NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS AUG 3 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ALEJANDRO FLORES; et al., No. 22-16762
Plaintiffs-Appellees, D.C. No. 1:22-cv-01003-JLT-HBK v.
LORI BENNETT, Dr., in her individual and MEMORANDUM* official capacities as President of Clovis Community College; et al.,
Defendants-Appellants.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California Jennifer L. Thurston, Magistrate Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted July 17, 2023 San Francisco, California
Before: WARDLAW and M. SMITH, Circuit Judges, and RAYES,** District Judge.
Defendants—the President of Clovis Community College (“Clovis”) Lori
Bennett, Vice President of Student Services Marco De La Garza, Dean of Student
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Douglas L. Rayes, United States District Judge for the District of Arizona, sitting by designation. Services Gurdeep Hebert, and Senior Program Advisor Patrick Stumpf—appeal a
district court order enjoining Clovis’s “Flyer Policy” that prohibited “inappropriate
or offense [sic] language or themes” in postings on interior bulletin boards. The
district court held that the Plaintiffs—then-Clovis students Alejandro Flores,
Daniel Flores, and Juliette Colunga, as well as the Young Americans for Freedom
(“YAF”) student chapter at Clovis—were likely to succeed on the merits of their
claims that the challenged provision was facially overbroad under the First
Amendment and unconstitutionally vague under the Fourteenth Amendment.
We review a district court’s grant of a preliminary injunction for an abuse of
discretion. Olson v. California, 62 F.4th 1206, 1218 (9th Cir. 2023). Exercising
our jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.
1. This appeal was not mooted, as Plaintiffs contend in their briefing,
when Clovis rescinded the original Flyer Policy and replaced it with a policy that
did not contain the “inappropriate or offense” provision.1 “It is well settled that ‘a
defendant’s voluntary cessation of a challenged practice does not deprive a federal
court of its power to determine the legality of the practice.’” Friends of the Earth,
1 Defendants oppose Plaintiffs’ motion to supplement the record with the Replacement Policy. However, “[c]onsideration of new facts may even be mandatory. . . when developments render a controversy moot and thus divest [the court] of jurisdiction.” Lowry v. Barnhart, 329 F.3d 1019, 1024 (9th Cir. 2003). As the existence of the Replacement Policy bears directly on the question of mootness, we GRANT the motion to supplement the record (Dkt. No. 14).
2 Inc. v. Laidlaw Env’t Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 189 (2000) (quoting City of
Mesquite v. Aladdin’s Castle, Inc., 455 U.S. 283, 289 (1982)). Therefore, the party
asserting mootness faces a “heavy burden” of establishing that “the challenged
conduct cannot reasonably be expected to start up again.” Id. Plaintiffs have not
met their burden. Plaintiffs misrely on Fleet Feet, Inc. v. NIKE Inc., 986 F.3d 458
(4th Cir. 2021), where the Fourth Circuit determined an appeal was moot because
it was certain that NIKE would never again use the contested Super Bowl
advertising campaign. Id. at 462–63. Unlike in Fleet Feet, Defendants could
easily reinsert the challenged provision into Clovis’s flyer policy absent the
preliminary injunction. Indeed, Defendants have refused to disavow the old Flyer
Policy, and “vigorously defend[ed]” its legality. W. Virginia v. Env’t Prot.
Agency, 142 S. Ct. 2587, 2607 (2022) (internal quotation marks omitted).
2. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it concluded that
Plaintiffs were likely to succeed on the merits of their claim that the “inappropriate
or offense language or themes” provision was facially overbroad. To prevail on an
overbreadth challenge, a party must demonstrate that the policy “‘prohibits a
substantial amount of protected speech’ relative to its ‘plainly legitimate sweep,’”
such that “society’s interest in free expression outweighs its interest in the statute’s
lawful application.” United States v. Hansen, 143 S. Ct. 1932, 1939 (2023)
(quoting United States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285, 292 (2008)). As the district
3 court concluded, “a prohibition on ‘inappropriate or offense language or themes’
does not have a core of readily identifiable, constitutionally proscribable speech.”
The Supreme Court has consistently held that “[s]peech may not be banned on the
ground that it expresses ideas that offend,” Matal v. Tam, 582 U.S. 218, 223
(2017), including in the university context. See, e.g., Papish v. Bd. of Curators of
Univ. of Missouri, 410 U.S. 667, 670 (1973) (holding that a graduate student could
not be expelled for publishing an obscene cartoon).
The district court did not err in determining that there was likely a
substantial amount of protected speech that would be potentially chilled by the
Flyer Policy. What is “inappropriate” or “offensive” is a subjective determination,
which would vary based on a college administrator’s personal beliefs. Political
speech, for example, has a high propensity to be viewed as “offensive,” and the
First Amendment “affords the broadest protection” to political expression.
McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm’n, 514 U.S. 334, 346 (1995).
On appeal, Defendants contend that, because the interior bulletin boards are
a nonpublic forum and the school-sponsored speech doctrine applies, they have
absolute discretion to control the content of student flyers. However, to conduct an
overbreadth analysis, we are not required to first determine the speech’s forum.
See, e.g., Bd. of Airport Comm’rs of City of Los Angeles v. Jews for Jesus, Inc.,
482 U.S. 569, 573–74 (1987). Moreover, we require regulations on speech in
4 nonpublic fora to be “reasonable and not an effort to suppress expression merely
because public officials oppose the speaker’s view.” Cornelius v. NAACP Legal
Def. & Educ. Fund, Inc., 473 U.S. 788, 800 (1985) (alteration omitted) (quoting
Perry Education Ass’n. v. Perry Loc. Educators’ Ass’n., 460 U.S. 37
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS AUG 3 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ALEJANDRO FLORES; et al., No. 22-16762
Plaintiffs-Appellees, D.C. No. 1:22-cv-01003-JLT-HBK v.
LORI BENNETT, Dr., in her individual and MEMORANDUM* official capacities as President of Clovis Community College; et al.,
Defendants-Appellants.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California Jennifer L. Thurston, Magistrate Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted July 17, 2023 San Francisco, California
Before: WARDLAW and M. SMITH, Circuit Judges, and RAYES,** District Judge.
Defendants—the President of Clovis Community College (“Clovis”) Lori
Bennett, Vice President of Student Services Marco De La Garza, Dean of Student
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Douglas L. Rayes, United States District Judge for the District of Arizona, sitting by designation. Services Gurdeep Hebert, and Senior Program Advisor Patrick Stumpf—appeal a
district court order enjoining Clovis’s “Flyer Policy” that prohibited “inappropriate
or offense [sic] language or themes” in postings on interior bulletin boards. The
district court held that the Plaintiffs—then-Clovis students Alejandro Flores,
Daniel Flores, and Juliette Colunga, as well as the Young Americans for Freedom
(“YAF”) student chapter at Clovis—were likely to succeed on the merits of their
claims that the challenged provision was facially overbroad under the First
Amendment and unconstitutionally vague under the Fourteenth Amendment.
We review a district court’s grant of a preliminary injunction for an abuse of
discretion. Olson v. California, 62 F.4th 1206, 1218 (9th Cir. 2023). Exercising
our jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.
1. This appeal was not mooted, as Plaintiffs contend in their briefing,
when Clovis rescinded the original Flyer Policy and replaced it with a policy that
did not contain the “inappropriate or offense” provision.1 “It is well settled that ‘a
defendant’s voluntary cessation of a challenged practice does not deprive a federal
court of its power to determine the legality of the practice.’” Friends of the Earth,
1 Defendants oppose Plaintiffs’ motion to supplement the record with the Replacement Policy. However, “[c]onsideration of new facts may even be mandatory. . . when developments render a controversy moot and thus divest [the court] of jurisdiction.” Lowry v. Barnhart, 329 F.3d 1019, 1024 (9th Cir. 2003). As the existence of the Replacement Policy bears directly on the question of mootness, we GRANT the motion to supplement the record (Dkt. No. 14).
2 Inc. v. Laidlaw Env’t Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 189 (2000) (quoting City of
Mesquite v. Aladdin’s Castle, Inc., 455 U.S. 283, 289 (1982)). Therefore, the party
asserting mootness faces a “heavy burden” of establishing that “the challenged
conduct cannot reasonably be expected to start up again.” Id. Plaintiffs have not
met their burden. Plaintiffs misrely on Fleet Feet, Inc. v. NIKE Inc., 986 F.3d 458
(4th Cir. 2021), where the Fourth Circuit determined an appeal was moot because
it was certain that NIKE would never again use the contested Super Bowl
advertising campaign. Id. at 462–63. Unlike in Fleet Feet, Defendants could
easily reinsert the challenged provision into Clovis’s flyer policy absent the
preliminary injunction. Indeed, Defendants have refused to disavow the old Flyer
Policy, and “vigorously defend[ed]” its legality. W. Virginia v. Env’t Prot.
Agency, 142 S. Ct. 2587, 2607 (2022) (internal quotation marks omitted).
2. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it concluded that
Plaintiffs were likely to succeed on the merits of their claim that the “inappropriate
or offense language or themes” provision was facially overbroad. To prevail on an
overbreadth challenge, a party must demonstrate that the policy “‘prohibits a
substantial amount of protected speech’ relative to its ‘plainly legitimate sweep,’”
such that “society’s interest in free expression outweighs its interest in the statute’s
lawful application.” United States v. Hansen, 143 S. Ct. 1932, 1939 (2023)
(quoting United States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285, 292 (2008)). As the district
3 court concluded, “a prohibition on ‘inappropriate or offense language or themes’
does not have a core of readily identifiable, constitutionally proscribable speech.”
The Supreme Court has consistently held that “[s]peech may not be banned on the
ground that it expresses ideas that offend,” Matal v. Tam, 582 U.S. 218, 223
(2017), including in the university context. See, e.g., Papish v. Bd. of Curators of
Univ. of Missouri, 410 U.S. 667, 670 (1973) (holding that a graduate student could
not be expelled for publishing an obscene cartoon).
The district court did not err in determining that there was likely a
substantial amount of protected speech that would be potentially chilled by the
Flyer Policy. What is “inappropriate” or “offensive” is a subjective determination,
which would vary based on a college administrator’s personal beliefs. Political
speech, for example, has a high propensity to be viewed as “offensive,” and the
First Amendment “affords the broadest protection” to political expression.
McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm’n, 514 U.S. 334, 346 (1995).
On appeal, Defendants contend that, because the interior bulletin boards are
a nonpublic forum and the school-sponsored speech doctrine applies, they have
absolute discretion to control the content of student flyers. However, to conduct an
overbreadth analysis, we are not required to first determine the speech’s forum.
See, e.g., Bd. of Airport Comm’rs of City of Los Angeles v. Jews for Jesus, Inc.,
482 U.S. 569, 573–74 (1987). Moreover, we require regulations on speech in
4 nonpublic fora to be “reasonable and not an effort to suppress expression merely
because public officials oppose the speaker’s view.” Cornelius v. NAACP Legal
Def. & Educ. Fund, Inc., 473 U.S. 788, 800 (1985) (alteration omitted) (quoting
Perry Education Ass’n. v. Perry Loc. Educators’ Ass’n., 460 U.S. 37, 46 (1983)).
The district court did not abuse its discretion by assuming without deciding that the
bulletin boards were located on a nonpublic forum, and then concluding that the
challenged provision was likely unconstitutionally overbroad.
The school-sponsored speech doctrine likewise not does not affect our
analysis. While we have applied the school-sponsored speech doctrine in the K-12
context, see Planned Parenthood of S. Nevada, Inc. v. Clark Cnty. Sch. Dist., 941
F.2d 817, 820 (9th Cir. 1991), we have declined to extend the doctrine to the
university context. See Oyama v. Univ. of Hawaii, 813 F.3d 850, 862 (9th Cir.
2015). As the district court recognized, some form of the school-sponsored speech
doctrine could apply to postings that may be “reasonably perceive[d] to bear the
imprimatur of the school” by members of the public. Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier,
484 U.S. 260, 271 (1998). However, assuming without deciding that the school-
sponsored speech doctrine applies, the Flyer Policy was nevertheless required to be
“reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns.” Id. at 273. While Clovis
may have been able to permissibly ban lewd and obscene flyers that included
nudity or profanity, see, e.g., Bethel School Dist. No. 403 v. Fraser, 478 U.S. 675,
5 685 (1986), the district court did not abuse its discretion in determining that a ban
on “inappropriate and offense language or themes” is likely too broad to be
“reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns.”
3. Nor did the district court abuse its discretion in concluding that the
Flyer Policy was likely unconstitutionally vague in violation of the Fourteenth
Amendment. “It is a basic principle of due process that an enactment is void for
vagueness if its prohibitions are not clearly defined.” Grayned v. City of Rockford,
408 U.S. 104, 108 (1972). The “inappropriate and offense” provision does not
“give the person of ordinary intelligence a reasonable opportunity to know what is
prohibited, so that he may act accordingly.” Id.; see also Cohen v. California, 403
U.S. 15, 19 (1971) (“No fair reading of the phrase ‘offensive conduct’ can be said
sufficiently to inform the ordinary person that . . . permissible speech or conduct
would nevertheless . . . not be tolerated in certain places.”). Moreover, the
provision invites “arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement,” id., by unilaterally
allowing Clovis staff to determine what flyers constitute “inappropriate or offense”
speech. Indeed, emails between the Clovis administrators demonstrate that they
did not understand what speech the Policy proscribed. And “when First
Amendment freedoms are at stake,” Clovis was required to enact a policy with “an
even greater degree of specificity and clarity.” Foti v. City of Menlo Park, 146
F.3d 629, 638 (9th Cir. 1998).
6 4. Because we affirm the district court’s overbreadth and vagueness
determinations, we decline to reach the Plaintiffs’ prior restraint and viewpoint
discrimination claims.
AFFIRMED.