Opinion issued April 23, 2015
In The
Court of Appeals For The
First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-13-00618-CV ——————————— ALAN SCHROCK, Appellant
V.
CITY OF BAYTOWN, Appellee
On Appeal from County Civil Court at Law No. 1 Harris County, Texas Trial Court Case No. 1007923
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant, Alan Schrock, challenges the trial court’s rendition of summary
judgment against him in his lawsuit against appellee, the City of Baytown (“the City”), for a declaratory judgment 1 and for taking his property. 2 In five issues,
Schrock contends that the trial court erred in granting the City summary judgment
dismissing his lawsuit.
We reverse and remand.
Background
In his second amended petition, Schrock alleges that in 1993, he purchased a
house at 606 Vista Avenue in the City to use as a rental property (the “property”).
From 1993 to 2008, each time he leased the property to a new tenant, the City
required, before it connected utility services (water, sewer, and trash disposal) in
the tenant’s name, that the tenant pay it a deposit and provide it a copy of the lease.
Each time he leased the property, Schrock provided the City with a copy of the
lease agreement, either by furnishing the new tenant with an extra copy to give to
the City or by providing a copy of the lease agreement directly to the City.
In 2009, the City notified Schrock that he owed it $1,999.67 for utility
services provided to ten of his prior tenants, dating back to 1993. It gave him with
copies of billing invoices, listing the names and account numbers of the prior
tenants. And the City demanded that Schrock pay the outstanding sum within
fourteen days to avoid having a lien placed on the property. After a hearing, the
1 See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 37.001–.011 (Vernon 2015). 2 See TEX. CONST. art. I, § 17.
2 City reduced the amount due to $1,157.39 for unpaid utility bills that had accrued
over the preceding four years, rather than the preceding sixteen years. And it gave
Schrock fourteen days to pay. However, Schrock did not receive notice of the
City’s decision, and, after he did not pay the sum assessed, the City filed a lien
against the property. According to Schrock, the City failed to perfect its lien or
provide him with notice of the lien. And the City continued to provide utility
services to the property until January 20, 2010, when it refused to provide services
to Schrock’s new tenant.
Schrock further alleges that he first learned in 2009 that the City had in 1991
enacted an ordinance3 that requires landlords who wish to prevent the City from
3 City of Baytown Code of Ordinances, section 98-65, provides in pertinent part as follows: (a) Water. Liens for unpaid water charges shall be filed according to the following: (1) After the city has terminated a customer’s water . . . , the supervisor shall file a lien on the property served by the terminated water service and in the amount the customer whose service was terminated owed to the city for water service at the time of the termination of services. .... (g) Reconnection of services. No water, garbage or sewer services shall be provided to property encumbered by a lien filed pursuant to this section. However, the supervisor of the utility billing division shall be authorized to reconnect water, garbage and wastewater services if the customer agrees in writing to pay the accrued water and wastewater charges . . . . ....
3 filing liens against their rental properties and discontinue utility services to those
properties, to submit a “declaration” that their properties are “rental properties],
which [they] d[o] not wish to be security” [sic] for a tenant’s utility bills.
According to Schrock, he complied with the ordinance each time he had leased the
property to a new tenant by providing a copy of the lease to the City. Thus, the
City at all times had notice that he was using the property as rental property. Also,
he complied with the Texas Local Government Code, which provides that a
“municipality’s lien shall not apply to bills for service connected in a tenant’s
name after notice by the property owner to the municipality that the property is
rental property.” 4 And he notes that the statute prohibits requiring, as a condition
(i) Rental property. (1) The owner of any property . . . rented to another [in which the] tenant carries city water, sewer or garbage collection services in the tenant’s name, may prevent the city from using that property as security for the . . . charges for service to that property and from filing any lien on such property . . . by filing with the city utility billing division a declaration in writing specifically naming the service address of that property and declaring such to be rental property which the owner does not wish to be security for the water, sewer and garbage collection services to that property. (2) When such declaration has been filed with the city prior to the time the account holder begins to receive services, the city shall collect a deposit in the amount of $125.00 . . . . Baytown, Tex., Code of Ordinances, ch. 98, art. III, § 98-65 (1967) (amended 2012) (emphasis added). 4 TEX. LOCAL GOV’T CODE ANN. § 552.0025(e) (Vernon 2015).
4 of connecting service, a third party guarantee of a customer’s utility bill or
requiring, as a condition of connecting or continuing service, a customer to pay for
service previously furnished to another customer at the same address. 5
In 2011, the City amended its ordinance, removing the requirement that
landlords file rental property declarations. Rather, if the City “knows” that a
property is occupied by a tenant, it may not file a lien against the property;
however, it may report the tenant’s delinquency to a credit bureau. In 2012, the
City further amended its ordinance, allowing utility services to continue to be
provided to a property in accordance with the Local Government Code.
Regardless, the City, Schrock alleges, has refused to provide water and
wastewater services to the property since January 2010, and, on several occasions,
it has refused to allow him to satisfy the lien for the retention of utility services.
Without water and wastewater services to the property, Schrock has not been able
to use the property as a rental property, and he has been denied all economically
viable use of the property. As a result, the property has fallen into disrepair and
has become uninhabitable. Schrock further alleges that the City’s actions
constitute an unreasonable interference with his right to use and enjoy the property.
And they further constitute an “unlawful exercise of police power which primarily
5 See id. § 552.0025(a), (b).
5 and adversely affected a small number of landlords of single family residences.”6
Schrock notes that from 1991 to 2012, the City had filed eighteen liens against
rental properties, but only eight remained, including the lien on the property. 7 He
argues that the City’s enforcement of the ordinance was not “in response to a great
public necessity,” but constituted an “attempt to coerce a small number of
landlords into paying their tenants’ water bills” out of convenience because it was
difficult for the City to collect from tenants who had moved. Schrock seeks
damages and a declaration clarifying his rights under the current version of the
ordinance.
In its third amended answer, the City generally denied Schrock’s claims and
asserted the affirmative defenses of governmental immunity and limitations. The
City subsequently filed a summary-judgment motion, seeking dismissal of
Schrock’s claims for want of jurisdiction on the ground that no regulatory taking
occurred and, therefore, the City has not waived its immunity. It asserted that
Schrock “used [the] [p]roperty as rental property” and has, since 1993, rented the
property to eleven tenants, whom it lists by name and whom it alleged had vacated
the property owing outstanding utility payments to the City. It further asserted that
6 See U.S. CONST. AMEND. V; TEX. CONST. art I, § 17. 7 Although the City asserts that it has released its lien against the property and has attached a copy of a lien release to its brief, the City concedes that it did not file the lien release, did not present it to the trial court, and has not made the lien release part of the record in this appeal.
6 although Schrock, pursuant to its ordinance, could have filed a rental property
“declaration” “wherein [he could have] declare[d] the [p]roperty as rental property
and not [have been] subject to a lien for service to his tenants,” he failed to do so.
The City argued that no compensable regulatory taking had occurred because its
regulation did not deprive Schrock of all economically viable use of the property or
unreasonably interfere with his right to use the property. Rather, as per the City,
Schrock held his property subject to the City’s valid exercise of police power, and
its practice of discontinuing utility services for the failure of tenants to pay related
charges is a valid exercise of its police power. The City noted that Schrock
tendered the outstanding balance to it on October 20, 2010, but left the utility
office without paying; it provided water service to the property at Schrock’s
request from February to April 2012; and the 2009 and 2012 appraised values of
the property remained steady at $24,999.
The City attached to its summary-judgment motion Schrock’s discovery
responses; the affidavit of Gina Rivon, its Utility Billing Manager, who attested to
each of the tenants’ names, dates of utility services, and delinquent sums due; the
City’s letter of delinquency to Schrock; his tenants’ utility account invoices; the
City’s letter of decision in Schrock’s administrative appeal; and its lien on the
property.
7 In his response to the City’s summary-judgment motion, Schrock reiterated
his assertion that the City has had notice at all times that he was using the property
as rental property. And he asserted that the Local Government Code prohibits a
municipality from imposing a lien for utility service “connected in a tenant’s name
after notice by the property owner to the municipality that the property is rental
property.” 8
Schrock also asserted that in January 2010, the City informed him that it
would not provide water service to the property until the lien was paid. He then
went to the City’s utility billing office and tendered a check for $1,251.59 as
instructed. The City’s billing analyst, Z. Bawany, however, refused payment.
And, although the City’s ordinance requires that whenever a person “pays all
principal, interest and the filing fee of a lien validly filed pursuant to this section,
the supervisor of the utility billing division shall execute a release of that lien and
surrender it to the paying party,” 9 the City refused to release the lien unless
Schrock also paid the delinquent bill of yet another tenant. When Schrock again
attempted to satisfy the lien, Bawany again refused payment, stating that the lien
would not be released until Schrock satisfied all delinquent utility payments
pertaining to all of his previous tenants at all of his properties. At the time,
Schrock owned seventeen rental properties in the City. 8 See id. 9 Baytown, Tex., Code of Ordinances, at § 98-65(h).
8 Schrock noted that without utilities and occupants to maintain the property,
it has fallen into disrepair and become uninhabitable; it will cost “at least $8,000 to
make the [p]roperty habitable again”; his tenant in January 2010 rescinded his
lease, which provided for monthly payments of $600, and the City’s actions have
prevented him from re-renting the property. And he asserted that genuine issues of
material fact exist regarding whether the City’s requirement that landlords submit
rental property declarations, in addition to the copies of the leases it has always
required, is unreasonable and whether the City’s enforcement of its ordinance is
arbitrary. Schrock attached his affidavit to his summary-judgment response.
The City removed this case to a federal district court, which dismissed
Schrock’s federal claims for lack of ripeness and limitations, and it remanded his
state law claims back to state court.10 The City then filed in state court a
supplemental motion for summary judgment, requesting dismissal of Schrock’s
remaining state constitutional and declaratory-judgment claims on the ground that
Schrock had failed to state a viable taking or declaratory-judgment claim and,
alternatively, that his claims are barred by limitations. The City attached to its
motion a copy of the federal district court’s opinion, copies of the amended
ordinance, and excerpts from the depositions of Schrock, Bawany, and Rivon.
10 See Schrock v. City of Baytown, No. H-12-2455 (S.D. Tex. Mar. 11, 2013).
9 In his supplemental response, Schrock argued that a regulatory taking had
occurred when the City denied all water and wastewater services to the property
because this denied him all economically viable use of the property and
unreasonably interfered with his right to use and enjoy the property. He asserted
that a ten-year limitations period applies. And he further argued that he is entitled
to bring his declaratory-judgment action because there remains a question as to
whether the City “has the right to refuse to connect utility services based on a lien
for utility services that [he] didn’t incur.”
After a hearing, the trial court, without stating the grounds upon which it
relied, granted the City summary judgment dismissing Schrock’s claims. And it
subsequently denied Schrock’s motion for new trial.
Standard of Review
To prevail on a summary-judgment motion, a movant has the burden of
establishing that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law and there is no
genuine issue of material fact. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Cathey v. Booth, 900
S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex. 1995). When a defendant moves for summary judgment, it
must either (1) disprove at least one essential element of the plaintiff’s cause of
action or (2) plead and conclusively establish each essential element of its
affirmative defense, thereby defeating the plaintiff’s cause of action. Cathey, 900
S.W.2d at 341; Yazdchi v. Bank One, Tex., N.A., 177 S.W.3d 399, 404 (Tex.
10 App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied). When deciding whether there is a
disputed, material fact issue precluding summary judgment, evidence favorable to
the non-movant will be taken as true. Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d
546, 548–49 (Tex. 1985). Every reasonable inference must be indulged in favor of
the non-movant and any doubts must be resolved in its favor. Id. at 549. When a
summary judgment does not specify the grounds on which the trial court relied, the
reviewing court will affirm the judgment if any theory advanced in the motion is
meritorious. Harwell v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 896 S.W.2d 170, 173
(Tex. 1995); Summers v. Fort Crockett Hotel, Ltd., 902 S.W.2d 20, 25 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, writ denied). Declaratory judgments rendered by
summary judgment are reviewed under the same standards that govern summary
judgments generally. Bowers v. Taylor, 263 S.W.3d 260, 264 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.).
Governmental Immunity
In his first and second issues, Schrock argues that the trial court erred in
granting the City summary judgment and dismissing his regulatory-takings claim
on the ground of governmental immunity because he presented the court with a
valid claim and, thus, the State has waived the City’s governmental immunity.
Under the doctrine of governmental immunity, a unit of government may not
be sued without the express consent of the legislature. See City of Hous. v. Hous.
11 Firefighters’ Relief & Ret. Fund, 196 S.W.3d 271, 277 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2006, no pet.). In the absence of a waiver of governmental immunity, a
court has no subject matter jurisdiction to entertain a suit against a governmental
unit. See Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Jones, 8 S.W.3d 636, 638 (Tex. 1999). The
doctrine of governmental immunity does not, however, shield a governmental
entity from valid claims for compensation under the Takings Clause of the Texas
Constitution. City of Houston v. Guthrie, 332 S.W.3d 578, 591–92 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied) (citing TEX. CONST. art. I, § 17).
“The ultimate determination of whether an ordinance constitutes a
compensable taking is a question of law, but we depend on the district court to
resolve disputed facts regarding the extent of the governmental intrusion on the
property.” City of Lorena v. BMTP Holdings, L.P., 409 S.W.3d 634, 645 (Tex.
2013). “Thus, we must determine whether any disputed issues of fact exist
concerning the extent of the City’s intrusion on [Schrock’s] property—in which
case we must remand to the trial court to resolve the dispute and determine the
extent of the government’s intrusion.” Id.
Courts have “generally eschew[ed] any ‘set formula’ for determining how
far is too far,” when performing a regulatory takings analysis, preferring to
“‘engag[e] in . . . essentially ad hoc, factual inquiries.’” Hearts Bluff Game Ranch,
Inc. v. State, 381 S.W.3d 468, 477 (Tex. 2012) (citing Lucas v. S.C. Coastal
12 Council, 505 U.S. 1003, 1015, 112 S. Ct. 2886, 2893 (1992) (quoting Penn Cent.
Transp. Co. v. New York City, 438 U.S. 104, 124, 98 S. Ct. 2646, 2659 (1978)
(stating “whether a particular property restriction constitutes a taking depends
largely upon the particular circumstances in that case”)). Generally, we consider
(1) the economic impact of the regulation on the claimant, (2) the character of the
government action, and (3) the extent to which the regulation has interfered with
the economic expectations of the property owner. Penn Cent. Transp. Co., 438
U.S. 124, 98 S. Ct. at 2659.
In regard to the second factor, “where courts have found direct governmental
actions in which the governmental defendant had regulatory authority over the
matter causing the plaintiff’s harm, they have generally found a taking.” Hearts
Bluff Game Ranch, 381 S.W.3d at 480. Here, it is undisputed that the City had
direct regulatory authority over the matter causing the harm that Schrock alleges.
In regard to the first and third factors, a taking arises when a governmental
regulation (1) denies a landowner all economically viable uses of his property or
(2) unreasonably interferes with the landowner’s right to use and enjoy his
property. See id. at 489–91; Mayhew v. Town of Sunnyvale, 964 S.W.2d 922, 935–
96 (Tex. 1998). Determining whether all economically viable use of a property has
been denied requires an analysis of whether value remains in the property after the
governmental action. Mayhew, 964 S.W.2d at 936. Determining whether the
13 government has unreasonably interfered with a landowner’s right to use and enjoy
property requires consideration of the economic impact of the regulation and the
extent to which the regulation interferes with the investment-backed expectations
of the landowner. Id.
The City asserts, and its summary judgment evidence shows, that the Harris
County Appraisal District valued the property, both in 2009 and 2012, at $29,000.
See Hearts Bluff Game Ranch, Inc., 381 S.W.3d at 490. Schrock asserts that the
property, as a result of having no water or wastewater services, has sat without
occupants for so long that it has become uninhabitable and infested with rats and
mold. Further, Schrock asserts that he purchased the property with the expectation
of using it as a rental property, and he has operated it as such since 1993. “The
existing and permitted uses of the property constitute the ‘primary expectation’ of
the landowner that is affected by regulation.” Mayhew, 964 S.W.2d at 935. And a
property owner has a constitutionally protected property interest in lost rents. See
Hidden Oaks Ltd. v. City of Austin, 138 F.3d 1036, 1046 (5th Cir. 1998).
The City asserts that its “practice of discontinuing utility services due to the
failure to pay related charges is well settled in law and is within [its] valid exercise
of its police power.” Its summary-judgment evidence shows that Schrock owns the
property, $1,157.39 is owed for unpaid utility services that the City provided to
tenants at the property, Schrock did not pay the amount owed, and the City placed
14 a lien on the property and discontinued further utility services. The City asserts
that Schrock did not, pursuant to its ordinance, file a declaration that he did not
want the property to be used as security for the tenants’ utility services.
A “municipality may take the necessary action to operate and maintain [a
water] system and to require water customers to pay charges imposed for the water
furnished.” TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 552.017(c) (Vernon 2015) (governing
water systems in home-rule municipalities). Courts have recognized that control of
water and waste disposal services are essential health matters, fall within the police
powers of a city, and include the right to discontinue utility services to a person
who has become delinquent in the payment of service fees. City of Breckenridge v.
Cozart, 478 S.W.2d 162, 165 (Tex. App.—Eastland 1972, writ ref’d n.r.e.).
However, the City, as a home-rule city, is prohibited from enacting an ordinance
that “contain[s] any provision inconsistent with the Constitution of the State, or of
the general laws enacted by the Legislature of this State.” TEX. CONST. art. XI,
§ 5; see City of Carrollton v. Tex. Comm’n on Envtl. Quality, 170 S.W.3d 204, 208
(Tex. App.—Austin 2005, no pet.) (noting although home-rule cities “have a vast
amount of power, their authority is not without limitations”).
Texas Local Government Code section 552.0025 provides, in pertinent part:
(a) A municipality may not require a customer to pay for utility service previously furnished to another customer at the same service connection as a condition of connecting or continuing service.
15 (b) A municipality may not require a customer’s utility bill to be guaranteed by a third party as a condition of connecting or continuing service. .... (e) The municipality’s lien shall not apply to bills for service connected in a tenant’s name after notice by the property owner to the municipality that the property is rental property.
TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 552.0025(a), (b), and (e).
Schrock asserts that he has been renting the property to tenants since 1991;
the City has always required that a new tenant submit a copy of his lease
agreement to the City and pay a deposit before utility services could be connected;
and, each time that he has rented to a tenant, he has provided the City with a copy
of the lease agreement, either by furnishing the tenant with an extra copy to give to
the City or by providing a copy of the lease agreement directly to the City. Thus,
Schrock presented evidence that the City has had notice at all times that he was
using the property as rental property. And the City’s own summary-judgment
evidence establishes that it knew that the outstanding utility payments that it
sought to collect from Schrock, by placing a lien on the property and conditioning
future water and wastewater services to the property on his payment, pertained to
other utility customers and not to Schrock himself.
After taking as true all evidence favorable to Schrock, as the non-movant,
and indulging every reasonable inference in his favor, we conclude that the City
has not conclusively negated Schrock’s regulatory-takings claim. See Cathey, 900
16 S.W.2d at 341; Yazdchi, 177 S.W.3d at 404; Nixon, 690 S.W.2d at 548–49.
Accordingly, we hold that the trial court erred in granting the City summary
judgment and dismissing Schrock’s regulatory-takings claim on the ground of
governmental immunity.
We sustain Schrock’s first and second issues.
Statute of Limitations
In his third issue, Schrock argues that the trial court erred in granting the
City summary judgment on his regulatory-takings claims on the ground of
limitations because he commenced his lawsuit well within the ten-year limitations
period applicable to his claim. He asserts that his claim accrued on January 20,
2010, when the City refused water service to his tenant, and he filed his lawsuit on
January 19, 2012, well within the ten-year limitations period. The City asserts that
Schrock has alleged a property-damage claim, which is subject to a two-year
limitations period; Schrock’s claim accrued in June 2009, when it filed a lien on
the property; and he did not file his lawsuit until January 19, 2012, which was after
the limitations period had expired.
There is not a statutory provision that provides a certain limitations period
for inverse-condemnation actions. Grunwald v. City of Castle Hills, 100 S.W.3d
350, 353–54 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002, no pet.); see also Hallco Tex. Inc. v.
McMullen Cnty., 221 S.W.3d 50, 74 (Tex. 2007) (Hecht, J., dissenting) (“It is not
17 entirely clear what statute of limitations applies to such claims . . . .”). Courts have
held that a regulatory-taking action is barred after the expiration of a ten-year
period of limitations, but that an action for damage to property is governed by a
two-year period of limitations. Maguire Oil Co. v. City of Houston, 69 S.W.3d
350, 358 n.4 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002, pet. denied) (“There is no specific
statute of limitations for an inverse condemnation claim. However, courts have
held the ten-year statute of limitations to acquire land by adverse possession
applies.”); Trail Enters., Inc. v. City of Houston, 957 S.W.2d 625, 631 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, pet. denied); see TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE
ANN. § 16.003(a) (Vernon Supp. 2014) (governing injury to property), § 16.026(a)
(Vernon 2002) (governing adverse possession).
Having concluded that the City has not conclusively negated Schrock’s
regulatory-takings claim, which is based on his assertion that he has been deprived
of all economically viable use of the property, we further conclude that his claim is
subject to the ten-year limitations period. See Hudson v. Ark. La. Gas Co., 626
S.W.2d 561, 563 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1981, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (reversing
summary judgment because trial court did not apply ten-year limitations period to
inverse condemnation claim). Whether Schrock’s claim accrued at the time that
the City placed the lien on the property or when it refused utility service to his
18 tenant on January 20, 2010, Schrock’s lawsuit, which he filed on January 19, 2012,
was commenced well within the ten-year limitations period.
We sustain Schrock’s third issue.
Declaratory Judgment Claim
In his fourth issue, Schrock argues that the trial court erred in granting the
City summary judgment and dismissing his declaratory-judgment action on the
ground of governmental immunity because he presented a valid claim and, thus,
the State has waived the City’s governmental immunity. In his fifth issue, Schrock
asserts that his declaratory-judgment action is not barred by limitations.
Under the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act, a person “affected by a
statute [or] municipal ordinance . . . may have determined any question of
construction or validity arising under the instrument, statute, [or] ordinance, . . .
and obtain a declaration of rights, status, or other legal relations thereunder.” TEX.
CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 37.004 (Vernon 2015). An action against the
government seeking a declaration of a party’s rights and status under a statute is
not barred by governmental immunity. See Tex. Natural Res. Conservation
Comm’n v. IT–Davy, 74 S.W.3d 849, 859–60 (Tex. 2002). Governmental
immunity bars suits in which a plaintiff seeks a declaration of a governmental
unit’s liability for money damages. See id.
19 Schrock asserts that, although the City, after the regulatory taking of the
property, amended its ordinance requiring landlords to submit rental-property
declarations, he seeks a declaration of his rights concerning the validity of the
City’s lien and whether the City may continue to refuse to provide utility services
to his future tenants at the property based on the lien. Accordingly, we conclude
that Schrock’s declaratory-judgment action is not barred by governmental
immunity.
Further, because claims for declaratory relief necessarily derive from claims
for substantive relief, the statute of limitations for the underlying action at law
generally is applied to an accompanying action for declaratory relief. See Nw.
Austin Mun. Util. Dist. No. 1 v. City of Austin, 274 S.W.3d 820, 839 (Tex. App.—
Austin 2008, pet denied). Having concluded that the applicable limitations period
for Schock’s regulatory-takings claim is ten years, we further conclude that the
period applicable to Schrock’s declaratory-judgment action is also ten years. See
id. Thus, he filed his declaratory-judgment action within the limitations period.
We sustain Schrock’s fourth and fifth issues.
20 Conclusion
We reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Terry Jennings Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Jennings and Keyes.