicable to the stock, still we think that instrument is to be understood as imposing upon Macauley the obligation, or rather giving him the privilege, to pay the balance due from him in stock, at its nominal or par value.

In Robinson vs. Noble’s Adm’rs, 8 Pet. S. C. Rep., 181, payment was to be made, one-half in specie and the other half, in Cincinnatti, in the paper of banks current therein. A memorandum at the foot of the argument says: “It is understood, (hat the payment to be made in Cincinnati is to be in the paper of the Miami Exporting Company or its equivalent.” When the payment should have been made, the notes of that company were worth, in specie, not more than sixty-six and two-thirds per cent. It was contended, that as the payment had not been made in notes at the time agreed upon, the plaintiff had a right to demand satisfaction in specie, and to the full amount of the sum agreed to be paid in the depreciated paper. But the Supreme Court say: “In what does this covenant to pay differ from an agreement to deliver a certain quantity of flour, or any other commodity, on a given day?” They speak of the damage which resulted from the non-pay~ «lent as certainly being no more than the value of the notes if they had been paid, and then say: “Had these notes been equal to specie on the day of payment, Robinson was bound to pay them or what was of equal value. If they had depreciated to fifty cents in the dollar, Noble was bound to receive them in discharge of the covenant.” And as Robinson could only be liable to make good the damages resulting from his default, the specie value of the notes, at the time they should have been paid, was held to be the rule by which such damages were to be estimated. That case is so much like this in principle, that we do not see why the rule there adopted should not apply here.

In Hopkins vs. Lee, 6 Wheat. Rep., 118, it is stated to be a settled rule in tlie Supreme Court, that where a vendee is sued for breach of contract for not delivering the article, its value or price at the time of the breach is the measure of the damages. And the court say: “The price being settled by the contract, which is generally the case, makes no difference, nor ought it to make any.”

In Cannell vs. M’Clean, 6 H. & J., 297, the real value of the land at the time the conveyance should have been made was held to be the amount of damages which the plaintiff was entitled to, notwithstanding the piice of the land was mentioned in the bond of conveyance. See, also, Marshall vs. Haney, 4 Md. Rep., 508.

The decisions in regard to contracts similar to the present have not been uniform. Some have held, that when the period has passed at which the payment in property might be made but has not, the party entitled to receive has a right to claim payment in money, and the sum mentioned in the agreement, with interest, is the amount to be paid. But thinking the cases in the Supreme Court, which have been mentioned, are more consistent with correct legal principles, and are also in unison with our own decisions, which have been cited, so far as they have any bearing on the subject, we deem it proper to adopt the ruling of the Supreme Court.

It has been said in defence, that Macauley was not bound to transfer the stock until the plaintiffs demanded it of him. But we do not think so. 'The transfer was to be a substitute for the payment of the twenty-five hundred dollars, which was to have been made so soon as Macauley effected a sale of the land. If (he land should be subscribed as stock, the subscription was to be considered as a sale. If, instead of converting the land into stock, it had been sold for four thousand dollars or upwards, Macauley would have been bound to pay the twenty-five hundred dollars; and had he failed to do so, the plaintiffs might have sued him for a breach of the contraer, without having demanded payment. If so, as the transfer of stock was only substituting another mode of payment, no demand of the transfer was necessary. In Thomas vs. Roosa, 7 Johns. Rep., 461, the second count in the nar was upon a note, in which the defendant promised to pay the plaintiff “in a good horse, to be worth, with saddle and bridle, eighty dollars, and goods out of the store, amounting to twenty dollars.” The court held that a request was not required to be specially averred and proved, and that a request was not parcel of the contract. See, also, Chitty on Cont., 629, (Ed. of 1851.) Shrewsberry vs. Buckleys, 4 Bibb., 260. Townsend vs. Wells, 3 Day, 331. 1 Saund. Rep., 33, a, 33, b. Wallis vs. Scott, 1 Strange., 88. Radford vs. Smith, 3 Mees. & Wels., 258. 1 Saund. on Pl. & Ev., 130, (Ed. of 1829.)

On the 20th of January 1846, the plaintiffs called on Macauley for payment of the $2500. The latter answered this requisition by transferring into their names twenty-five shares of stock, which, at par, amounted to $2500, but were worth, at that time, in the market, no more than $5 per share. The plaintiffs refused to accept this stock, insisting that Macauley was bound to pay them $2500 in money, or stock of that value in the market at the time of transfer.

It has been contended, (hat this transfer or tender of stock by Macauley and the refusal to accept it for the reasons stated, will defeat the plaintiffs’ right to recover in this suit. To this we cannot yield our assent.

We have seen that the transfer of stock was intended as a substitute for the contingent payment of $2500, which payment was to have been made so. soon as the land should, be sold; and the agreement stipulates, that the land being subscribed as capital stock, should be considered as a sale; of course, the transfer was required to be made within a reasonable time niter such subscription, no particular day being named by the contract either for the payment in money or in stock. The subscription was made in January 1837. And on the 4th of March 1837, at the first meeting held for the purpose of organizing the company, Alexander transferred to his associates capital stock proportioned to the value of their respective interests in the lands subscribed. Macauley’s interest in the tract called “Commonwealth” was valued at more than $50,000, and for this he received upwards of five hundred shares of capital stock, of the par value of $100 per share. Upon the receipt of this stock he was in a condition to make the transfer to the plaintiffs, and was bound to do so if he intended to pay them in stock. But failing to make the transfer within a reasonable time, the plaintiffs were not bound to receive payment in stock, and had a right to insist upon compensation in money, equivalent to the actual value of the stock at the time when it should have been transferred.

The defendants, however, contend, that the tender of stock which was made by Macauley on the 20th of January 1846, and the refusal to accept by the plaintiffs for the reasons assigned, amounted to a waiver of their right to require payment in money, and that the transfer then made defeated any right of action on the part of the plaintiffs. The case of Gould vs. Banks, 8 Wend., 562, is relied upon to sustain this position, but we do not perceive that it does. The defendant was under a contract to deliver to the plaintiff six hundred and twenty-five copies of the 8th volume of Johnson’s Reports, as soon as the same should be out of press and ready for delivery. After this edition of the book was printed the plaintiff demanded the sis hundred and twenty-five copies, but the defendant refused to deliver them. Within six months after the publication the copies were tendered to the plaintiff, who refused to receive them because they were mimerchanlables At the trial the plaintiff made an effort to prove that the copies tendered were unmerchantable, but this evidence being objected to was, held to be inadmissible under the pleadings. Upon motion of the defendant the plaintiff was nonsuited, the judge being of opinion that the tender of the six hundred and twenty-five copies was a bar to a recovery on the contract in relation thereto. When the case came before the Supreme Court, upon a motion to set aside the nonsuit and for a new-trial, it was decided that the refusal by the defendant to deliver when the demand was made upon him, gave to the plaintiff a right to compensation in damages, to the extent of his loss, and the subsequent offer to deliver could not bar the recovery, if the plaintiff insisted upon his right, even if no suit had been commenced by him. The commencement of the suit was not, what prevented the subsequent fulfilment of the contract by the defendant, but his previous default, and the plaintiff’s right of action consequent upon that default. And Judge Nelson, in delivering the opinion of the court, says: “It is, however, competent for the party to waive this right of action and accept a performance of the contract, and I think the plaintiff did so at the time of the tender of the six hundred and twenty-five volumes. He then put his refusal to accept the same, not upon the former default or lapse of time, but solely upon the ground that the books were unmerchantable.” This was considered to be a waiver of all other objections to the tender, and if he was mistaken in the one urged, the tender was good, and a bar to the suit.

But it appears that the decision of the judge below, in rejecting the evidence as to the unmerchantable character of the books, was overruled. In relation to this subject Judge Nelson says: “It cannot be necessary to enter into an argument or cite authorities to show that if the books were unmerchantable, either as to material or execution, the tender would be defective, and no legal performance of the agreement.” And in conclusion he adds: “The judge erred in excluding testimony that the 8th volume was not printed in a merchantable or workmanlike manner, in answer to the evidence of tender.”

If Ibis decision is to be taken as authority, (which is neither c ¿Firmed or denied,) it shows that although the plaintiff’s mode of refusing to accept the tender might operate as a waiver of his prior right of action for the original breach of the contract, yet it could only do so provided the books were not unmerchantable. In other words, the waiver would avail the defendant nothing provided his tender was subject to the objection urged against it by the plaintiff. And he having made none other must bo confined to that alone, because relying upon that, expressly, justified the inference of his intention to abandon all others. 'When an objection to a tender is to operate as a waiver, it cannot be a waiver of any thing which is clearly within the objection, if true. And if the objection to its full extent may not be true, but is so in part, yet it cannot be a waiver which will make the tender good, provided that portion of the objection which is true shows that the tender is defective, and not a compliance with the obligation resting upon the party when he makes the tender, otherwise an inference would be permitted inconsistent with the negation of the objection itself. Whatever the objection denies, surely cannot be considered as admitted or waived.

In our opinion, when Macauley was called upon in January 1846, the plaintiffs had a right to demand of him, in money, a sum equivalent to the real value of twenty-five shares of stock in March 1837. Instead of paying such a sum Maeatiley tendered to them twenty-five shares of stock, which, according to the proof, was worth at the time of the tender only $5 per share, or $125 in the whole, this being, in our estimation, considerably less than the actual value of the stock in March 1837. The plaintiffs refused to accept, and insisted that Macauley was bound to pay them $2500 in money, or stock of that value in the market. Admitting the reason thus assigned for refusing was a waiver of the right to demand money, and conceded that payment might be made by Macauley in stock, was it not a clear denial that the tender of twenty-five shares was a compliance with, or fulfilment of, the obligation then resting upon him under the contract? It would be a strange constructive waiver to say that because the plaintiffs refused to accept the offer, and claimed more than they Were entitled to by law, they waived what they had a right to demand, and, consequently, were bound to take the stock tendered, or could get nothing. If, in the case of the Johnson’s Reports, the plaintiff might' prove the books were, unmerchantable, and if he could succeed in doing so, the tender would be no bar to the action, Why may not these plaintiffs avail themselves of the proof here, which shows the tender to be less than they had a right to demand, especially as they refused to accept the tender on account of its insufficiency in amount?

Considering, as we do, the actual, and not the nominal, value of twenty-five shares of stock in March 1837, with interest, to be the- amount in damages which the plaintiffs are entitled to claim, it remains to be ascertained what that amount is. And upbn this subject we feel great difficulty in coming to any satisfactory conclusion, for the want of sufficient data on which to form a correct judgment. The court bfeloW allowed the sum of $1054.69. The plaintiffs ask for a reversal because that sum is too small. Before we can reverse on their appeal for such a reason they must satisfy us, by the proof in the cause, that they are entitled to a larger sum. The defendants insist that the judgment gives the plaintiffs too much. To authorize a reversal on their appeal they must convince us that less should have been allowed. The facts relied upon by the plaintiffs to show that the actual or market value of the stock in March 1837 was sufficient to entitle them to a larger sum than the amount of the judgment, are not, in our estimation, of such a character as will authorize us to decide that the court erred in not giving them enough. We think, however, the allowance is not more than they were entitled to under the facts disclosed in the statement.

The facts on which the defendants rely, for the purpose of showing that the court committed an error, by allowing too nluch, have not produced such a conviction upon our minds. It is true the stock was sold as low as $5 per share, but these sales were long subsequent to March 1837, the time at which tbe value is to be ascertained. And between that date and the time of the five dollar sales, other sales, at a much larger price, were made.

A judgment below coming up by appeal is prima facie correct, and cannot be reversed by the appellate court unless they are convinced it is erroneous.

After a careful examination of the case we are not prepared to say we are satisfied that there is error in the present judgment, and therefore it must be affirmed.

Judgment affirmed.