Beck, J.
I. The questions raised by the demurrer involve the constitutionality of the statute under which defendant claims to recover one-tenth of the mineral as owner of the adit level. Our attention, therefore, is directed to the consideration of that statute, which is as follows, being Code, § 1229:
1. mines and age!nfonsS tionai law. “Any person or corporation, who, by machinery, such as. engines or pumps, or by making drains or adit levels, or in any other way, shall rid any lead bearing mineral lands or lead mines of water, thereby enabling the miners, • anq ownerg 0f minerai interest in said lands to. make them productive and available for mining purposes, shall be entitled to receive one-tenth of all the lead mineral taken from said lands, as compensation for such drainage.” The three following sections prescribe the remedy that may be pursued to recover the mineral, or the value thereof, by the person or corporation draining lands as contemplated by this section. Two sections next following give the right of way for the purpose of carrying the water away from the mineral lands, and provide for the means of determining the compensation to be paid the land owner.
Plaintiff insists that this statute is unconstitutional, in that, under its provisions a citizen may be deprived of his property without due process of law, and his property may be in a compulsory manner taken by another for private purposes.
Certain familiar principles applicable to the judicial interpretation of the constitution may properly be stated here. They demand, for their support, neither the citation of authorities nor argument, for they are familiar to the profession.. [142]*142Courts will declare statutes unconstitutional only in cases that are free of well founded doubts. If a statute be capable of a construction that will remove constitutional objections, it will be adopted instead of a different construction which would bring the law in conflict with the constitution. If a statute have different provisions, some of which are unconstitutional, and others constitutional, the latter will be supported and enforced. So if separate provisions of a statute, or separate statutes in pari materia, are not all constitutional, those which are will be enforced.
It is argued that those provisions of the Code conferring upon the owner of an adit level the right to take and condemn the right of way over lands, and to construct shafts and air holes, are in conflict with the constitution under prior decisions of this court. It is unnecessary to enter into an inquiry upon the question here raised. The pleadings do not show that defendant is attempting to enforce the authority conferred upon him under the section of the Code referred to; nor does it appear that he ever has exercised, or attempted to exercise, that authority. The pleadings show that he is the owner of an adit level. If he, in connection therewith, has any right of way, we will presume that it has been lawfully acquired in some other way than by condemnation under the statute, if that be unlawful. It, therefore, clearly appears that no question involving the validity of the provisions of the statute authorizing condemnation of right of way is in this case.
II. The only question in the case involves the validity of section 1229, above quoted. We will briefly proceed to consider its provisions with a view to determine its constitutionality. It authorizes the owner of an adit level to recover a compensation for the benefit his outlay of money and exercise of skill have bestowed upon owners of mines. The work resulted in freeing the mines of water, which had rendered them valueless. It was intended for his own benefit, but so intimate were the relations between his property, [143]*143whereon the work was done, and the property of the person benefited, that it could not be constructed for his own purposes without conferring benefit upon the other. The mine-owner avails himself of the skill and work of the owner of the adit, and raises mineral. Ex aguo et bono, he ought to render compensation to the owner, whose outlays have enriched him. The common law will not give to the owner of the adit a remedy. The statute in question does. We are utterly unable to discover any particular where it is in conflict with the constitution. It is identical in principle with the statute regulating party walls and partition fences, and is not unlike the statutes relating to the drainage of swamp and coal lands, and the change of water courses. The statutes applicable to lost goods and rafts, and vessels adrift, involve the same principles.
The foregoing remarks contemplate the case of the owner of the adit level holding lands other than by condemnation, under the provisions of the Code above referred to, and that he owns, or is a lessee of the land, or in some other way acquired the right to construct the adit. The case presents this aspect, for, as we have before said, the pleadings do not show how defendant acquired the possession of the land upon which his work is situated. We are required to presume, in the absence of a showing to the con- j trary, that he acquired it lawfully. If he could not acquire it, under the statute, then we must presume he did not.
The objections to the validity of the statute urged upon: our attention are indefinite, and rather present general' thoughts as to the saeredness of private property and rights, J which the law protects, than point out how these are interfered with in an unconstitutional manner by the statute in question. It is said an adit was constructed without plaintiff’s knowledge and consent, and its owners are now claiming 4o take plaintiff’s property without his consent. The first statement of this proposition may be admitted as true; the I second cannot be. The plaintiff is not compelled to work [144]*144his mine drained by the adit. If he does, the law requires him to render one-tenth of the ore, or its value, as compensation for the benefits he derives from the adit. There is no taking of private property, but the recovery of compensation for benefits rendered. It is an entirely voluntary matter with the plaintiff to work his mine, and thus be brought under obligation to render compensation to defendant. The law presumes he consents to rendering the compensation when he avails himself of the benefits for which the law declares he-' shall render compensation. The fact that the adit was constructed without plaintiff’s knowledge and consent in no manner affects his rights. A bridge or a mill is built without the knowledge or consent of those who use it, yet when a man crosses the one or has his grain ground at the other, he is under obligation to pay the tolls fixed by law.
It is urged, against the validity of the statute, that it fixes the compensation to be rendered to the owner of the adit. It is insisted that this invalidates the statute. It is claimed that the compensation ought to be determined by a court and jury, or the Legislature ought to provide some other tribunal to assess the compensation to be paid for the benefits received from the adit. This position does not deny the right of the Legislature to provide for the recovery of compensation, but assails the statute as unconstitutional, on the ground that the compensation is fixed by the Legislature itself. The objection is most manifestly unsound.
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Beck, J.
I. The questions raised by the demurrer involve the constitutionality of the statute under which defendant claims to recover one-tenth of the mineral as owner of the adit level. Our attention, therefore, is directed to the consideration of that statute, which is as follows, being Code, § 1229:
1. mines and age!nfonsS tionai law. “Any person or corporation, who, by machinery, such as. engines or pumps, or by making drains or adit levels, or in any other way, shall rid any lead bearing mineral lands or lead mines of water, thereby enabling the miners, • anq ownerg 0f minerai interest in said lands to. make them productive and available for mining purposes, shall be entitled to receive one-tenth of all the lead mineral taken from said lands, as compensation for such drainage.” The three following sections prescribe the remedy that may be pursued to recover the mineral, or the value thereof, by the person or corporation draining lands as contemplated by this section. Two sections next following give the right of way for the purpose of carrying the water away from the mineral lands, and provide for the means of determining the compensation to be paid the land owner.
Plaintiff insists that this statute is unconstitutional, in that, under its provisions a citizen may be deprived of his property without due process of law, and his property may be in a compulsory manner taken by another for private purposes.
Certain familiar principles applicable to the judicial interpretation of the constitution may properly be stated here. They demand, for their support, neither the citation of authorities nor argument, for they are familiar to the profession.. [142]*142Courts will declare statutes unconstitutional only in cases that are free of well founded doubts. If a statute be capable of a construction that will remove constitutional objections, it will be adopted instead of a different construction which would bring the law in conflict with the constitution. If a statute have different provisions, some of which are unconstitutional, and others constitutional, the latter will be supported and enforced. So if separate provisions of a statute, or separate statutes in pari materia, are not all constitutional, those which are will be enforced.
It is argued that those provisions of the Code conferring upon the owner of an adit level the right to take and condemn the right of way over lands, and to construct shafts and air holes, are in conflict with the constitution under prior decisions of this court. It is unnecessary to enter into an inquiry upon the question here raised. The pleadings do not show that defendant is attempting to enforce the authority conferred upon him under the section of the Code referred to; nor does it appear that he ever has exercised, or attempted to exercise, that authority. The pleadings show that he is the owner of an adit level. If he, in connection therewith, has any right of way, we will presume that it has been lawfully acquired in some other way than by condemnation under the statute, if that be unlawful. It, therefore, clearly appears that no question involving the validity of the provisions of the statute authorizing condemnation of right of way is in this case.
II. The only question in the case involves the validity of section 1229, above quoted. We will briefly proceed to consider its provisions with a view to determine its constitutionality. It authorizes the owner of an adit level to recover a compensation for the benefit his outlay of money and exercise of skill have bestowed upon owners of mines. The work resulted in freeing the mines of water, which had rendered them valueless. It was intended for his own benefit, but so intimate were the relations between his property, [143]*143whereon the work was done, and the property of the person benefited, that it could not be constructed for his own purposes without conferring benefit upon the other. The mine-owner avails himself of the skill and work of the owner of the adit, and raises mineral. Ex aguo et bono, he ought to render compensation to the owner, whose outlays have enriched him. The common law will not give to the owner of the adit a remedy. The statute in question does. We are utterly unable to discover any particular where it is in conflict with the constitution. It is identical in principle with the statute regulating party walls and partition fences, and is not unlike the statutes relating to the drainage of swamp and coal lands, and the change of water courses. The statutes applicable to lost goods and rafts, and vessels adrift, involve the same principles.
The foregoing remarks contemplate the case of the owner of the adit level holding lands other than by condemnation, under the provisions of the Code above referred to, and that he owns, or is a lessee of the land, or in some other way acquired the right to construct the adit. The case presents this aspect, for, as we have before said, the pleadings do not show how defendant acquired the possession of the land upon which his work is situated. We are required to presume, in the absence of a showing to the con- j trary, that he acquired it lawfully. If he could not acquire it, under the statute, then we must presume he did not.
The objections to the validity of the statute urged upon: our attention are indefinite, and rather present general' thoughts as to the saeredness of private property and rights, J which the law protects, than point out how these are interfered with in an unconstitutional manner by the statute in question. It is said an adit was constructed without plaintiff’s knowledge and consent, and its owners are now claiming 4o take plaintiff’s property without his consent. The first statement of this proposition may be admitted as true; the I second cannot be. The plaintiff is not compelled to work [144]*144his mine drained by the adit. If he does, the law requires him to render one-tenth of the ore, or its value, as compensation for the benefits he derives from the adit. There is no taking of private property, but the recovery of compensation for benefits rendered. It is an entirely voluntary matter with the plaintiff to work his mine, and thus be brought under obligation to render compensation to defendant. The law presumes he consents to rendering the compensation when he avails himself of the benefits for which the law declares he-' shall render compensation. The fact that the adit was constructed without plaintiff’s knowledge and consent in no manner affects his rights. A bridge or a mill is built without the knowledge or consent of those who use it, yet when a man crosses the one or has his grain ground at the other, he is under obligation to pay the tolls fixed by law.
It is urged, against the validity of the statute, that it fixes the compensation to be rendered to the owner of the adit. It is insisted that this invalidates the statute. It is claimed that the compensation ought to be determined by a court and jury, or the Legislature ought to provide some other tribunal to assess the compensation to be paid for the benefits received from the adit. This position does not deny the right of the Legislature to provide for the recovery of compensation, but assails the statute as unconstitutional, on the ground that the compensation is fixed by the Legislature itself. The objection is most manifestly unsound. The Legislature can fix the tolls to be charged by mill owners, and the owners of bridges; the charges to be made by the owner of wharves, docks, elevators, etc., and can prescribe a tariff of freights to be charged by railroad corporations. It is not claimed that a court and jury, or other tribunal, shall be called upon to determine the compensation to be charged in such cases. Dubuque v. Stout, 32 Iowa, 80; Dubuque v. Stout, Id. 47; Munn v. Illinois, 4 Otto, 113; C. B. & Q. R. Co. v. Iowa, Id. 155; Peik v. C. & N. W. R'y Co., Id. 164; Winona & St. Peter R'y Co. v. Blake, [145]*145Id. 180. These cases, so far as they involve legislative power, are not different from the one before us.
It is said, with earnestness indicating alarm, that if the Legislature may prescribe one-tenth it may one-lialf, or the whole of the mineral raised by the owner of a mine, compensation to be paid to the proprietors of the adit. It is not at all permissible for the. courts to rob other branches of the govern- - ment of their constitutional authority, on the ground of a fear that in some imaginary case the power may be oppressively exercised. We must presume that legislative authority will always be fairly, justly and constitutionally exercised. The Legislature has authority to determine the compensation to be given the owner of the adit; the courts must presume the determination is just.
The cases above cited abundantly support the position that if the Legislature possesses the power to authorize the owner of the adit to collect a compensation from those benefited by the work, and impose an obligation upon the person benefited to pay, it has the authority to fix that compensation.
It is said that the statute, in providing a per centum of the mineral as a compensation, cannot operate justly or equally in all cases, for the compensation ought to be greater in some cases than in others. This may all be admitted. The doctrine, if adopted by this court, would lead us to hold the statutes authorizing fixed rates of tolls for ferries and bridges, those providing for tolls to be collected by mill owners, and those fixing compensation for recovery of rafts and vessels adrift, all unconstitutional. In some cases, the persons receiving compensation would realize more for their oirtlays and labor than would be received in Other cases. But these statutes have never been assailed on this ground. No case can be found where a court has refused to support a law on the ground that it operated unjustly in some cases — was not so framed that it would have an equal operation in all conceivable cases. The courts inquire whether the Legislature has [146]*146the authority to enact a statute. If the power is found, they do not inquire into its operation, and hold it void because of some imaginable inequality that may occur in its enforcement. But we have devoted more time to this branch of the case than it merits.
III. It is said that the pleadings do not show that the owner of the adit constructed it for the purpose of raising mineral from his own land; that unless he holds an interest in mineral he could not have such community of interest as would make the plaintiff liable to him for compensation on account of the benefit enjoyed.
This point was not made in the court below, and cannot really arise upon the record. The demurrer to defendant’s answer was based upon the ground, and no other, that the act under which defendants claim the mineral is unconstitutional. The extent or nature of defendant’s interest in the mineral affected by the adit, or whether he had or had not any such interest, were not matters alleged or denied by the pleadings' preceding the demurrer. The objection under consideration goes to the rights of defendant under certain conditions — that is, he can have no right which a court will enforce, unless he has an interest in the mineral affected by the adit. This, it will be at once seen, involves a matter of fact. No such fact is presented or denied in the pleadings, and the absence of allegations in respect to it is not a ground of demurrer. There can exist no reason for disturbing the decision of the court below, whatever conclusion we may reach upon this point.
In view of the fact that the point has been fully discussed by counsel of both parties, we present briefly our conclusions thereon. ■
As we regard the law, defendant’s rights cannot be based on any community of interest between him and plaintiff, but rather upon the fact that plaintiff is benefited by a work which it was lawful for defendant to do, that is, a work hav[147]*147ing for its object the draining of all mines generally in that locality.
Is sneli a work for sneli an object lawful? We cannot doubt that it is, for this reason: It bestows benefits upon owners of mines, by enabling them to obtain valuable metals that were before inaccessible; it restores, as .it were, to them their property. In this view the adit owner acts the part of the finder of lost property, or of one who takes a vessel adrift.' Surely the statute which enforces compensation from the owner that has been benefited cannot be unconstitutional. It is identical in principle with the statute relating to lost goods and watercraft. If there was no statute on the subject, it cannot be doubted that one, by means of an adit, might lawfully drain all the mines in his neighborhood. The owners, ex bono et ceguo, ought to compensate him. But, in the absence of a statute, he cannot recover compensation. The section of the Code cited is intended to compel the mine owners to do that which, in good conscience, they ought to do.
The act of building an adit is lawful, for the reason that it is a matter of public interest, and of great public good. To develop wealth, by uncovering the mines of- rich metals, tends to promote public prosperity.
We conclude that, however obnoxious the other provisions-of the Code relating to the rights of the owner of an adit may be, the section authorizing him to recover compensation from the owners of mine's, for the benefits they have received from his skill and outlays, is not unconstitutional. Surely we may hold it is- not so plainly and palpably in conflict with the supreme law of the State, and upon the question there is not-such absence of doubt that we are required to hold it invalid. ■
Affirmed.