Case: 17-10993 Date Filed: 12/04/2018 Page: 1 of 9
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 17-10993 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
Agency No. A089-346-989
ALEJANDRO DAYAN MATHEUS,
Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals ________________________
(December 4, 2018)
Before WILSON, EDMONDSON, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges. Case: 17-10993 Date Filed: 12/04/2018 Page: 2 of 9
PER CURIAM:
Petitioner Alejandro Matheus, a native and citizen of Venezuela, petitions
for review of the order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirming the
decision of the Immigration Judge (“IJ”). The IJ concluded that Petitioner was
removable under Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) § 237(a)(4)(A)(i), 8
U.S.C. § 1227(a)(4)(A)(i). The IJ also denied Petitioner’s application for deferral
of removal under the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel,
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“CAT”), 8 C.F.R. § 208.16. No
reversible error has been shown; we deny the petition.
I. Background
Petitioner entered the United States in 2002 on a student’s visa. Petitioner
later married a United States citizen and, in 2009, adjusted his status to that of a
lawful permanent resident.
In 2011, Petitioner pleaded guilty to one count of attempt to export firearms
and ammunition designated as defense articles contrary to law, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 554. As part of his plea, Petitioner admitted these things: (1) that he
2 Case: 17-10993 Date Filed: 12/04/2018 Page: 3 of 9
attempted to ship to Venezuela packages containing rifles, handguns, and
ammunition; (2) that he knew he could not import legally firearms to Venezuela;
and (3) that he knew he was committing a crime.
In 2015, the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) served Petitioner
with a notice to appear, charging him as removable on several grounds.1 In
pertinent part, DHS alleged that Petitioner was removable under INA
§ 237(a)(4)(A)(i), which makes removable “[a]ny alien who has engaged . . . in . . .
any activity . . . to violate or evade any law prohibiting the export from the United
States of goods, technology, or sensitive information.” 8 U.S.C.
§ 1227(a)(4)(A)(i).
Petitioner denied all charges of removability and moved to terminate the
removal proceedings. After a hearing, the IJ concluded that Petitioner was
removable on all charges, including under section 237(a)(4)(A)(i). Petitioner then
sought, among other things, protection under the CAT. 2 After a second hearing,
the IJ denied Petitioner CAT relief and ordered him removed to Venezuela.
1 The only ground for removal before us on appeal is Petitioner’s removability under INA § 237(a)(4)(A)(i).
2 Petition also filed applications for asylum, withholding of removal, adjustment of status, and for waiver of grounds of inadmissibility. The denial of these forms of relief are not before us in this appeal. 3 Case: 17-10993 Date Filed: 12/04/2018 Page: 4 of 9
The BIA dismissed Petitioner’s appeal. The BIA first determined that
Petitioner was removable under section 237(a)(4)(A)(i). In doing so, the BIA
explained that a criminal conviction was unnecessary to establish removability
under section 237(a)(4)(A)(i). Nevertheless, the BIA said that -- given the
elements required to sustain a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 554, and given
Petitioner’s testimony at the IJ hearing about his criminal conduct -- Petitioner’s
conviction supported the charge of removal in this case. The BIA also concluded
that Petitioner had failed to demonstrate eligibility for CAT relief.
II. Standard of Review
We review only the decision of the BIA, except to the extent that the BIA
adopts expressly the IJ’s decision. Kazemzadeh v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 577 F.3d 1341,
1350 (11th Cir. 2009).
We review de novo the BIA’s conclusions of law. Id. We review fact
determinations under the “highly deferential substantial evidence test” whereby we
“must affirm the BIA’s decision if it is ‘supported by reasonable, substantial, and
probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.’” Adefemi v. Ashcroft,
386 F.3d 1022, 1026-27 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc). We “view the record evidence
4 Case: 17-10993 Date Filed: 12/04/2018 Page: 5 of 9
in the light most favorable to the agency’s decision and draw all reasonable
inferences in favor of that decision.” Id. at 1027. To reverse a fact determination,
we must conclude “that the record not only supports reversal, but compels it.”
Mendoza v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 327 F.3d 1283, 1287 (11th Cir. 2003). “[T]hat the
record may support a contrary conclusion is not enough to justify a reversal of the
administrative findings.” Adefemi, 386 F.3d at 1027.
III. Discussion
A.
On appeal, Petitioner first argues that the BIA erred in not applying the
categorical approach in determining whether Petitioner’s conviction under 18
U.S.C. § 554 satisfied the removal provisions under INA § 237(a)(4)(A)(i).
We recognize that -- under certain circumstances -- application of the
categorical approach is proper in determining whether an alien is removable under
the INA. See, e.g., Mellouli v. Lynch, 135 S. Ct. 1980, 1986-88 (2015) (applying
the categorical approach in deciding whether an alien who pleaded guilty to
misdemeanor possession of drug paraphernalia had been “convicted” of a
5 Case: 17-10993 Date Filed: 12/04/2018 Page: 6 of 9
controlled substance offense for purposes of removal under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1227(a)(2)(B)(i)); Moncrieffe v. Holder, 569 U.S. 184, 190 (2013) (applying the
categorical approach to determine whether an alien had been convicted of an
aggravated felony within the meaning of 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)); Fajardo v. U.S.
Att’y Gen., 659 F.3d 1303, 1308-09 (11th Cir. 2011) (explaining that application
of the categorical approach is proper for determining whether an alien was
“convicted of . . . a crime involving moral turpitude” under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(l)). The Supreme Court has stressed that the categorical
approach -- which “looks to the statutory definition of the offense of conviction,
not to the particulars of an alien’s behavior” -- is appropriate when “Congress [has]
predicated deportation ‘on convictions, not conduct . . . .’” See Mellouli, 135 S.
Ct. at 1986; Moncrieffe, 569 U.S. at 191 (explaining that the “categorical approach
has a long pedigree in our Nation’s immigration law” because “the INA asks what
offense the noncitizen was ‘convicted’ of, . . . not what acts he committed.
‘[C]onviction’ is ‘the relevant statutory hook.’”).
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Case: 17-10993 Date Filed: 12/04/2018 Page: 1 of 9
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 17-10993 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
Agency No. A089-346-989
ALEJANDRO DAYAN MATHEUS,
Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals ________________________
(December 4, 2018)
Before WILSON, EDMONDSON, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges. Case: 17-10993 Date Filed: 12/04/2018 Page: 2 of 9
PER CURIAM:
Petitioner Alejandro Matheus, a native and citizen of Venezuela, petitions
for review of the order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirming the
decision of the Immigration Judge (“IJ”). The IJ concluded that Petitioner was
removable under Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) § 237(a)(4)(A)(i), 8
U.S.C. § 1227(a)(4)(A)(i). The IJ also denied Petitioner’s application for deferral
of removal under the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel,
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“CAT”), 8 C.F.R. § 208.16. No
reversible error has been shown; we deny the petition.
I. Background
Petitioner entered the United States in 2002 on a student’s visa. Petitioner
later married a United States citizen and, in 2009, adjusted his status to that of a
lawful permanent resident.
In 2011, Petitioner pleaded guilty to one count of attempt to export firearms
and ammunition designated as defense articles contrary to law, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 554. As part of his plea, Petitioner admitted these things: (1) that he
2 Case: 17-10993 Date Filed: 12/04/2018 Page: 3 of 9
attempted to ship to Venezuela packages containing rifles, handguns, and
ammunition; (2) that he knew he could not import legally firearms to Venezuela;
and (3) that he knew he was committing a crime.
In 2015, the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) served Petitioner
with a notice to appear, charging him as removable on several grounds.1 In
pertinent part, DHS alleged that Petitioner was removable under INA
§ 237(a)(4)(A)(i), which makes removable “[a]ny alien who has engaged . . . in . . .
any activity . . . to violate or evade any law prohibiting the export from the United
States of goods, technology, or sensitive information.” 8 U.S.C.
§ 1227(a)(4)(A)(i).
Petitioner denied all charges of removability and moved to terminate the
removal proceedings. After a hearing, the IJ concluded that Petitioner was
removable on all charges, including under section 237(a)(4)(A)(i). Petitioner then
sought, among other things, protection under the CAT. 2 After a second hearing,
the IJ denied Petitioner CAT relief and ordered him removed to Venezuela.
1 The only ground for removal before us on appeal is Petitioner’s removability under INA § 237(a)(4)(A)(i).
2 Petition also filed applications for asylum, withholding of removal, adjustment of status, and for waiver of grounds of inadmissibility. The denial of these forms of relief are not before us in this appeal. 3 Case: 17-10993 Date Filed: 12/04/2018 Page: 4 of 9
The BIA dismissed Petitioner’s appeal. The BIA first determined that
Petitioner was removable under section 237(a)(4)(A)(i). In doing so, the BIA
explained that a criminal conviction was unnecessary to establish removability
under section 237(a)(4)(A)(i). Nevertheless, the BIA said that -- given the
elements required to sustain a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 554, and given
Petitioner’s testimony at the IJ hearing about his criminal conduct -- Petitioner’s
conviction supported the charge of removal in this case. The BIA also concluded
that Petitioner had failed to demonstrate eligibility for CAT relief.
II. Standard of Review
We review only the decision of the BIA, except to the extent that the BIA
adopts expressly the IJ’s decision. Kazemzadeh v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 577 F.3d 1341,
1350 (11th Cir. 2009).
We review de novo the BIA’s conclusions of law. Id. We review fact
determinations under the “highly deferential substantial evidence test” whereby we
“must affirm the BIA’s decision if it is ‘supported by reasonable, substantial, and
probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.’” Adefemi v. Ashcroft,
386 F.3d 1022, 1026-27 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc). We “view the record evidence
4 Case: 17-10993 Date Filed: 12/04/2018 Page: 5 of 9
in the light most favorable to the agency’s decision and draw all reasonable
inferences in favor of that decision.” Id. at 1027. To reverse a fact determination,
we must conclude “that the record not only supports reversal, but compels it.”
Mendoza v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 327 F.3d 1283, 1287 (11th Cir. 2003). “[T]hat the
record may support a contrary conclusion is not enough to justify a reversal of the
administrative findings.” Adefemi, 386 F.3d at 1027.
III. Discussion
A.
On appeal, Petitioner first argues that the BIA erred in not applying the
categorical approach in determining whether Petitioner’s conviction under 18
U.S.C. § 554 satisfied the removal provisions under INA § 237(a)(4)(A)(i).
We recognize that -- under certain circumstances -- application of the
categorical approach is proper in determining whether an alien is removable under
the INA. See, e.g., Mellouli v. Lynch, 135 S. Ct. 1980, 1986-88 (2015) (applying
the categorical approach in deciding whether an alien who pleaded guilty to
misdemeanor possession of drug paraphernalia had been “convicted” of a
5 Case: 17-10993 Date Filed: 12/04/2018 Page: 6 of 9
controlled substance offense for purposes of removal under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1227(a)(2)(B)(i)); Moncrieffe v. Holder, 569 U.S. 184, 190 (2013) (applying the
categorical approach to determine whether an alien had been convicted of an
aggravated felony within the meaning of 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)); Fajardo v. U.S.
Att’y Gen., 659 F.3d 1303, 1308-09 (11th Cir. 2011) (explaining that application
of the categorical approach is proper for determining whether an alien was
“convicted of . . . a crime involving moral turpitude” under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(l)). The Supreme Court has stressed that the categorical
approach -- which “looks to the statutory definition of the offense of conviction,
not to the particulars of an alien’s behavior” -- is appropriate when “Congress [has]
predicated deportation ‘on convictions, not conduct . . . .’” See Mellouli, 135 S.
Ct. at 1986; Moncrieffe, 569 U.S. at 191 (explaining that the “categorical approach
has a long pedigree in our Nation’s immigration law” because “the INA asks what
offense the noncitizen was ‘convicted’ of, . . . not what acts he committed.
‘[C]onviction’ is ‘the relevant statutory hook.’”).
Unlike the immigration statutes involved in Mellouli and Moncrieffe,
however, section 237(a)(4)(A)(i) contains no “conviction” language. Instead, the
plain statutory language provides that an alien is removable if he “has engaged” in
activity that would violate or evade United States export laws. The BIA has
6 Case: 17-10993 Date Filed: 12/04/2018 Page: 7 of 9
interpreted this statutory language as requiring no criminal conviction and, instead,
as requiring “only engagement, past or present, in any activity in violation of a law
. . ..” In re Luis-Rodriguez, 22 I.&N. Dec. 747, 756 (BIA 1999) (addressing
removal under an earlier codification of the statute at 8 U.S.C.
§ 1251(a)(4)(A)(i))).
Because a conviction is not a required element for removal under section
237(a)(4)(A)(i), we reject Petitioner’s argument that the BIA erred in failing to
apply the categorical approach. The BIA considered properly the conduct
underlying Petitioner’s conviction in determining whether Petitioner had
“engaged” in acts within the scope of section 237(a)(4)(A)(i).
Moreover, the record supports the BIA’s determination that Petitioner was
removable under section 237(a)(4)(A)(i) for having engaged in conduct that
violated United States export laws. Among other things, Petitioner testified before
the IJ that he lied intentionally about the contents of the packages and that he knew
that he was shipping the guns and ammunition to Venezuela in violation of United
States law.
7 Case: 17-10993 Date Filed: 12/04/2018 Page: 8 of 9
B.
Petitioner next argues that -- even if he is removable -- he is entitled to
deferral of removal under the CAT. To establish eligibility for CAT relief, an
applicant bears the burden of proving “by objective evidence that it is ‘more likely
than not’ that he or she will be tortured if removed.” Cadet v. Bulger, 377 F.3d
1173, 1180 (11th Cir. 2004). To satisfy his burden of proof, a petitioner must
establish that he “would be individually and intentionally singled out for harsh
treatment.” Jean-Pierre v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 500 F.3d 1315, 1324 (11th Cir. 2007)
(emphasis in original). “[E]vidence of generalized mistreatment and some isolated
instances of torture” are not enough. Id.
In support of his application for CAT relief, Petitioner testified that he
started a blog in 2007 that served as a platform for people to protest and to criticize
the Venezuelan government. Petitioner refused requests by the Venezuelan
military to censor the anti-government comments being posted on his blog. As a
result -- sometime in 2009 -- Venezuelan military officers threatened Petitioner,
telling Petitioner that they were going to beat him with sticks, throw him into a
dark cell, kick him, and use electric shock on him.
8 Case: 17-10993 Date Filed: 12/04/2018 Page: 9 of 9
The record supports the BIA’s determination that Petitioner failed to satisfy
his burden of establishing eligibility for CAT relief. Contrary to Petitioner’s
contention on appeal, the BIA addressed sufficiently the issues raised before it on
appeal and provided reasoned justifications for its decision, allowing for
meaningful appellate review. In denying Petitioner CAT relief, the BIA
acknowledged -- citing to a State Department Country Report and other
documentation attached to Petitioner’s application for relief -- the existence in
Venezuela of instances of politically-motivated torture, other human rights
violations, and of ongoing anti-government protests and retaliation by pro-
government forces. Nevertheless, the BIA agreed with the IJ’s determination that
Petitioner had failed to demonstrate that he more likely than not would be singled
out for torture if he returned to Venezuela. In particular, the BIA noted that
Petitioner -- after starting his blog in 2007 -- traveled to Venezuela several times in
2008 and in late 2009 without incident. The BIA also determined that Petitioner
had presented no evidence that government officials were still looking for him.
Considering the record as a whole, we are not compelled to reverse the BIA’s
determination.
PETITION DENIED.