COURT OF APPEALS EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS EL PASO, TEXAS
§ ALBERTO GARCIA, No. 08-13-00178-CR § Appellant, Appeal from the § v. County Criminal Court at Law #3 § THE STATE OF TEXAS, of El Paso County, Texas § Appellee. (TC# 20100C10799) §
OPINION
Alberto Garcia, Appellant, appeals his conviction of Driving While Intoxicated. Garcia
filed a pretrial motion to suppress on the basis, among others, that the officer stopped him
“without any reasonable suspicion that he was engaged in criminal activity.” Appellant contends
that the officer’s stop after observing his vehicle pass “in a no-passing zone on a curve” with
double yellow lines and “following too closely” is conclusory opinion and does not delineate
specific, articulable facts to support the trial court’s order denying the motion to suppress. We
affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On June 4, 2010, Trooper Morgan Conn observed Appellant driving a white truck at
about 10:30 p.m. As she observed Appellant’s vehicle, he proceeded to pass “in a no-passing zone on a curve where there is [sic] double yellow lines and he was also following too closely.”
Trooper Conn testified that crossing the double yellow lines and following too closely are traffic
law violations of the State of Texas. After the trooper stopped Appellant, she observed that he
exhibited various signs of intoxication and arrested him for driving while intoxicated.
The trial court denied the motion to suppress. The trial court entered the following
relevant findings of fact and conclusions of law:
2. Trooper Conn testified that she stopped the white truck because she observed it passing in a no-pass zone on a curve where there are double yellow lines;
3. And, also because “he [the defendant] was following too closely”;
. . .
11. There was no cross-examination by the defendant and the Trooper’s testimony was uncontroverted.
DISCUSSION
The facts are not disputed. The Appellant’s sole point of error is whether Ford v. State
supports the trial court’s ruling because Appellant contends the Trooper’s justification for the
stop was not a “specific, articulated reason or [use of an] objective standard.” Ford v. State, 158
S.W.3d 488 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005). Under Ford, Appellant argues that a stop based only upon
an officer’s testimony that an individual is “following another ‘car too closely’ is ‘without
specific, articulable facts’” and are mere opinions that cannot support a finding of reasonable
suspicion.
The State counters that Appellant committed a traffic violation when Trooper Conn
“observed Garcia ‘passing in a no-passing zone on a curve where there [was] double yellow
lines.’” According to the State, the Trooper gave specific, articulable facts for the stop and
“passing in a no-passing zone is an objective-fact offense” that supported the trial court’s finding
2 that the traffic stop was valid.
Standard of Review
When reviewing a motion to suppress, we apply a bifurcated standard of review. See
Crain v. State, 315 S.W.3d 43, 48 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010); State v. Terrazas, 406 S.W.3d 689,
692 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2013, no pet.). We afford almost total deference to the trial court’s
findings of historical fact that are supported by the record, and to mixed questions of law and fact
that turn on an assessment of a witnesses’ credibility or demeanor. Valtierra v. State, 310
S.W.3d 442, 447 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010); Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex.Crim.App.
2007); Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997). The trial court’s
determination of legal questions and its application of the law to facts that do not turn upon a
determination of witness credibility and demeanor are reviewed de novo. See Valtierra, 310
S.W.3d at 447; Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 673; Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54, 62-63
(Tex.Crim.App. 2004); Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 89.
When, as here, the trial judge makes express findings of fact, we must first determine
whether the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling,
supports those findings. Valtierra, 310 S.W.3d at 447; State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818
(Tex.Crim.App. 2006). We review a trial court’s legal ruling de novo. State v. Iduarte, 268
S.W.3d 544, 548-49 (Tex.Crim.App. 2008). Furthermore, we must uphold the trial court’s ruling
if it is supported by the record and correct under any theory of law applicable to the case. State
v. White, 306 S.W.3d 753, 757 n.10 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010). “This principal holds true even
when the trial judge gives the wrong reason for his decision, and is especially true with regard to
admission of evidence.” State v. Esparza, 353 S.W.3d 276, 282 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2011, pet.
granted), aff’d State v. Esparza, 413 S.W.3d 81 (Tex.Crim.App. 2013), quoting Romero v. State,
3 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990). “The evident purpose of this rule is to ensure that a
trial court ruling will be upheld if the appellate court has assurance that the ruling was just and
lawful.” Esparza, 353 S.W.3d at 282, quoting White, 306 S.W.3d at 757 n.10.
Stop for Traffic Violation
A “stop” by a law enforcement officer “amounts to a sufficient intrusion on an
individual’s privacy to implicate the Fourth Amendment’s protections.” Carmouche v. State, 10
S.W.3d 323, 328 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). Further, a law enforcement officer may stop and briefly
detain a person suspected of criminal activity on less information than is constitutionally
required for probable cause to arrest. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 1880, 20
L.Ed.2d 889 (1968); Carmouche, 10 S.W.3d at 328. An officer, in order to stop or briefly detain
an individual, must have “reasonable suspicion” that an individual is violating the law. Ford v.
State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 492 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005). Reasonable suspicion exists when the officer
has some minimal level of objective justification for making the stop, i.e., when the officer can
“point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those
facts, reasonably warrant [the] intrusion.” Terry, 392 U.S. at 21, 88 S.Ct. at 1880; see also
Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 329-30, 110 S.Ct. 2412, 2415-16, 110 L.Ed.2d 301 (1990). In
determining whether reasonable suspicion exists, we disregard the subjective intent or motive of
the officer making the stop and consider solely, under the totality of the circumstances, whether
there was an objective basis for the stop. Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 492–93.
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COURT OF APPEALS EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS EL PASO, TEXAS
§ ALBERTO GARCIA, No. 08-13-00178-CR § Appellant, Appeal from the § v. County Criminal Court at Law #3 § THE STATE OF TEXAS, of El Paso County, Texas § Appellee. (TC# 20100C10799) §
OPINION
Alberto Garcia, Appellant, appeals his conviction of Driving While Intoxicated. Garcia
filed a pretrial motion to suppress on the basis, among others, that the officer stopped him
“without any reasonable suspicion that he was engaged in criminal activity.” Appellant contends
that the officer’s stop after observing his vehicle pass “in a no-passing zone on a curve” with
double yellow lines and “following too closely” is conclusory opinion and does not delineate
specific, articulable facts to support the trial court’s order denying the motion to suppress. We
affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On June 4, 2010, Trooper Morgan Conn observed Appellant driving a white truck at
about 10:30 p.m. As she observed Appellant’s vehicle, he proceeded to pass “in a no-passing zone on a curve where there is [sic] double yellow lines and he was also following too closely.”
Trooper Conn testified that crossing the double yellow lines and following too closely are traffic
law violations of the State of Texas. After the trooper stopped Appellant, she observed that he
exhibited various signs of intoxication and arrested him for driving while intoxicated.
The trial court denied the motion to suppress. The trial court entered the following
relevant findings of fact and conclusions of law:
2. Trooper Conn testified that she stopped the white truck because she observed it passing in a no-pass zone on a curve where there are double yellow lines;
3. And, also because “he [the defendant] was following too closely”;
. . .
11. There was no cross-examination by the defendant and the Trooper’s testimony was uncontroverted.
DISCUSSION
The facts are not disputed. The Appellant’s sole point of error is whether Ford v. State
supports the trial court’s ruling because Appellant contends the Trooper’s justification for the
stop was not a “specific, articulated reason or [use of an] objective standard.” Ford v. State, 158
S.W.3d 488 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005). Under Ford, Appellant argues that a stop based only upon
an officer’s testimony that an individual is “following another ‘car too closely’ is ‘without
specific, articulable facts’” and are mere opinions that cannot support a finding of reasonable
suspicion.
The State counters that Appellant committed a traffic violation when Trooper Conn
“observed Garcia ‘passing in a no-passing zone on a curve where there [was] double yellow
lines.’” According to the State, the Trooper gave specific, articulable facts for the stop and
“passing in a no-passing zone is an objective-fact offense” that supported the trial court’s finding
2 that the traffic stop was valid.
Standard of Review
When reviewing a motion to suppress, we apply a bifurcated standard of review. See
Crain v. State, 315 S.W.3d 43, 48 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010); State v. Terrazas, 406 S.W.3d 689,
692 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2013, no pet.). We afford almost total deference to the trial court’s
findings of historical fact that are supported by the record, and to mixed questions of law and fact
that turn on an assessment of a witnesses’ credibility or demeanor. Valtierra v. State, 310
S.W.3d 442, 447 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010); Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex.Crim.App.
2007); Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997). The trial court’s
determination of legal questions and its application of the law to facts that do not turn upon a
determination of witness credibility and demeanor are reviewed de novo. See Valtierra, 310
S.W.3d at 447; Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 673; Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54, 62-63
(Tex.Crim.App. 2004); Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 89.
When, as here, the trial judge makes express findings of fact, we must first determine
whether the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling,
supports those findings. Valtierra, 310 S.W.3d at 447; State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818
(Tex.Crim.App. 2006). We review a trial court’s legal ruling de novo. State v. Iduarte, 268
S.W.3d 544, 548-49 (Tex.Crim.App. 2008). Furthermore, we must uphold the trial court’s ruling
if it is supported by the record and correct under any theory of law applicable to the case. State
v. White, 306 S.W.3d 753, 757 n.10 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010). “This principal holds true even
when the trial judge gives the wrong reason for his decision, and is especially true with regard to
admission of evidence.” State v. Esparza, 353 S.W.3d 276, 282 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2011, pet.
granted), aff’d State v. Esparza, 413 S.W.3d 81 (Tex.Crim.App. 2013), quoting Romero v. State,
3 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990). “The evident purpose of this rule is to ensure that a
trial court ruling will be upheld if the appellate court has assurance that the ruling was just and
lawful.” Esparza, 353 S.W.3d at 282, quoting White, 306 S.W.3d at 757 n.10.
Stop for Traffic Violation
A “stop” by a law enforcement officer “amounts to a sufficient intrusion on an
individual’s privacy to implicate the Fourth Amendment’s protections.” Carmouche v. State, 10
S.W.3d 323, 328 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). Further, a law enforcement officer may stop and briefly
detain a person suspected of criminal activity on less information than is constitutionally
required for probable cause to arrest. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 1880, 20
L.Ed.2d 889 (1968); Carmouche, 10 S.W.3d at 328. An officer, in order to stop or briefly detain
an individual, must have “reasonable suspicion” that an individual is violating the law. Ford v.
State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 492 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005). Reasonable suspicion exists when the officer
has some minimal level of objective justification for making the stop, i.e., when the officer can
“point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those
facts, reasonably warrant [the] intrusion.” Terry, 392 U.S. at 21, 88 S.Ct. at 1880; see also
Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 329-30, 110 S.Ct. 2412, 2415-16, 110 L.Ed.2d 301 (1990). In
determining whether reasonable suspicion exists, we disregard the subjective intent or motive of
the officer making the stop and consider solely, under the totality of the circumstances, whether
there was an objective basis for the stop. Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 492–93. An officer may lawfully
stop and reasonably detain a person for a traffic violation. Garcia v. State, 827 S.W.2d 937, 944
(Tex.Crim.App. 1992); see also Walter v. State, 28 S.W.3d 538, 542 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000);
Johnson v. State, 365 S.W.3d 484, 488–89 (Tex.App.--Tyler 2012, no pet.); Holmquist v. State,
4 No. 05–13–01388–CR, 2015 WL 500809, at *4 (Tex.App.--Dallas Feb.5, 2015, pet. filed)(not
designated for publication).
In this case, Trooper Conn testified that Appellant “was following too closely” and he
was “passing in a no-pass zone on a curve” with “double yellow lines.” Appellant is correct that
Ford stands for the proposition that a police officer’s mere conclusory opinion that a driver
violated traffic law by “following too closely,” and without more cannot support a finding of
reasonable suspicion. Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 493-494. In Ford, the Court determined the State
failed to elicit evidence to allow an officer to “objectively determine” whether an individual is
violating a traffic law. Id. at 494.
Here, however, Trooper Conn unequivocally testified that she observed Appellant’s
vehicle “passing” in a no-passing zone. The State asserts the basis of Appellant’s traffic
violation is found in Section 545.055(b) of the Texas Transportation Code:
An operator may not drive on the left side of the roadway in a no-passing zone or on the left side of any pavement stripping designed to mark a no-passing zone.
TEX.TRANSP.CODE ANN. § 545.055(b)(West 2013). The State also contends that Ford’s holding
was substantially limited by Castro v. State. Castro v. State, 227 S.W.3d 737 (Tex.Crim.App.
2007).
In Castro, the Court of Criminal Appeals found that the amount of specific and subjective
detail that an officer must give to demonstrate that a traffic stop is reasonable depends on the
nature of the offense. See id. at 742. When the determination of whether an offense has been
committed requires an officer to make a subjective determination, then the officer must provide a
detailed account of his observations to support that determination. See id. The Castro Court
discussed in great detail their decision in Ford v. State. Id. at 742–43. Unlike Ford, the offense
involved in Castro was one requiring the officer to make an objective determination. See
5 Castro, 227 S.W.3d at 742. There, the officer testified that the defendant’s vehicle was stopped
because the defendant failed to signal a lane change, which is a traffic offense. Id. at 739-40. In
distinguishing Ford, the Castro Court explained that “in cases involving offenses such as failure
to signal a lane change, a court can determine whether an officer’s determination that a driver
committed a traffic violation was objectively reasonable without being presented with a detailed
account of the officer’s observations.” Id. at 742. In short, it explained that “[t]he determination
of whether a driver signaled a lane change is a simple one.” Id.
Turning to the case at hand, we find the traffic offense of passing in a no-passing zone is
more similar to the offense of failure to signal a lane change in Castro as opposed to the offense
of following too closely as in Ford. Like Castro, the determination of whether an individual has
committed a traffic violation such as the one involved here is simple. We find that the trial court
can decide whether an officer’s determination that a driver committed a traffic violation by
passing in a no-passing zone is objectively reasonable without being presented with a detailed
account of the officer’s observations. Id. at 742. The nature of passing in a no-passing zone
does not require an officer to make a subjective determination. Id.
Finding no justiciable error before us, we overrule Appellant’s sole issue.
CONCLUSION
The trial court’s order denying the suppression is affirmed.
July 31, 2015 YVONNE T. RODRIGUEZ, Justice
Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, and Hughes, JJ.
(Do Not Publish)