Opinion by Judge CRABER; Concurrence by Judge WATFORD.
OPINION
GRABER, Circuit Judge:
Respondent FibroGen, Inc., appeals the district court’s order granting an ex parte application, filed by Petitioner Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1782, for discovery in aid of foreign proceedings. The district court held, among other things, that Akebia was an “interest-. [1110]*1110ed person” within the meaning of § 1782 and that the Japanese and European Patent Offices are “tribunals” to which § 1782 applies. It therefore granted Akebia’s application. Reviewing the district court’s decision for abuse of discretion, Four Pillars Enters. Co. v. Avery Dennison Corp., 308 F.3d 1075, 1078 (9th Cir.2002), we affirm.
FibroGen is a biotechnology company based in San Francisco, California. It is the owner of certain foreign patents, two of which are relevant to this appeal: European Patent No. EP 1 463 823 and Japanese Patent No. 4804131. Both patents concern the use of various chemical compounds in treating anemia. Akebia, a bio-pharmaceutical company that develops products using similar chemical compounds, disputes the validity of FibroGen’s European and Japanese patents and, accordingly, has initiated opposition proceedings in both the European Patent Office and the Japanese Patent Office. Neither Office has established procedures through which Akebia may seek discovery of potentially relevant information located in the United States for use in those foreign proceedings.
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1782, Akebia filed, in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, an application to conduct discovery in aid of foreign proceedings. Specifically, Akebia sought permission to serve FibroGen with document and deposition subpoenas relating to the pending foreign proceedings and relating to “additional foreign adversarial proceedings being contemplated by Ake-bia.” The district court granted Akebia’s application but imposed a restrictive protective order because of the confidential nature of the information sought. Fibro-Gen timely appeals.
Title 28 U.S.C. § 1782 permits any “interested person” to file an application in the district court requesting that the court order another person to produce testimony or documents for use “in a proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal.” The statute’s purpose is twofold: to “provid[e] efficient assistance to participants in international litigation” and to “encourag[e] foreign countries by example to provide similar assistance to our courts.” Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 542 U.S. 241, 252, 124 S.Ct. 2466, 159 L.Ed.2d 355 (2004) (internal quotation marks omitted). In this appeal, FibroGen argues that (1) Akebia is not an “interested person” within the meaning of § 1782, (2) neither the European Patent Office nor the Japanese Patent Office is a “tribunal” to which § 1782 applies, (3) the scope of discovery permissible under § 1782 is limited by certain later-enacted provisions of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (“AIA”), and (4) the district court abused its discretion by failing to consider certain factors in its decision to order discovery. We address each of those arguments in turn.
1. “Interested Person” and Standing
An “interested person” seeking to invoke the discovery mechanism set forth under § 1782 may include “ ‘not only litigants before foreign or international tribunals, but also foreign and international officials as well as any other person whether he be designated by foreign law or international convention or merely possess a reasonable interest in obtaining (judicial] assistance.’ ” Intel, 542 U.S. at 256-57, 124 S.Ct. 2466 (quoting Hans Smit, International Litigation Under the United States Code, 65 Colum. L.Rev. 1015, 1027 (1965)). Akebia is a party to the foreign proceedings underlying this case; indeed, it is the entity that seeks to invalidate FibroGen’s European and Japanese patents because of their potential effect on the nature of the products that Akebia develops. Accordingly, Akebia has a “reasonable interest” in obtaining judicial assistance and, there[1111]*1111fore, may apply for judicial assistance pursuant to § 1782.
Because Akebia seeks to invoke the power of a federal court, it also must demonstrate that it has standing to do so under Article III. See Vivid Entm’t, LLC v. Fielding, 774 F.3d 566, 573 (9th Cir. 2014) (noting that ‘“any person invoking the power of a federal court must demonstrate standing to do so’ ” (quoting Hollingsworth v. Perry, — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 2652, 2661, 186 L.Ed.2d 768 (2013))). FibroGen contends that Akebia lacks standing because it cannot show an individualized, legally protected interest. But Akebia has an interest in receiving the information that it seeks, and it has a statutory right, as an “interested person” under § 1782, to receive that information. It has demonstrated an “injury in fact,” caused by FibroGen’s failure to disclose, which suffices to satisfy Article III. See Fed. Elections Comm’n v. Akins, 524 U.S. 11, 21, 118 S.Ct. 1777, 141 L.Ed.2d 10 (1998) (noting that a person generally suffers an injury in fact when that person fails to obtain information that, pursuant to a statute, must be disclosed (citing Pub. Citizen v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 491 U.S. 440, 449, 109 S.Ct. 2558, 105 L.Ed.2d 377 (1989))).
2. Foreign or International “Tribunal”
FibroGen’s second argument pertains to the meaning of the word “tribunal” as it is used in § 1782. Specifically, Fibro-Gen argues, because the proceedings in the European and Japanese Patent Offices are not court proceedings and “do not resemble civil trials,” those entities cannot be considered “tribunals” to which § 1782 applies. We disagree.
A “proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal” within the meaning of § 1782 “ ‘is not confined to proceedings before conventional courts,’ but extends also to ‘administrative and quasi-judicial proceedings.’ ” Intel, 542 U.S. at 249, 124 S.Ct. 2466 (quoting S.Rep. No. 1580, at 7 (1964)). Both of the foreign patent offices here conduct quasi-judicial proceedings. Those proceedings take place within the agency but carry many of the hallmarks of traditional judicial proceedings: serving as first-instance decision-makers tasked with resolving patent validity disputes, id. at 257, 124 S.Ct. 2466, collecting and reviewing evidence in order to resolve those disputes, and permitting their decisions to be appealed and become subject to further review. Just as in Intel, we see “no warrant [for this court] to exclude” the foreign proceedings here from the ambit of § 1782. Id. at 258, 124 S.Ct. 2466; see also id.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Opinion by Judge CRABER; Concurrence by Judge WATFORD.
OPINION
GRABER, Circuit Judge:
Respondent FibroGen, Inc., appeals the district court’s order granting an ex parte application, filed by Petitioner Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1782, for discovery in aid of foreign proceedings. The district court held, among other things, that Akebia was an “interest-. [1110]*1110ed person” within the meaning of § 1782 and that the Japanese and European Patent Offices are “tribunals” to which § 1782 applies. It therefore granted Akebia’s application. Reviewing the district court’s decision for abuse of discretion, Four Pillars Enters. Co. v. Avery Dennison Corp., 308 F.3d 1075, 1078 (9th Cir.2002), we affirm.
FibroGen is a biotechnology company based in San Francisco, California. It is the owner of certain foreign patents, two of which are relevant to this appeal: European Patent No. EP 1 463 823 and Japanese Patent No. 4804131. Both patents concern the use of various chemical compounds in treating anemia. Akebia, a bio-pharmaceutical company that develops products using similar chemical compounds, disputes the validity of FibroGen’s European and Japanese patents and, accordingly, has initiated opposition proceedings in both the European Patent Office and the Japanese Patent Office. Neither Office has established procedures through which Akebia may seek discovery of potentially relevant information located in the United States for use in those foreign proceedings.
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1782, Akebia filed, in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, an application to conduct discovery in aid of foreign proceedings. Specifically, Akebia sought permission to serve FibroGen with document and deposition subpoenas relating to the pending foreign proceedings and relating to “additional foreign adversarial proceedings being contemplated by Ake-bia.” The district court granted Akebia’s application but imposed a restrictive protective order because of the confidential nature of the information sought. Fibro-Gen timely appeals.
Title 28 U.S.C. § 1782 permits any “interested person” to file an application in the district court requesting that the court order another person to produce testimony or documents for use “in a proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal.” The statute’s purpose is twofold: to “provid[e] efficient assistance to participants in international litigation” and to “encourag[e] foreign countries by example to provide similar assistance to our courts.” Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 542 U.S. 241, 252, 124 S.Ct. 2466, 159 L.Ed.2d 355 (2004) (internal quotation marks omitted). In this appeal, FibroGen argues that (1) Akebia is not an “interested person” within the meaning of § 1782, (2) neither the European Patent Office nor the Japanese Patent Office is a “tribunal” to which § 1782 applies, (3) the scope of discovery permissible under § 1782 is limited by certain later-enacted provisions of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (“AIA”), and (4) the district court abused its discretion by failing to consider certain factors in its decision to order discovery. We address each of those arguments in turn.
1. “Interested Person” and Standing
An “interested person” seeking to invoke the discovery mechanism set forth under § 1782 may include “ ‘not only litigants before foreign or international tribunals, but also foreign and international officials as well as any other person whether he be designated by foreign law or international convention or merely possess a reasonable interest in obtaining (judicial] assistance.’ ” Intel, 542 U.S. at 256-57, 124 S.Ct. 2466 (quoting Hans Smit, International Litigation Under the United States Code, 65 Colum. L.Rev. 1015, 1027 (1965)). Akebia is a party to the foreign proceedings underlying this case; indeed, it is the entity that seeks to invalidate FibroGen’s European and Japanese patents because of their potential effect on the nature of the products that Akebia develops. Accordingly, Akebia has a “reasonable interest” in obtaining judicial assistance and, there[1111]*1111fore, may apply for judicial assistance pursuant to § 1782.
Because Akebia seeks to invoke the power of a federal court, it also must demonstrate that it has standing to do so under Article III. See Vivid Entm’t, LLC v. Fielding, 774 F.3d 566, 573 (9th Cir. 2014) (noting that ‘“any person invoking the power of a federal court must demonstrate standing to do so’ ” (quoting Hollingsworth v. Perry, — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 2652, 2661, 186 L.Ed.2d 768 (2013))). FibroGen contends that Akebia lacks standing because it cannot show an individualized, legally protected interest. But Akebia has an interest in receiving the information that it seeks, and it has a statutory right, as an “interested person” under § 1782, to receive that information. It has demonstrated an “injury in fact,” caused by FibroGen’s failure to disclose, which suffices to satisfy Article III. See Fed. Elections Comm’n v. Akins, 524 U.S. 11, 21, 118 S.Ct. 1777, 141 L.Ed.2d 10 (1998) (noting that a person generally suffers an injury in fact when that person fails to obtain information that, pursuant to a statute, must be disclosed (citing Pub. Citizen v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 491 U.S. 440, 449, 109 S.Ct. 2558, 105 L.Ed.2d 377 (1989))).
2. Foreign or International “Tribunal”
FibroGen’s second argument pertains to the meaning of the word “tribunal” as it is used in § 1782. Specifically, Fibro-Gen argues, because the proceedings in the European and Japanese Patent Offices are not court proceedings and “do not resemble civil trials,” those entities cannot be considered “tribunals” to which § 1782 applies. We disagree.
A “proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal” within the meaning of § 1782 “ ‘is not confined to proceedings before conventional courts,’ but extends also to ‘administrative and quasi-judicial proceedings.’ ” Intel, 542 U.S. at 249, 124 S.Ct. 2466 (quoting S.Rep. No. 1580, at 7 (1964)). Both of the foreign patent offices here conduct quasi-judicial proceedings. Those proceedings take place within the agency but carry many of the hallmarks of traditional judicial proceedings: serving as first-instance decision-makers tasked with resolving patent validity disputes, id. at 257, 124 S.Ct. 2466, collecting and reviewing evidence in order to resolve those disputes, and permitting their decisions to be appealed and become subject to further review. Just as in Intel, we see “no warrant [for this court] to exclude” the foreign proceedings here from the ambit of § 1782. Id. at 258, 124 S.Ct. 2466; see also id. (“The term ‘tribunal’ includes investigating magistrates, administrative and arbitral tribunals, and quasi-judicial agencies, as well as conventional civil, commercial, criminal, and administrative courts.’ ” (alterations omitted) (quoting Smit, 65 Colum. L.Rev. at 1026 n. 71)).
3. Leahy-Smith America Invents Act
FibroGen next argues that the scope of § 1782 should be construed together with the provisions of the later-enacted AIA, which amended the Lanham Act to provide for, among other things, post-grant review proceedings in the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office' (“USPTO”). See Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, Pub.L. No. 112-29, 125 Stat. 284 (2011). FibroGen views Congress’ decision to enact those provisions of the AIA, which it believes “severely limit discovery for U.S. patent proceedings” in the USPTO, to signal a congressional intent to limit the scope of discovery permissible in proceedings worldwide. Thus, according to FibroGen, reading § 1782 to permit discovery in these foreign proceedings would' conflict— in text, structure, and purpose — with the current state of patent law.
[1112]*1112FibroGen overstates the tension, if any, that exists between § 1782 and the AIA. Section 1782 applies to any “proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal,” including a criminal proceeding. ■ It does not exclude patent proceedings, and it makes no mention of proceedings in United States courts. As noted above, the statute has two broad purposes: (1) to assist participants in international litigation, and (2) to encourage foreign countries to provide similar assistance to litigation in the United States. Intel, 542 U.S. at 252, 124 S.Ct. 2466. Neither of those purposes affects domestic proceedings in the USP-TO.
The AIA, by contrast, is far more limited. It revised existing “inter partes review” proceedings and creáted an entirely new administrative proceeding titled “post-grant review,” available for certain patent claims upon a certain threshold showing of merit. See AIA, 125 Stat. at 299, 306. Although it limits discovery with respect to the former, it permits discovery of any “evidence directly related to factual assertions advanced by either party” in a post-grant review proceeding. 125 Stat. at 308. The AIA applies only to proceedings conducted in the United States, making no mention of foreign proceedings.
We see no apparent conflict, and certainly not an “irreconcilable” one, between § 1782 and the AIA. See Morton v. Mancan, 417 U.S. 535, 551, 94 S.Ct. 2474, 41 L.Ed.2d 290 (1974) (requiring an “irreconcilable conflict” to justify a repeal by implication and noting that the “intention of the legislature to repeal ‘must be clear and manifest’ ” (quoting United States v. Borden Co., 308 U.S. 188, 198, 60 S.Ct. 182, 84 L.Ed. 181 (1939))). We therefore hesitate to' read into the AIA any intent to impliedly repeal, or limit the scope of, an unrelated statutory provision. See id. The district court properly applied § 1782 to the foreign patent.office proceedings underlying this case.
4. District Court’s Exercise of Discretion
Finally, FibroGen contends that the district court abused its discretion by giving “short shrift” to the nonexclusive factors that the Supreme Court set forth in Intel, and to “other factors, such as the effect broad discovery in patent proceedings would have in the United States contrary to the express intent of Congress.” We are not persuaded. It is clear from the transcript that the district court considered the nature of the foreign proceedings, the receptivity of the foreign government to discovery, the nature of foreign proof-gathering restrictions, and the intrusive nature of the requested production, in granting Akebia’s request. See Intel, 542 U.S. at 264-65, 124 S.Ct. 2466 (noting that courts should consider those factors in ruling on a § 1782 application). The court rejected, with some discussion, FibroGen’s argument that the application was overly burdensome and not narrowly tailored. See id. at 265, 124 S.Ct. 2466. It recognized the highly confidential nature of the information that Akebia seeks to obtain and entered a restrictive protective order to guard against disclosure.
The district court was not required to address explicitly every factor or argument, nor was it required to issue a written order. See United States v. Sealed 1, 235 F.3d 1200, 1206 (9th Cir.2000) (noting the broad discretion afforded the district courts under § 1782 and the lack of specific guidance with which to exercise that discretion). The district court properly exercised its discretion in granting the application.
In summary, the district court permissibly granted Akebia’s application for discovery in aid of a foreign proceeding. Both [1113]*1113the European Patent Office and the Japanese Patent Office are “tribunals” within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1782, and Ake-bia, as the party challenging the validity of the foreign patents, is an “interested person” that is allowed to seek judicial assistance.
AFFIRMED.