SECOND DIVISION BARNES, P. J., MILLER, and RAY, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/
August 16, 2013
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A13A1106. BRAUN v. STATE.
BARNES, Presiding Judge.
Alan Braun appeals the denial of his motion to suppress and his motion for a
new trial. Officers discovered methamphetamine in his home during the execution of
a “no-knock” search warrant. Braun contends that his motion to suppress should have
been granted because the “no-knock” provision was not justified and the affidavit did
not provide probable cause for searching both residences on the property. He also
maintains that he should have been granted a new trial because of the erroneous
denial of his motion to suppress. We disagree and affirm.
The facts of this case are undisputed. A special agent with the Fayette County
Sheriff’s Department began investigating Braun after receiving a tip from Crime
Stoppers Atlanta that Braun, who kept rifles and shotguns at his residence, was both
selling methamphetamine to middle school students and soliciting them for sex. In the course of his investigation, the special agent did not observe significant vehicular
or foot traffic at Braun’s residence, although he could only watch the house for fifteen
or twenty minute intervals due to low traffic on the residential street. He noted two
residential structures on the property and assumed that Braun lived in the smaller of
the two after seeing him leave it. One driveway, mailbox, and trash can served both
houses.
About six months after receiving the initial tip, the special agent inspected the
contents of the shared trash can after it had been left at the curb. He found
methamphetamine residue on a broken glass pipe and on numerous pieces of
aluminum foil with burn marks. Based on the agent’s experience, drug users
commonly smoke methamphetamine by placing the drug on aluminum foil, heating
the bottom of the foil, and then inhaling the smoke. The trash also contained mail
addressed to Braun and to his father, the registered owner of the property.
The special agent applied for and received a search warrant for both houses
with a “no-knock” provision using an affidavit that cited Braun’s prior arrests for
battery, various drug charges, and possession of a firearm during the commission of
a crime, along with the agent’s experience that the subjects of such search warrants
often possess firearms and package illegal narcotics for easy destruction. Upon
2 execution of this warrant, agents recovered a digital scale, several pipes, plastic bags
containing methamphetamine residue, and methamphetamine from Braun’s home.
Braun filed a motion to suppress this evidence, which was denied. Following
a stipulated bench trial, the trial court found him guilty of possession of
methamphetamine. The trial court subsequently denied his motion for a new trial, and
this appeal followed.
1. Braun maintains that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress
because there was no reasonable basis for the no-knock provision of the search
warrant. We are not persuaded.
“In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we construe the
evidence most favorably to the findings and judgment. However, the application of
the law to undisputed facts is subject to de novo appellate review.” (Citation omitted.)
State v. Cash, 316 Ga. App. 324, 325 (728 SE2d 918) (2012). Because there is no
factual dispute in this case, we review the trial court’s ruling de novo. Id.
Generally, police must make a good faith attempt to verbally announce their authority and purpose before entering a building to execute a search warrant. However, a warrant can authorize a “no-knock” entry where police seeking the warrant demonstrate a reasonable suspicion that knocking and announcing their presence, under the particular circumstances, would be dangerous or futile, or that it would inhibit the
3 effective investigation of the crime by, for example, allowing the destruction of evidence.
(Citation omitted.) State v. Barnett, 314 Ga. App. 17, 18 (722 SE2d 865) (2012).
Blanket provisions based on the generalized experience of the officer seeking the
warrant do not authorize no-knock provisions. Id. An affidavit based on the general
ease of destroying drug evidence and the officer’s experience is also insufficient, as
is the mere fact that the warrant is being issued in a felony drug investigation. Id. at
18-19. The magistrate must perform a neutral evaluation of each case’s particular
facts and circumstances. Id. at 18.
Nonetheless, “[t]he standard for establishing the reasonable suspicion
necessary to justify a no-knock entry, as opposed to the standard for establishing
probable cause, is not high.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Kimble v. State, 301
Ga. App. 237, 244 (5) (687 SE2d 242) (2009).
(a) Braun contends that the magistrate should not have considered his arrest
record in granting the no-knock provision because he had not been convicted of those
crimes.
4 “Our responsibility in reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress
is to ensure that there was a substantial basis for the decision.” Cook v. State , 255 Ga.
App. 578, 579 (565 SE2d 896) (2002).
The officer does not have to show specific information that would lead officers to conclude that they would be harmed if they announced their authority and purpose; it is sufficient if the information supplied by affidavit and sworn testimony would lead to the reasonable conclusion that the officers could be harmed if they announced their authority and purpose.
(Citation and punctuation omitted; emphasis in original.) Kimble, 301 Ga. App. at
244-245. Thus, a no-knock provision was appropriate in Kimble because the subject
of the warrant had a pending weapons charge and prior drug and theft convictions.
Id at 245. Likewise, because the subject of the warrant in Cook had been convicted
of battery and a drug offense, a no-knock provision was reasonable. 255 Ga. App. at
579-580.
The trial court held that the probable cause from Braun’s prior arrests for
battery and possession of a firearm “carrie[d] over to this case.” Because those arrests
were supported by probable cause, the officer had “probable cause to suspect that
[Braun] was a man of violence with firearms” who might harm officers if they
5 knocked before entering his residence, and the magistrate could thus consider his
arrest record. These facts provided a sufficient basis for the trial court’s holding that
the inclusion of a no-knock provision in the warrant was reasonable under the
circumstances, and the court did not err in denying Braun’s motion to suppress. Cook,
255 Ga. App. at 579-580.
(b) Braun asserts that the Crime Stoppers tip that there were rifles and shotguns
in his house was nothing but a rumor because the officers knew nothing about the
informants.
Braun is correct that the tip was insufficient to justify the inclusion of a no-
knock provision in the search warrant. The information was stale and the tipster’s
reliability unproven, and the tip supplied no probable cause supporting the inclusion
of the no-knock provision or the issuance of the warrant itself. Eaton v. State, 210 Ga.
App. 273, 274 (1) (435 SE2d 756) (1993).
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SECOND DIVISION BARNES, P. J., MILLER, and RAY, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/
August 16, 2013
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A13A1106. BRAUN v. STATE.
BARNES, Presiding Judge.
Alan Braun appeals the denial of his motion to suppress and his motion for a
new trial. Officers discovered methamphetamine in his home during the execution of
a “no-knock” search warrant. Braun contends that his motion to suppress should have
been granted because the “no-knock” provision was not justified and the affidavit did
not provide probable cause for searching both residences on the property. He also
maintains that he should have been granted a new trial because of the erroneous
denial of his motion to suppress. We disagree and affirm.
The facts of this case are undisputed. A special agent with the Fayette County
Sheriff’s Department began investigating Braun after receiving a tip from Crime
Stoppers Atlanta that Braun, who kept rifles and shotguns at his residence, was both
selling methamphetamine to middle school students and soliciting them for sex. In the course of his investigation, the special agent did not observe significant vehicular
or foot traffic at Braun’s residence, although he could only watch the house for fifteen
or twenty minute intervals due to low traffic on the residential street. He noted two
residential structures on the property and assumed that Braun lived in the smaller of
the two after seeing him leave it. One driveway, mailbox, and trash can served both
houses.
About six months after receiving the initial tip, the special agent inspected the
contents of the shared trash can after it had been left at the curb. He found
methamphetamine residue on a broken glass pipe and on numerous pieces of
aluminum foil with burn marks. Based on the agent’s experience, drug users
commonly smoke methamphetamine by placing the drug on aluminum foil, heating
the bottom of the foil, and then inhaling the smoke. The trash also contained mail
addressed to Braun and to his father, the registered owner of the property.
The special agent applied for and received a search warrant for both houses
with a “no-knock” provision using an affidavit that cited Braun’s prior arrests for
battery, various drug charges, and possession of a firearm during the commission of
a crime, along with the agent’s experience that the subjects of such search warrants
often possess firearms and package illegal narcotics for easy destruction. Upon
2 execution of this warrant, agents recovered a digital scale, several pipes, plastic bags
containing methamphetamine residue, and methamphetamine from Braun’s home.
Braun filed a motion to suppress this evidence, which was denied. Following
a stipulated bench trial, the trial court found him guilty of possession of
methamphetamine. The trial court subsequently denied his motion for a new trial, and
this appeal followed.
1. Braun maintains that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress
because there was no reasonable basis for the no-knock provision of the search
warrant. We are not persuaded.
“In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we construe the
evidence most favorably to the findings and judgment. However, the application of
the law to undisputed facts is subject to de novo appellate review.” (Citation omitted.)
State v. Cash, 316 Ga. App. 324, 325 (728 SE2d 918) (2012). Because there is no
factual dispute in this case, we review the trial court’s ruling de novo. Id.
Generally, police must make a good faith attempt to verbally announce their authority and purpose before entering a building to execute a search warrant. However, a warrant can authorize a “no-knock” entry where police seeking the warrant demonstrate a reasonable suspicion that knocking and announcing their presence, under the particular circumstances, would be dangerous or futile, or that it would inhibit the
3 effective investigation of the crime by, for example, allowing the destruction of evidence.
(Citation omitted.) State v. Barnett, 314 Ga. App. 17, 18 (722 SE2d 865) (2012).
Blanket provisions based on the generalized experience of the officer seeking the
warrant do not authorize no-knock provisions. Id. An affidavit based on the general
ease of destroying drug evidence and the officer’s experience is also insufficient, as
is the mere fact that the warrant is being issued in a felony drug investigation. Id. at
18-19. The magistrate must perform a neutral evaluation of each case’s particular
facts and circumstances. Id. at 18.
Nonetheless, “[t]he standard for establishing the reasonable suspicion
necessary to justify a no-knock entry, as opposed to the standard for establishing
probable cause, is not high.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Kimble v. State, 301
Ga. App. 237, 244 (5) (687 SE2d 242) (2009).
(a) Braun contends that the magistrate should not have considered his arrest
record in granting the no-knock provision because he had not been convicted of those
crimes.
4 “Our responsibility in reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress
is to ensure that there was a substantial basis for the decision.” Cook v. State , 255 Ga.
App. 578, 579 (565 SE2d 896) (2002).
The officer does not have to show specific information that would lead officers to conclude that they would be harmed if they announced their authority and purpose; it is sufficient if the information supplied by affidavit and sworn testimony would lead to the reasonable conclusion that the officers could be harmed if they announced their authority and purpose.
(Citation and punctuation omitted; emphasis in original.) Kimble, 301 Ga. App. at
244-245. Thus, a no-knock provision was appropriate in Kimble because the subject
of the warrant had a pending weapons charge and prior drug and theft convictions.
Id at 245. Likewise, because the subject of the warrant in Cook had been convicted
of battery and a drug offense, a no-knock provision was reasonable. 255 Ga. App. at
579-580.
The trial court held that the probable cause from Braun’s prior arrests for
battery and possession of a firearm “carrie[d] over to this case.” Because those arrests
were supported by probable cause, the officer had “probable cause to suspect that
[Braun] was a man of violence with firearms” who might harm officers if they
5 knocked before entering his residence, and the magistrate could thus consider his
arrest record. These facts provided a sufficient basis for the trial court’s holding that
the inclusion of a no-knock provision in the warrant was reasonable under the
circumstances, and the court did not err in denying Braun’s motion to suppress. Cook,
255 Ga. App. at 579-580.
(b) Braun asserts that the Crime Stoppers tip that there were rifles and shotguns
in his house was nothing but a rumor because the officers knew nothing about the
informants.
Braun is correct that the tip was insufficient to justify the inclusion of a no-
knock provision in the search warrant. The information was stale and the tipster’s
reliability unproven, and the tip supplied no probable cause supporting the inclusion
of the no-knock provision or the issuance of the warrant itself. Eaton v. State, 210 Ga.
App. 273, 274 (1) (435 SE2d 756) (1993). But even without the information about the
anonymous tip, the affidavit provided sufficient support for the magistrate’s finding
of probable cause and inclusion of the no-knock provision under the totality of the
circumstances test. See Powers v. State, 261 Ga. App. 296, 303 (4) (582 SE2d 237)
(2003).
6 2. Braun contends that the search warrant was deficient because the affidavit
did not establish sufficient probable cause to search both residences, and thus the trial
court erred in denying the motion to suppress.
The Fourth Amendment “requires that the warrant particularly describe the
place to be searched.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Conrad v. State, 316 Ga.
App. 146, 148 (1) (730 SE2d 7) (2012).
In determining whether probable cause supports the issuance of a search warrant, the issuing magistrate must evaluate all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him or her and make a practical, common-sense decision whether there is a fair probability that evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Carter v. State, 319 Ga. App. 609, 611 (1) (737
SE2d 714) (2013). “Even doubtful cases should be resolved in favor of upholding a
magistrate’s determination that a warrant is proper.” (Footnote omitted.) Conrad, 316
Ga. App. at 149.
The test for the sufficiency of a premises description is whether on its face it enables a prudent officer executing the warrant to locate the person and place definitely and with reasonable certainty. . . . It is enough if the description is such that the officer with a search warrant can with reasonable effort ascertain and identify the place intended.
7 (Citation and punctuation omitted.) State v. Hardin, 173 Ga. App. 83 (329 SE2d 172)
(1985). The warrant described the place to be searched with sufficient particularity
by giving the street address, city, county, and state. See Jackson v. State, 129 Ga.
App. 901 (1) (b) (201 SE2d 816) (1973); Adams v. State, 123 Ga. App. 206 (180
SE2d 262) (1971).
Braun attempts to compare the two separate residential structures to any multi-
unit structure in which the tenants share a trash can, such as a duplex or apartment
complex, but the facts in this case supported issuing a warrant to search both
structures. The affidavit submitted with the application for a search warrant stated
that the two residential structures shared a single address and that Braun’s father
owned both. They shared a driveway and mailbox in addition to the trash can, and
both Braun’s and his father’s discarded mail were discovered in the trash along with
the indicators of drug activity. The drug remnants and residue found in the Brauns’
shared trash provided the magistrate with sufficient evidence that drugs could be
found in either residence. See Carter, 319 Ga. App. at 611; Conrad, 316 Ga. App. at
148-151 (1).
We conclude that the affidavit provided the magistrate with enough information to come to the practical, common-sense conclusion that
8 illicit drugs were being used in and/or sold from the residence located at [a particular address]; that [Braun] was a target of the drug investigation and lived at that location with at least one of his parents; . . . and that there was a fair probability that evidence of drug crimes could be found in either . . . residential structure. Because the application for the search warrant established probable cause to search [both structures], we conclude the trial court properly denied the motion to suppress the evidence.
(Footnote and punctuation omitted.) Conrad, 316 Ga. App. at 151 (1) (subject of
search warrant lived in a mother-in-law suite inside a single residential structure).
3. Braun argues that the trial court should have granted his motion for a new
trial because the court improperly denied his motion to suppress.
Based on our findings in Divisions 1 and 2 that the motion to suppress was
properly denied, we hold that the trial court correctly denied Braun’s motion for a
new trial.
Judgment affirmed. Miller and Ray, JJ., concur.