NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 15 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JOSE ANGEL AGUILAR CASTRO, No. 21-1029 Agency No. Petitioner, A074-990-783 v. MEMORANDUM* MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted March 29, 2024** Pasadena, California
Before: GOULD, IKUTA, and FORREST, Circuit Judges. Partial Concurrence and Partial Dissent by Judge GOULD.
Petitioner Jose Angel Aguilar Castro, a native and citizen of El Salvador,
seeks review of the immigration judge’s (IJ) order affirming an asylum officer’s
negative reasonable fear determination as part of expedited removal proceedings.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). We review the IJ’s negative reasonable fear determination for substantial evidence.
Andrade-Garcia v. Lynch, 828 F.3d 829, 831 (9th Cir. 2016). We have jurisdiction
under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a), and we deny the petition.
1. Statutory Withholding of Removal. To establish a reasonable fear of
persecution sufficient to trigger entitlement to withholding of removal under the
Immigration and Naturalization Act, the petitioner must demonstrate “a reasonable
possibility that he . . . would be persecuted on account of [a protected ground].” 8
C.F.R. §§ 208.31(c), 1208.31(c). Moreover, where a petitioner bases his fear on past
persecution, he must show that such persecution was “committed by the government,
or by forces that the government was unable or unwilling to control.” Kaur v.
Wilkinson, 986 F.3d 1216, 1221 (9th Cir. 2021) (citation omitted).
We agree with the IJ that Aguilar Castro failed to demonstrate that El
Salvadoran authorities are unable or unwilling to protect him from the gang that he
fears. See Bartolome v. Sessions, 904 F.3d 803, 809 (9th Cir. 2018) (holding that to
satisfy the objective part of the reasonable-fear inquiry a petitioner must present “a
good reason to fear future persecution based on credible, direct, and specific
evidence in the record”). Aguilar Castro never reported to government authorities
his kidnapping or threats that he received related to the gang’s attempt to recruit his
daughter. And the evidence of record does not compel the conclusion that the
government was unable or unwilling to control the gang actors. See Bringas-
2 21-1029 Rodriguez v. Sessions, 850 F.3d 1051, 1069 (9th Cir. 2017) (en banc) (“all relevant
evidence” must be considered in determining whether the government is unable or
unwilling to control private actors). While Aguilar Castro described violent gang
activity in El Salvador and told the asylum officer that reporting gang activity to the
authorities is useless because “they are sometimes late and they even go along with
[the gang],” in response to direct questions about whether the police could protect
him, he stated that if El Salvadoran authorities knew that he was being harmed by a
gang, they would not allow it. He also acknowledged that he did not know if
authorities were working with the gang actors who threatened him. Where Aguilar
Castro’s statements are the only evidence of record on the determinative issue relied
on by the IJ,1 substantial evidence supports the IJ’s decision. Kalulu v. Garland, 94
F.4th 1095, 1099 (9th Cir. 2024); see also Ornelas-Chavez v. Gonzales, 458 F.3d
1052, 1058 (9th Cir. 2006) (a petitioner need not have reported persecution to the
authorities if he can “convincingly establish that doing so would have been futile or
have subjected him to further abuse”) (emphasis added).
2. Convention Against Torture. To demonstrate a reasonable fear of
torture, thereby triggering eligibility for CAT protection, Aguliar Castro had to
“establish[] . . . a reasonable possibility that he . . . would be tortured in the country
1 In his briefing in this court, Aguilar Castro references a 2021 country report, but this report was not presented to the agency and cannot be considered on appeal. See Fisher v. INS, 79 F.3d 955, 963 (9th Cir. 1996) (en banc).
3 21-1029 of removal.” Andrade-Garcia, 828 F.3d at 836 (quoting 8 C.F.R. §§ 208.31(c),
1208.31(c)). Aguilar Castro also had to show that it was “more likely than not” that
the torture he feared would be “inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent
or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity” in
El Salvador. Rodriguez-Zuniga v. Garland, 69 F.4th 1012, 1023 (9th Cir. 2023)
(citation omitted). Again, the record does not compel the conclusion that Aguilar
Castro will be tortured “with the consent or acquiescence” of El Salvadoran
authorities upon removal to that country. See Andrade-Garcia, 828 F.3d at 836
(recognizing that a government’s general ineffectiveness in investigating and
preventing crime does not suffice to show acquiescence to torture.). Rather, his
testimony that he does not fear El Salvadoran officials, only the gang, and that
government officials would not allow the gang to harm him if they knew it was
happening directly undercuts his CAT claim.
PETITION DENIED.
4 21-1029 FILED APR 15 2024 Aguilar Castro v. Garland, No. 21-1029 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK Judge Gould, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part: U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
I concur in the majority’s holding affirming the immigration judge’s (“IJ’s”)
determination that Petitioner failed to establish a reasonable fear of torture under
the Convention Against Torture. I dissent from the majority’s holding affirming
the IJ’s determination that the Petitioner failed to establish a reasonable fear of
persecution.
Reasonable fear interviews are designed to weed out frivolous claims, and a
petitioner need only demonstrate a “significant possibility” that he could establish
eligibility for protection to get past this screening stage. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.31(c).
The evidence a petitioner can present during a reasonable fear interview is limited,
because these interviews “are not full evidentiary hearings.” Bartolome v.
Sessions, 904 F.3d 803, 813 (9th Cir. 2018).
Petitioner’s testimony at this stage was predictably limited, but there is a
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 15 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JOSE ANGEL AGUILAR CASTRO, No. 21-1029 Agency No. Petitioner, A074-990-783 v. MEMORANDUM* MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted March 29, 2024** Pasadena, California
Before: GOULD, IKUTA, and FORREST, Circuit Judges. Partial Concurrence and Partial Dissent by Judge GOULD.
Petitioner Jose Angel Aguilar Castro, a native and citizen of El Salvador,
seeks review of the immigration judge’s (IJ) order affirming an asylum officer’s
negative reasonable fear determination as part of expedited removal proceedings.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). We review the IJ’s negative reasonable fear determination for substantial evidence.
Andrade-Garcia v. Lynch, 828 F.3d 829, 831 (9th Cir. 2016). We have jurisdiction
under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a), and we deny the petition.
1. Statutory Withholding of Removal. To establish a reasonable fear of
persecution sufficient to trigger entitlement to withholding of removal under the
Immigration and Naturalization Act, the petitioner must demonstrate “a reasonable
possibility that he . . . would be persecuted on account of [a protected ground].” 8
C.F.R. §§ 208.31(c), 1208.31(c). Moreover, where a petitioner bases his fear on past
persecution, he must show that such persecution was “committed by the government,
or by forces that the government was unable or unwilling to control.” Kaur v.
Wilkinson, 986 F.3d 1216, 1221 (9th Cir. 2021) (citation omitted).
We agree with the IJ that Aguilar Castro failed to demonstrate that El
Salvadoran authorities are unable or unwilling to protect him from the gang that he
fears. See Bartolome v. Sessions, 904 F.3d 803, 809 (9th Cir. 2018) (holding that to
satisfy the objective part of the reasonable-fear inquiry a petitioner must present “a
good reason to fear future persecution based on credible, direct, and specific
evidence in the record”). Aguilar Castro never reported to government authorities
his kidnapping or threats that he received related to the gang’s attempt to recruit his
daughter. And the evidence of record does not compel the conclusion that the
government was unable or unwilling to control the gang actors. See Bringas-
2 21-1029 Rodriguez v. Sessions, 850 F.3d 1051, 1069 (9th Cir. 2017) (en banc) (“all relevant
evidence” must be considered in determining whether the government is unable or
unwilling to control private actors). While Aguilar Castro described violent gang
activity in El Salvador and told the asylum officer that reporting gang activity to the
authorities is useless because “they are sometimes late and they even go along with
[the gang],” in response to direct questions about whether the police could protect
him, he stated that if El Salvadoran authorities knew that he was being harmed by a
gang, they would not allow it. He also acknowledged that he did not know if
authorities were working with the gang actors who threatened him. Where Aguilar
Castro’s statements are the only evidence of record on the determinative issue relied
on by the IJ,1 substantial evidence supports the IJ’s decision. Kalulu v. Garland, 94
F.4th 1095, 1099 (9th Cir. 2024); see also Ornelas-Chavez v. Gonzales, 458 F.3d
1052, 1058 (9th Cir. 2006) (a petitioner need not have reported persecution to the
authorities if he can “convincingly establish that doing so would have been futile or
have subjected him to further abuse”) (emphasis added).
2. Convention Against Torture. To demonstrate a reasonable fear of
torture, thereby triggering eligibility for CAT protection, Aguliar Castro had to
“establish[] . . . a reasonable possibility that he . . . would be tortured in the country
1 In his briefing in this court, Aguilar Castro references a 2021 country report, but this report was not presented to the agency and cannot be considered on appeal. See Fisher v. INS, 79 F.3d 955, 963 (9th Cir. 1996) (en banc).
3 21-1029 of removal.” Andrade-Garcia, 828 F.3d at 836 (quoting 8 C.F.R. §§ 208.31(c),
1208.31(c)). Aguilar Castro also had to show that it was “more likely than not” that
the torture he feared would be “inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent
or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity” in
El Salvador. Rodriguez-Zuniga v. Garland, 69 F.4th 1012, 1023 (9th Cir. 2023)
(citation omitted). Again, the record does not compel the conclusion that Aguilar
Castro will be tortured “with the consent or acquiescence” of El Salvadoran
authorities upon removal to that country. See Andrade-Garcia, 828 F.3d at 836
(recognizing that a government’s general ineffectiveness in investigating and
preventing crime does not suffice to show acquiescence to torture.). Rather, his
testimony that he does not fear El Salvadoran officials, only the gang, and that
government officials would not allow the gang to harm him if they knew it was
happening directly undercuts his CAT claim.
PETITION DENIED.
4 21-1029 FILED APR 15 2024 Aguilar Castro v. Garland, No. 21-1029 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK Judge Gould, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part: U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
I concur in the majority’s holding affirming the immigration judge’s (“IJ’s”)
determination that Petitioner failed to establish a reasonable fear of torture under
the Convention Against Torture. I dissent from the majority’s holding affirming
the IJ’s determination that the Petitioner failed to establish a reasonable fear of
persecution.
Reasonable fear interviews are designed to weed out frivolous claims, and a
petitioner need only demonstrate a “significant possibility” that he could establish
eligibility for protection to get past this screening stage. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.31(c).
The evidence a petitioner can present during a reasonable fear interview is limited,
because these interviews “are not full evidentiary hearings.” Bartolome v.
Sessions, 904 F.3d 803, 813 (9th Cir. 2018).
Petitioner’s testimony at this stage was predictably limited, but there is a
significant possibility that Petitioner could present a valid asylum claim if he were
permitted to expand on his testimony and file evidence. Petitioner’s not reporting
MS’s threats to the police is not dispositive, because he repeatedly expressed fear
that reporting to the authorities would be dangerous or futile. Bringas-Rodriguez v.
Sessions, 850 F.3d 1051, 1069-70 (9th Cir. 2017). Also, Petitioner’s credible
testimony about MS’s activity in El Salvador strongly suggests that the government
is not willing or able to control the gang. MS kidnapped and intimidated 1 Petitioner, extorted members of his family remaining in El Salvador, and allegedly
killed the father of a woman whom MS wanted to recruit. We have previously held
that a gang’s will and ability to carry out its threats can be established by evidence
that the gang has in fact carried out its threats. See, e.g., Bolanos-Hernandez v.
INS, 767 F.2d 1277, 1285-86 (9th Cir. 1984) (fear of persecution evidenced by
gang’s killing friends and pressing family members into service). Petitioner’s
evidence is sufficiently “direct and specific” at this stage. His fear of MS is not
generalized; it is based on things that have happened to him, his family, and others
he knows—all apparently without government intervention.
Petitioner’s evidence may not ultimately be enough to obtain protection
from removal, but we should not treat a brief screening interview as if it were a full
evidentiary hearing on Petitioner’s claims. Petitioner’s answers to the asylum
officer’s interview questions put forward a valid basis for fearing persecution, and
Petitioner should be permitted to make an application for protection from removal
in the first instance and present evidence.