Adcock v. Farmon

51 F. App'x 634

Opinion

MEMORANDUM

Footnotes

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We affirm the district court’s denial of Adcock’s petition for writ of habeas corpus. We recognize that, as in People v. Swain, 12 Cal.4th 593, 596, 49 Cal.Rptr.2d 390, 909 P.2d 994 (1996), some possibility of confusion existed with respect to the instructions on conspiracy to commit murder because the jury was not instructed it had to find the specific intent to kill. However, the California Court of Appeal did not unreasonably apply the Brecht harmless error standard to the facts of this case. Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 637, 113 S.Ct. 1710, 123 L.Ed.2d 353 (1993) (question regarding prejudice is whether error “had substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining jury’s verdict”); Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 411, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000) (“[A] federal habeas court may not issue the writ simply because that court concludes in its independent judgment that the relevant state court decision applied clearly established federal law erroneously or incorrectly. Rather, that application must also be unreasonable.”).

Unlike Swain, in which the prosecution repeatedly referred to implied malice to support the murder conviction, in this case the prosecutor argued to the jury that even though it was being instructed on lesser offenses, “what this case is about is a willful, deliberate, premeditated murder.” Also, the murder instructions in Swain involved the mental state required for second degree murder, the same crime that was the object of the conspiracy. In this case, the felony murder instructions involved the intent to commit robbery, making it less likely the jury was confused when it deliberated on conspiracy. Furthermore, the jury was told that it had to find Adcock had the specific intent to commit murder, not the specific intent to commit robbery that resulted in a murder. Cf. People v. Avena, 13 Cal.4th 394, 417, 53 Cal.Rptr.2d 301, 916 P.2d 1000 (1996) (“the proper instruction that one can be guilty of murder on the basis of implied malice not involving an intent to kill, did not state or imply that one could be guilty of a crime which requires a specific intent to commit murder without intending to kill”) (quoting People v. Coleman, 48 Cal.3d 112, 138, 255 CaLRptr. 813, 768 P.2d 32 (1989)) (emphasis in original); see also People v. Carpenter, 15 Cal.4th 312, 391, 63 Cal.Rptr.2d 1, 935 P.2d 708 (1997).

We are not persuaded by Adcock’s argument that the potential for confusion was exacerbated in her case by different instructions given with respect to her co-defendant Lockley. We agree with the California Court of Appeal that it is clear from the context of the jury instructions as a whole that the additional instruction was given “in connection with the issue of LoeMe/s voluntary intoxication" and “merely reinforced the principle that specific intent was an essential element of the offenses,” but did not suggest that a different legal standard of proof applied to Ad-cock.

Accordingly, we do not believe the California Court of Appeal unreasonably determined that the failure to specifically instruct the jury on “intent to kill” had a substantial and injurious effect on the jury’s verdict with respect to the conspiracy charge.

AFFIRMED.

This disposition is not appropriate for publication and may not be cited to or by the courts of this circuit except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.