By the Court,
Dixon, O. J.
The motion for a nonsuit was properly denied. At that time the plaintiff had made out a sufficient prima facie case to charge the defendant as indor-ser. Nor was there any error in the previous proceedings. The certificate of the notary showing presentment and protest for non-payment, and service of notice upon the defendant, together with the time and mode of giving it, was received without objection. There was no impropriety in the question put to the notary as to whether he gave notice to the defendant of the protest of the note. It was obviously asked for the purpose of laying the foundation for the introduction of his official record of protests and notices, which was immediately produced. But if it had been put for any other purpose, we cannot perceive why it should have been rejected on the grounds urged, or what other good objection there was to it. The notary’s certificate is not the only evidence by which the service of notice of the dishonor of a note can be ' established. It may be shown by other evidence, and the notary himself may be called to prove it. The certificate and record are but presumptive evidence by statute (R. S., chap. 12, secs. 4, 6), and being so, are liable to be rebutted or disproved by the testimony of witnesses. And if by other witnesses, then why not by the notary ? It is [413]*413hardly to be supposed that a plaintiff who has made a good ease by the record, would, at the risk of shaking or ing it, seek to go further into the facts by an oral examination of the notary; but if, not being content with the record, he should desire to strengthen it by the oral testimony, we can see no objection to it. Of the several modes of establishing notice, all are open to him, and he may resort to one or more at his option. The only possible ground of objection there can be is, that having made a sufficient prima facia case, further proof is unnecessary. If in thus endeavoring, by the oral testimony of the notary, to fortify the case made by the record, the plaintiff should, as afterwards happened in this action, call forth facts which tend to disprove it and to falsify the certificate, it would become a question of veracity between the notary as a witness upon the stand, and as a public officer acting under the sanctity of an official oath, to be settled by the jury. He being a competent witness, and the certificate being open to explanation and contradiction, it is, of course, possible for him to dispute it, and if he does, the jury must weigh his account on oath against the official document under his seal, and determine between them. This was so held under a similar statute of Pennsylvania, in the case of Stewart vs. Allison, 6 Serg. & Rawle, 324. That case, indeed, goes much further, and sanctions a doctrine which the facts of this do not present. The majority of the court held that the protest of the notary under his official seal was competent evidence to go to the jury, notwithstanding he was produced as a witness and testified positively that he had no knowledge whatever of the transaction, and that the protest was written and sealed by his son, who acted as his clerk or agent, and who said he" had given the notice. The dissenting opinion of Hibson, J., is a powerful argument against its admissibility in such a case, and the supreme court of New York, in Onondaga County Bank vs. Bates, 3 Hill, 53, under a statute like ours, held that the office of notary Was one of personal trust and confidence, and that its duties could not be performed by a clerk or third person. It seems obvious from the nature of his duties and'the provisions of 'the statute, that his official [414]*414oath is 'substituted for the ordinary judicial oath taken in . the presence of the court and jury, and that he cannot lawfully and conscientiously certify or record as matters of fact, things which he would be incompetent to testify to as a witness if called to the stand in the trial of a cause, and which would be excluded as mere hearsay. Still we think the reasoning of the majority of the court in Stewart vs. Allison applicable to a case like this, where the notary does not directly deny a knowledge of the facts stated in his certificate, but only by inference and by testifying to circumstances which, though’ not absolutely inconsistent with them, tend to draw them into doubt and remove their effect. They say that the jury may possibly give more credit to the official certificate than to the oath of the notary; that he may have been tampered with after giving his certificate; or the jury may think that the certificate and parol evidence are "not inconsistent, or that he may be mistaken after the lapse of many years, or confound one transaction with another.
The record of the notary was properly admitted. The objection taken to it was, that the certificate which had been alreacry introduced, showed no service upon the defendant personally or otherwise, of the notice of which it purported to contain a copy. So far as the objection was founded on the supposed requirement of the statute that notice must be actually delivered to the person of the indorser where he resides within two miles of the residence of the notary, it has been already answered by this court in the case of Westfall vs. Farwell, 13 Wis., 504. It was there held that the words “personally serve” were designed to include service by leaving the notice at the indorser’s residence or place of business, as well as by actual delivery to him, and that they were used in contradistinction to service by mail. As to the certificate being uncertain in not showing whether the notice was sent through the post-office or left at the defendant’s house, we think that the words “left at his house, Oshkosh, Wis.,” placed immediately after his name, indicate that the latter was the mode of service adopted as to him. The omission to say “ dwelling house” did not vitiate the certificate. Notaries are only to [415]*415be beld to reasonable certainty in the use of language, and when they say that notice was left at the house of the indor-. ser, all men would understand it to signify his dwelling house.- Neither is the certificate defective in not stating the hour of the day when the notice was left, or with whom it was deposited, whether a member of the family or other person, or the particular circumstances attending the service, or that the defendant was absent. It is very generally said in the books, and the doctrine is laid down without any apparent limit or qualification, that the service by leaving the notice at the dwelling house or place of business, is equivalent to a personal delivery to the party to be notified. Judge Stoky says: “ If it be not personally given, then it will be sufficient if it is given or left at or sent to his domicil or place óf business.” Story on Promissory Notes, § 312. Mr. Ohitty says: “ With respect to the mode of giving the notice, personal service is not necessary, nor is it requi-h site to leave a written notice at the residence of the party, but it is sufficient to send or to convey verbal notice at the counting-house or place of abode of the party, without^eav-ing notice in writing; and the giving such verbal nonce to a servant at his home, the defendant having left no clerk at his counting-house as it was his duty to do, suffices.” Chitty on Bills, 502. This is the language of the books generally, and no case has fallen under our observation where it has been held that the absence of the party to be notified was a condition necessary to sustain service by leaving the notice at his place of abode or business ; though it is said in Ireland vs. Kip,
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By the Court,
Dixon, O. J.
The motion for a nonsuit was properly denied. At that time the plaintiff had made out a sufficient prima facie case to charge the defendant as indor-ser. Nor was there any error in the previous proceedings. The certificate of the notary showing presentment and protest for non-payment, and service of notice upon the defendant, together with the time and mode of giving it, was received without objection. There was no impropriety in the question put to the notary as to whether he gave notice to the defendant of the protest of the note. It was obviously asked for the purpose of laying the foundation for the introduction of his official record of protests and notices, which was immediately produced. But if it had been put for any other purpose, we cannot perceive why it should have been rejected on the grounds urged, or what other good objection there was to it. The notary’s certificate is not the only evidence by which the service of notice of the dishonor of a note can be ' established. It may be shown by other evidence, and the notary himself may be called to prove it. The certificate and record are but presumptive evidence by statute (R. S., chap. 12, secs. 4, 6), and being so, are liable to be rebutted or disproved by the testimony of witnesses. And if by other witnesses, then why not by the notary ? It is [413]*413hardly to be supposed that a plaintiff who has made a good ease by the record, would, at the risk of shaking or ing it, seek to go further into the facts by an oral examination of the notary; but if, not being content with the record, he should desire to strengthen it by the oral testimony, we can see no objection to it. Of the several modes of establishing notice, all are open to him, and he may resort to one or more at his option. The only possible ground of objection there can be is, that having made a sufficient prima facia case, further proof is unnecessary. If in thus endeavoring, by the oral testimony of the notary, to fortify the case made by the record, the plaintiff should, as afterwards happened in this action, call forth facts which tend to disprove it and to falsify the certificate, it would become a question of veracity between the notary as a witness upon the stand, and as a public officer acting under the sanctity of an official oath, to be settled by the jury. He being a competent witness, and the certificate being open to explanation and contradiction, it is, of course, possible for him to dispute it, and if he does, the jury must weigh his account on oath against the official document under his seal, and determine between them. This was so held under a similar statute of Pennsylvania, in the case of Stewart vs. Allison, 6 Serg. & Rawle, 324. That case, indeed, goes much further, and sanctions a doctrine which the facts of this do not present. The majority of the court held that the protest of the notary under his official seal was competent evidence to go to the jury, notwithstanding he was produced as a witness and testified positively that he had no knowledge whatever of the transaction, and that the protest was written and sealed by his son, who acted as his clerk or agent, and who said he" had given the notice. The dissenting opinion of Hibson, J., is a powerful argument against its admissibility in such a case, and the supreme court of New York, in Onondaga County Bank vs. Bates, 3 Hill, 53, under a statute like ours, held that the office of notary Was one of personal trust and confidence, and that its duties could not be performed by a clerk or third person. It seems obvious from the nature of his duties and'the provisions of 'the statute, that his official [414]*414oath is 'substituted for the ordinary judicial oath taken in . the presence of the court and jury, and that he cannot lawfully and conscientiously certify or record as matters of fact, things which he would be incompetent to testify to as a witness if called to the stand in the trial of a cause, and which would be excluded as mere hearsay. Still we think the reasoning of the majority of the court in Stewart vs. Allison applicable to a case like this, where the notary does not directly deny a knowledge of the facts stated in his certificate, but only by inference and by testifying to circumstances which, though’ not absolutely inconsistent with them, tend to draw them into doubt and remove their effect. They say that the jury may possibly give more credit to the official certificate than to the oath of the notary; that he may have been tampered with after giving his certificate; or the jury may think that the certificate and parol evidence are "not inconsistent, or that he may be mistaken after the lapse of many years, or confound one transaction with another.
The record of the notary was properly admitted. The objection taken to it was, that the certificate which had been alreacry introduced, showed no service upon the defendant personally or otherwise, of the notice of which it purported to contain a copy. So far as the objection was founded on the supposed requirement of the statute that notice must be actually delivered to the person of the indorser where he resides within two miles of the residence of the notary, it has been already answered by this court in the case of Westfall vs. Farwell, 13 Wis., 504. It was there held that the words “personally serve” were designed to include service by leaving the notice at the indorser’s residence or place of business, as well as by actual delivery to him, and that they were used in contradistinction to service by mail. As to the certificate being uncertain in not showing whether the notice was sent through the post-office or left at the defendant’s house, we think that the words “left at his house, Oshkosh, Wis.,” placed immediately after his name, indicate that the latter was the mode of service adopted as to him. The omission to say “ dwelling house” did not vitiate the certificate. Notaries are only to [415]*415be beld to reasonable certainty in the use of language, and when they say that notice was left at the house of the indor-. ser, all men would understand it to signify his dwelling house.- Neither is the certificate defective in not stating the hour of the day when the notice was left, or with whom it was deposited, whether a member of the family or other person, or the particular circumstances attending the service, or that the defendant was absent. It is very generally said in the books, and the doctrine is laid down without any apparent limit or qualification, that the service by leaving the notice at the dwelling house or place of business, is equivalent to a personal delivery to the party to be notified. Judge Stoky says: “ If it be not personally given, then it will be sufficient if it is given or left at or sent to his domicil or place óf business.” Story on Promissory Notes, § 312. Mr. Ohitty says: “ With respect to the mode of giving the notice, personal service is not necessary, nor is it requi-h site to leave a written notice at the residence of the party, but it is sufficient to send or to convey verbal notice at the counting-house or place of abode of the party, without^eav-ing notice in writing; and the giving such verbal nonce to a servant at his home, the defendant having left no clerk at his counting-house as it was his duty to do, suffices.” Chitty on Bills, 502. This is the language of the books generally, and no case has fallen under our observation where it has been held that the absence of the party to be notified was a condition necessary to sustain service by leaving the notice at his place of abode or business ; though it is said in Ireland vs. Kip, 11 Johns., 231, that the notice must be personal, or something tantamount, such as leaving it at the dwelling-house or place of business of the party, if absent. See authorities cited by Judge Stoey, supra. Nor does any case seem to have arisen requiring an accurate definition of the manner in which service by leaving notice at the domicil or place of business, when found open and occupied, shall be performed. Where the particular mode of service did not appear, I suppose the cases have gone off on the reasonable assumption jthat an officer engaged in a duty of that kind would perform it with proper care and prudence, and use [416]*416means mos^ likely 1° attain the object in view — that he would go to the place of service and inquire for the party ^ bg notified, and, if present, deliver it to him in person, or if that should be unsuitable or inconvenient, that he would hand it to a servant or some inmate of the place with a request that it be so delivered; and if absent, that he would in like manner leave it with some person residing or doing business therein, with a similar request. Service at the place of business must be during business hours, but service at the residence is not so regulated. It will be sufficient if made during any of the hours when members of households ai’e attending to their ordinary affairs. But these particulars of service need nqt be stated in the certificate. It will be sufficient if it shows service at the residence or place of business, which constitutes legal diligence, and the special circumstances will be presumed until the contrary is shown.
We are not called upon to express any opinion as to the admissibility of the testimony of the defendant. He was permitted to testify without objection, that no notice in fact carn^to his possession or knowledge. It seems to be well settled law that it is no answer to service properly made at the dwelling-house or place of business, that the party to be notified did not in fact receive it.
After the defendant had given his testimony, the notary was recalled by the plaintiff, and testified, among other things, that he had protested several notes against the defendant, and that on one occasion, but whether on that of giving the notice in question he could not say, he met a boy in the defendant’s front yard, who said he was the defendant’s boy, and gave him the notice and asked him to hand it to his father; that the boy turned and went toward the house, but that he did not see him go in, as the door was not in sight from where he stood. The defendant thereupon requested the court to instruct the jury that giving the notice to the boy and requesting him to hand it to the defendant, was not personal service. Understanding the term “ personal service” according to the definition given in Westfall vs. Farwell, we are-of opinion that the defendant was entitled to the instruction. The testimony of the notary clear-[417]*417lj tended to impeach his certificate, and within the princi-pies above stated, it was the legal right of the defendant have it submitted to the jury to determine whether the notice was given as stated in the certificate or. in the oral testimony, or in other words, whether the occasion of which the notary spoke was that of giving the notice under consideration. If it was, the certificate must fall. Being the statement of a matter which the notary did not know, and false in fact, it could no longer be relied uponas evidence showing due service of notice. And as to the delivery to the boy being good service, it is not seriously contended that it was; and if it were, no authority can be found sustaining such a position. Nothing short of service upon the person, or at the dwelling-house or place of business, when those places were open and accessible, has ever yet been held a sufficient service, unless it was furthermore shown that the notice came to the actual knowledge or possession of the party; and it is not for us to make innovations upon a doctrine the usefulness of which depends so much upon its certainty and uniformity. Eor the strict rules which have been held upon this subject, see authorities referred to above, and particularly Granite Bank vs. Ayers, 16 Pick., 392. If in such a case as this it should be otherwise shown that the indorser actually received the notice, it would present a different question. The plaintiff1 s case would not then stand on the ground of the official act of the notary.
The instruction should have been given to the jury; and because it was not, the judgment is reversed, and a new trial awarded.