Gantt, J.
— In a suit by attachment instituted by respondent in the circuit court of Boone county against Eugene .White, among several other creditors, a stock of goods, wares and merchandise and other property was levied upon, which theretofore, on the seventeenth of May, 1889, had been conveyed by deed of trust by the said White to J. H. Waugh to secure the payment of a promissory note of $4,000 of that date to James A. Carlisle. The said Waugh and Carlisle interpleaded in said suits, claiming the property under said deed of trust. The respondent answered, admitting the execution of said deed of trust, but charging that the same was executed for the purpose of hindering, delaying and defrauding the respondent and other creditors of the said Eugene White, and to secure an amount largely in excess of any bona fide indebtedness from the said White to the said Carlisle. Upon this answer issue was joined by the interpleaders, the issue submitted to the jury and found for the respondents, and thó interpleaders appealed.
[351]*351The undisputed facts are that, prior to the thirtieth day of January, 1889, the said Carlisle and one C.' Meade White, a brother of the said Eugene White, were engaged in the merchant tailoring business in the city of Columbia, under the firm name of White & Carlisle; that on that day Eugene White, under the firm name of Eugene White & Co., purchased all the interest of the said Carlisle in said concern of White & Carlisle for the sum of $4,000; $1,518.55 to be paid in cash, $500 by note payable one day after date, and the remainder, $1,981.45, in the accounts due the firm of Carlisle & White, the said Eugene White, by the firm ■ name of Eugene White & Co., further agreeing to stand half the losses on all accounts of Carlisle & White not collected; losses to be adjusted on the first of May, 1889, and to assume all liabilities of said concern and to have all bills not due against said firm 'transferred to account of Eugene White & Co.; that, contemporaneously with this purchase, Eugene White also bought all the interest of his brother, the said Meade White, in said concern, for which he gave his brother his note ¡for the sum of $1,800; that the cash payment was made to Carlisle; the note of Eugene White for $500, executed and delivered to him and the accounts, of Carlisle & White transferred to him; and the accounts of creditors for goods sold, including that of respondent against the firm of White & Carlisle, transferred to account of Eugene White & Co., at the request and on the representations of Eugene White.
The following letter from respondents, received by Eugene White, was shown to Carlisle:
“Philadelphia, February 13,1889.
Mr. Eugene White, Columbia, Mo.
Deab Sin: Yours of the eighth received and appears satisfactory. On the strength of your statement we have decided to transfer the account of White [352]*352& Carlisle to Eugene White & Co., thus releasing Mr. Carlisle from any pecuniary responsibility. We trust our dealings may be mutually satisfactory.
Yours truly,
Alberger, Stoer & Co.”
The main witness for the intervenors was Carlisle. His evidence tended to show that it was his understanding that Meade White remained a member of the firm of Eugene White & Co.; that on the same day the written agreement was signed evidencing the sale aforesaid, to-wit, the thirtieth of January, 1889, Eugene White executed and delivered to him a note in the name of Eugene White & Co., of that date, payable one day after date, for the sum of $6,000; that said note was taken as collateral security for the performance by the said Eugene White & Co. of their obligations under said .contract, which were estimated to be about that amount; that, about the first of May, Eugene White & Co., having failed to pay the debts of White & Carlisle, which they had assumed, and being himself pressed for payment of one of those debts of about $2,000, due the Exchange National Bank, he placed the note for $6,000 in the hands of his attorney; that suit was brought on it in the circuit court of Audrain county, in which county Meade White lived; that on the seventeenth of May he had an adjustment' with Eugene White of the accounts between himself and the firm of Eugene White & Co., under said contract, which resulted in the execution by the said Eugene White in the name of Eugene White & Co. of the note for $4,000, secured as aforesaid by the deed of trust under which intervenors claim; that said note was given for the balance approximately ascertained by an estimate of the liabilities of said Eugene White & Co., to Carlisle on the first of May under the contract as per the following account.
[353]*353Eugene White & Co.,
In Account with 3. A. Carlisle:
1889, May 1. — To purchase price of goods as per contract, January 30, 1889........................................$4,000 00
Interest on same, three months, 8 per cent................... 80 00
To liabilities as per said contract assumed by White & Co., and not discharged per contract.
Alberger, Stoer & Co........................................$ 584 00
To note at Exchange Bank................................... 2,000 00
To interest on note at Exchange Bank...................... 42 72
To rent to Trimble........................................ 250 00
To balance cash advanced........................,1........... 160 85
To error in charging L. S. Gordon’s account to Carlisle........ 37 50
To error in charging Reynolds’ account to Carlisle............ 45 00
To probable repairs of store as per contract................... 50 00
$7,250 07
CREDITS.
$1,518 55 January 30. — By cask on contract............
30 37 By interest on same, 3 months, 8 per cent...
1,430 51 234 22 By accounts collected on contract............ By one-half losses on account, as per contract.
$3,313 65
To balance........................................$4,036 43
That after the execution and delivery of the note for $4,000 and the deed of trust, the suit on the note for $6,000 was dismissed.
The principal witness for respondents was Eugene White, who testified that all the accounts of the creditors for goods against the firm of White & Carlisle were transferred to the account of Eugene White & Co., and that about the middle of February he showed the letters of such creditors to Carlisle, advising him of that fact; that he executed the note to Carlisle for $6,000 on the twenty-seventh or twenty-eighth day of February, but dated it on the thirtieth of January, the day of the consummation of the trade.
“Q. At that time, what amount of money did you actually owe Carlisle? A. By assumption I owed him [354]*354the $2,000 note at the Exchange bank, my personal note for $500, and about $158 that he had loaned me, making a total of about $2,600. This was all I owed him.
“Q. If you only owed Carlisle $2,600, why did you execute him a note for $6,000! A. We had talked the matter over and had come to an understanding about the thing, and agreed that if the note was made for that amount I should, if I got into any trouble, have the balance of‘ the money myself, over and above his amount. That is, if I should fail in business or in any way have trouble and need the money, I should have the balance of the note, over and above the amount I owed him. I was to get the surplus, in other words.
“Q. Who were you to get it from! A. Prom Mr. Cailisle. He would close the trade and I should have the balance of the money. In other words, if anybody got left it would be the eastern creditors, but he and I would be safe.
UQ, What did he say to you regarding this transaction! A. He said that ‘if anybody had to stand any loss on account of it I think it had better be the eastern creditors, for they are better able to afford it than we are. We will fix ourselves first; I will protect you, and if anybody has to lose anything it will be them.’
“Q. That was the arrangement and understanding between you, was it! A. It was.
UQ. What became of the $6,000 note! A. Mr. Carlisle has it now. After I bought out the firm of White & Carlisle I conducted the business under the name of Eugene White & Co. (the company being nominal), until closed by these attachments. * * * There were no further transactions between us until the seventeenth of May. At this time he had my note for $500 and the $6,000 note. He said he wanted to [355]*355be protected in tbe $2,000, at tbe Exchange bank, that I had assumed. He had agreed to keep it running until I could pay it. He said the bank wanted the note paid or more security, and that he would have to get his father to go on it. Mr. Carlisle said to me on this occasion that I ought to protect him and protect myself, and there was only one way to do it. That was to make a deed of trust to cover the property. That would protect him and myself in case the eastern creditors jumped on me. * * *
“Q. What did you owe him at that time? A. $2,650.
liQ. What did you give him the note for $4,000 for, when you only owed him $2,650? A. I gave him a note for $4,000 and owed him $2,650, and the understanding between us was that the $1,350 over and above the debt I owed him was to come back to me in case there was a foreclosure.
“Q. Was to come back to you, from whom? A. Mr. Carlisle.
“Q. Was that the agreement between you and him? A. Yes, sir; it was.
“Q. Did you execute the note and deed of trust? A. Yes, sir. The deed of trust was on my entire store, fixtures and books, accounts, etc. I gave the deed of trust oh Saturday about noon, and' the next day I found that if had been filed for record.” This evidence of White’s was flatly contradicted by Carlisle.
It further appeared from the evidence that the deed of trust was filed for record on the seventeenth of May, 1889. The petition in the suit against Eugene and Meade White on the $6,000 note was filed in the Audrain circuit court on the same day. And on the twentieth Carlisle wrote the following letter to the respondents:
[356]*356“Gentlemen. — Please inform me by return mail whether or not the last order made of your firm by White & Carlisle, and subsequently assumed by Eugene White & Co., has been paid and oblige
“(Signed) J. A. Cablisle.”
To which he received an answer, dated May 23, that the account had not been settled; and afterwards received another letter from respondents, dated May 27, that they would look to him for payment of their account.
On the twenty-first of May Eugene White, Waugh, the trustee, and Carlisle entered into a written agreement, by which G. W. Trimble was placed in charge of the property conveyed by the deed of trust with power to conduct the business and apply the proceeds to the payment of the trust debt. On the twenty-fourth of May the creditors of Eugene White & Co. began filing suits by attachment. On the fourth of June, 1889, the suit of Carlisle against the White in Audrain county was dismissed, and in October Carlisle wrote the-respondents the following letter:
“Messrs. Alberger, Stoer & Co.
“You are among the attaching creditors of Eugene White & Co., insolvent firm, late of this city. The net proceeds of receiver’s sale under order of sale in attachment can not possibly exceed $4,000. The attaching creditors, dates of attachment and amounts. sued on, are as follows:
C. M. White, May 24, $1,800 with interest.....................$1,920 00-
Columbia Savings Bank, May 24, $1,000 with interest.......... 1,060 00
Joseph M. Hays Woolen Co., May 24, $300................... 300 00
Longley, Lowe & Alexander, May 28...... 240 00'
Longley, Lowe & Alexander, May 29.......................... 170 00'
John B. Ellison & Sons, May 30............................. 1,350 00
Balm Bros. & Co., May 30.................................... 260 00
Excelsior Laundry Co., May 31............................... 150 00
Alberger, Stoer & Co., May 31............................... 580 00-
[357]*357“You will thus discover that about $5,400 must be paid out of $4,000 before a cent can be paid to you. The undersigned was a member of the old firm of White •& Carlisle, to whom your above-named account was first charged, and who were predecessors in business to said Eugene White & Co. I shall be interested in each •of said suits as interpleader for property attached. Your interest and mine in the suits are identical, if the original liability of White & Carlisle to you has not been discharged. If such be the fact, concerning which I do nót commit myself, and my interest prevails you will enjoy the full benefit of my success. •Owing to your present attitude in court, and consequent complication with other attaching creditors which I need not explain, I cannot now give you the facts from which your above-mentioned relations to me arise; but if you will in honorable confidence keep this statement from all persons here whomsoever, and send a man here with power to act, I can show him how your debt will be saved, whereas in the present condition of things it will certainly be lost. It is important for us both that you communicate with me directly and with no one ■else. If you send a man, send immediately and notify me of the fact when he will be here, as I live some distance in the country.
“Yery respectfully,
“J. A. Carlisle.”
To which respondents replied on the seventh of October that their claim was in the hands of their attorneys and referring him to them.
The foregoing summary presents the salient features of the case presented by the evidence, on which, the court gave the following instructions for the respondents; of which the appellants complain of numbers 2. 3, 4 and 5 as erroneous:
[358]*358“1. The court instructs the jury in this cáse that if they believe, from all the facts and circumstances admitted in evidence, it was agreed between the inter-pleader J. A. Carlisle and Eugene White, at the time the deed of trust and note of $4,000 were executed and delivered, a part of said amount of $4,000 was, when collected, to be paid back to said Eugene White, and thereby prevent his other creditors from getting such part, then said deed of trust and note are fraudulent and void, and your verdict must be for the plaintiff in the attachment.
“2. Although interpleader J. A. Carlisle had a legal right to take and receive a note, and have it secured by deed of trust on the property of Eugene White, for any Iona fide debt or liability of said White to him, whether due or to become due, yet, if the jury believe that at the time of the execution of the note and deed of trust from White to Carlisle, offered in evidence, said White was largely indebted to other parties, and that said note was for a larger or greater amount than said White owned, or was liable to said Carlisle for, and both White and Carlisle knew that fact at the time of the execution and delivery of said note and deed of trust by White to Carlisle, then the note and deed of trust are fraudulent and void as to such creditors, and your verdict should be for the plaintiffs in the attachment.
“3. The jury are instructed that direct and positive evidence is not required to established or prove fraud, but it may be gathered or inferred from all the facts and circumstances in this case; and if the jury believe from all the facts and circumstances in evidence in this case, that Eugene White gave the note and deed of trust read in evidence, to James Carlisle with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud the said Eugene White’s creditors, and that Carlisle had knowledge of such fraudulent intent, and aided or in any manner assisted [359]*359him (White) in carrying out said fraudulent intent, then your verdict must be for plaintiffs in attachment, to-wit, Alberger, Stoer & Co.
“4. The jury are instructed that, although they may believe from the evidence that the note and deed of trust read in evidence were executed by White to the interpleader, Carlisle, and that White, Carlisle and Waugh afterward executed an instrument of writing (read in evidence) to Gr. W. Trimble, authorizing him to take possession of the stock of goods levied upon under the writ of attachment issued in this cause, still, if the jury further believe from the evidence that said deed of trust and said other instrument of writing were made by White with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud the creditors of White in the collection of their debts, and that Carlisle knew of the purpose of White in making and executing said instrument, and participated in such intent in any ma/nner, then such instruments were void as to the attaching creditors of White, whether said Carlisle had a valid debt secured by said deed of trust or not.
“5. If the jury believe from the evidence that Eugene White, defendant in the attachment, executed and delivered to interpleader James A. Carlisle the four-thousand'-dollar note read in evidence, and the deed of trust conveying to James H. Waugh, as trustee, the said stock of goods, wares and merchandise in controversy in this ease, with the intent or purpose to hinder, delay or defraud the creditors of said White, other than Carlisle, and that Carlisle had knowledge of, and participated in, such fraudulent intent, then the verdict of the jury must be for the plaintiffs in the attachment, to-wit, Alberger, Stoer & Co.”
The foregoing statement of the case was made by Judge Brace in division number one, and, being so [360]*360satisfactory, was, in lane by Ms consent, adopted by the court.
I. The interpleader complains only of instructions. The second instruction is challenged for the reason that he conceives it limited the right of the interpleader to “take and receive a note, and have it secured by deed of trust on. the property of Eugene White, for any Iona fide debt or liability of said White to him, — Carlisle,” thereby excluding the right of interpleader, Carlisle, to take a note and deed of trust to secure himself against the old firm obligations of White & Carlisle.
Under the issues and facts in this case, this point is not well taken. The instruction referred to the evidence in the case. It covered fully the liability of White to Carlisle. This liability grew out of his assumption of the very firm debts which counsel claim were excluded by the instruction. The word was used to cover the contingent liability of Carlisle in case Eugene White should not discharge the firm obligations of White & Carlisle, which he assumed, and stand half of the losses on the firm accounts.
The sole issue was whether the note only included these Iona fide obligations. The creditors claimed that White and the interpleaders had fraudulently included in the note a sum largely in excess of White’s debt or liabilities growing out of his purchase of the said firm’s assets. No other liabilities were under consideration, and there is not the slighest probability the jury construed the instruction in the way learned counsel claims they were authorized to do.
The instruction was pertinent and we think comprehensive enough to cover the issues on trial.
II. Learned counsel urges that in the third instruction the court invaded the province of the jury, usurped their functions and practically decided the case against the interpleader.
[361]*361That instruction is as follows:
“3. The jury are instructed that direct and positive evidence is not required to establish or prove fraud, but it may be gathered or inferred from all the facts and circumstances in evidence in this case; and if the jury believe, from all the facts and circumstances in evidence in this case, that Eugene White gave the note and deed' of trust, read in evidence, to James Carlisle, with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud the said Eugene White’s creditors and that Carlisle had knowledge of such fraudulent intent and aided, or in any manner assisted him (White), in carrying out said fraudulent intent, then your verdict must be for plaintiffs in attachment, to-wit, Alberger, Stoer & Co.” The criticism is that the court gave the jury his opinion that the facts and circumstances in this particular case, established fraud.
It may be conceded that a particular emphasis upon the article “the,” and the clause, “m this case,” at first blush, are open to the construction now placed upon them by the appellants; but let us look at the instruction in another light. The court was instructing in this case, not another, and the jury were trying this case, not another. Let us transpose the clause, “in this case,” and place it at the commencement of the instruction. It will then read: “In this case, the court instructs the jury that direct and positive, evidence is not required to establish or prove fraud, but it may be gathered or inferred from all the facts and circumstances in evidence.” Had it been in this last form, certainly it would have been authorized by repeated decisions of this court. Burgert v. Borchert, 59 Mo. 84; Albert v. Besel, 88 Mo. 154. But, reading it as it was given, has the court said more than this, — fraud may be shown by the facts and circumstances in evidence in this or any other case, .where it is the issue. If it may so [362]*362show in any case, was it trenching upon the privileges of the jury to inform them they might so find in this case.
Clearly, if the trial court had considered that the facts were not debatable, and established fraud as a matter of law, he would not have submitted it to the jury to find it from the facts and circumstances. And, on the other hand, if there were no facts and circumstances from which fraud could properly be found in this case, it was error to submit it in any form to the-jury. If there was evidence from which fraud might have been found — and this the interpleader does not controvert — then the jury were properly instructed that it was not necessary to prove the fraud by direct or positive evidence, but might so find it from the evidence in this case.
But the instruction is not to be declared erroneous by a hypercritical test of the first clause alone. This first part is but the reiteration of the law, in an abstract way, as to the amount and character of proof demanded in these cases, and following it, in the same immediate and direct connection, and coupled with it by the copulative conjunction, the jury are told that, if from all the facts and circumstances in evidence, they, the jury, not the court, shall find certain ultimate facts existed, then they must find for the attaching creditor; so that, when taken as a whole, the jury were simply authorized to find that Eugene White executed the note and deed of trust with the intent to delay, hinder or defraud his other creditors, from the facts and circumstances, and it was left for them to say whether they found and believed White was guilty of fraud and that Carlisle knew it, and, knowing it, aided or assisted him in any manner, in carrying out the fraudulent intent.
The meaning of this instruction must be gathered from it as a whole and not by critically separating it, [363]*363and then attacking the detached sections in detail. State v. Matthews, 98 Mo. 130; Burdoin v. Trenton, 116 Mo. 358. This is the rule for the construction of any writing or instrument, and we see no good reason why it should not be applied to an instruction drawn, often hurriedly, but whose meaning is rarely misunderstood. Had it been construed by the counsel for the attaching creditors, in the argument, as it is here by interpleader, we doubt not the interpleader would have had the court repudiate instantly the charge that he was assuming to find fraud for the jury.
So much for the verbal criticism. Let us see if the instruction is otherwise obnoxious to the principles of the law. The law, in cases similar to this, seems to be well defined, in this state. A creditor has a perfect right to take security for an honest debt from his debtor, although he may know that the effect of taking it will be to delay or hinder the other creditors of his debtor in the collection of their debts, and though he may also know that the debtor thereby intends to hinder, delay or defeat his other creditors, provided, always, the creditor so preferred does not participate in the fraudulent purpose or intent of his debtor. Shelley v. Boothe, 73 Mo. 74; Holmes v. Braidwood, 82 Mo. 610; Albert v. Besel, 88 Mo. 150; Frederick v. Allgaier, 88 Mo. 598.
Measured by these decisions, there can be no objection to this instruction. It recognizes fully inter-pleader’s right to take security for his honest debt, even though he knew White was intending to defraud his other creditors; but it required that he should stop at securing his debt, and declared that if he did not, but went further and aided or assisted the fraudulent debtor in carrying out his fraudulent purpose, his preference- so obtained should be avoided.
[364]*364Some criticism is also indulged because of the use ■of the expression, “in any manner assisted in carrying out said fraudulent intent.”- Certainly one who assists ■another, in any manner, in carrying out a fraudulent purpose, is a particeps criminis. It is utterly immaterial what means he resorts to, if he invokes and adopts them to aid in the perpetration of a fraud, he forfeits thereby the countenance of the law, and is a joint fraud-feasor. It is his assistance" in carrying out the fraud, that vitiates the whole of his security. Sieger’s Sons v. Thomas, 107 Mo. 635. And it is quiet a different thing from honestly taking a security for the sole purpose of saving his own debt which may result in a delay of •other creditors. State ex rel. v. Hope, 102 Mo. 410. "We find no error in this instruction that would justify ■a reversal of this cause. McGowan v. Ore & Steel Co., 109 Mo. 518.
III. The error assigned in the fourth instruction is that it enunciates a proposition legally and morally impossible. The instruction declares that, notwithstanding the jury should find that White executed the note .and deed of trust to Carlisle, and that White, Carlisle and Waugh placed Trimble in possession of the .goods attached in this case, still if the jury shall further find from the evidence that the said deed of trust and the instrument by which Trimble was put in possession were made by White with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud the creditors of White in the •collection of their debts and that Carlisle knew of the purpose of White in making and executing said instrument and participated in such intent in any manner, -then such instruments are void as against the attaching •creditors of White, whether Carlisle had a valid debt ■secured by said deed of trust or not.
The instruction in all essential particulars is based on the same principles already discussed as to the third [365]*365instruction; but the specific error, it is claimed, is in-holding that Carlisle could participate in the fraudulent-intent of White. We do not, know that we fully appreciate the point made. We do not see why two men may not have a common intent or purpose to do an. unlawful or fraudulent act or commit a crime with common intent or purpose, and if so, why each may not be said to participate in the other’s intent. In Albert' v. Besel, 88 Mo. 150, Judge Black used this language: “They had a perfect right to buy the goods for that purpose, though the purchase might operate to hinder and delay the other creditors in the collection of their demands, and though to their knowledge Besel intended, the sale should have that effect, provided they did not participate in the fraudulent purpose of Besel.”
In Frederick v. Allgaier, 88 Mo. 598-603, Judge-Sherwood says, speaking of the difference between a. creditor purchasing to save a debt or taking a security, and a purchaser who was not a creditor: “In the one-instance mere knowledge on the part of plaintiff of Rhodes’ fraudulent intent is sufficient to defeat his action; in the other he must have been a participant in that fraitdulent intgnt in order to defeat his recovery.” For an illustration we need not go beyond the facts of this case. It may have been, — indeed, it does not seem to be questioned, — that White honestly owed Carlislesomething. This being true, Carlisle had a legal and moral right to the deed of trust given to secure that debt, but if he knew that White intended to delay,, hinder or defraud his creditors and permitted White to-include in the deed of trust, not only the-debt which he-might lawfully secure, but an amount in excess thereof, and agreed to account to White for this excess over, his-debt, then we say he was not only securing a lawful debt, but he went further, and participated in White’s-fraudulent intent to defeat his creditors.
[366]*366Such transactions are not only not impossible morally or legally, but, unfortunately, are exceedingly common in every-day life. Says Norton, J., in Shelley v. Boothe: “The right of a debtor to prefer one creditor over another necessarily implies the right of such creditor to accept such preference. While the effect of such preference must, to the extent that it is made, necessarily be to hinder or to delay other creditors, the mere knowledge of the preferred creditor that such will be its effect, and the debtor intended it should have that effect, will not be sufficient to avoid the transaction as to a creditor not preferred. But if in such ease it further appears from the circumstances attending the transaction that the preferred creditor was not acting from an honest purpose to secure the payment of his own debt, but from a desire to aid the debtor in defeating other creditors, or in covering up his property, or in giving him a secret interest therein, or in locking it up in any way for the debtor’s own use and benefit, he will not be protected; because in such a case the fraud of the debtor becomes the fraud of the preferred creditor, because of his participancy therein.” Shelley v. Boothe, 73 Mo. 77.
In Van Raalte v. Harrington, 101 Mo. loc. cit. p. 612, Black, J. says: “It makes the vendee a participant in the fraudulent purpose of the vendor,” etc.
In State ex rel. Robertson v. Hope, 102 Mo. 428, Brace, J. arguendo, says: “If the creditor is guilty of fraud it is because he is a participant in the fraudulent intent of the debtor.”
Whatever difficulty counsel may have in solving this mental proposition, it is one that seems never to have given the different members of this court trouble, nor do we think the bar generally regard it as unsolveable or impossible.
[367]*367Regarding this instruction as in line with the established law in this state, and there being no error in the record, the judgment is affirmed.
Barclay, Burgess and Sherwood, JJ., concur; Black, C. J., Brace and Maoearlane, JJ., dissent.