Mr. Justice WAYNE
delivered the opinion of the court.
We have given our best consideration to this record, in connection with the minute statement made from it by the counsel of the complainant, withQut having been able to find any cause for the reversal of the j udgment.
The plaintiff sued the defendants, John S. Preston and
Caroline M. Preston his wife, as the joint possessors of one hundred and thirteen negroes,.and their increase, to subject them, and the revenues which had been derived from their labor, to the payment of certain judgments which the plaintiff says he owns, as the assignee of the Union Bank of Louisiana.
Those judgments had been obtained by that bank against Thomas Barrett, a resident of the city of New Orleans. He alleges that Barrett was the owner of the slaves when the judgments were obtained, and that, by reason of that fact, and the bank’s assignment to him, he had a judicial mortgage upon them, their increase and revenues, to pay the judgments.
The suit was brought in the third District Court of New Orleans, when the defendants were sojourners there; and being cited to answer, they appeared. Being citizens of the State of South Carolina, they removed the cause to the United States Circuit Court for the eastern district of Louisiana, in which it was filed on the chancery side of the docket. There the defendants filed a dilatory exception, in bar of the action against them; which being overruled, they were required to answer. And they did so.
They neither admit nor deny the original validity of the judgments against Barrett, nor the assignment of them to the plaintiff; and they admit that the one hundred and thirteen slaves had belonged to Barrett; but giving at the same time their narrative of the manner in which Barrett had acquired title to them, and the judicial proceedings under which they bought the property. They state, in their answer, that Wade Hampton, of South Carolina, being the owner of Whitehall plantation, in the parish of St. James, in Louisiana, sold it on the 8th April, 1829, to Leroy Pope, for $100,000, payable in twenty years from the first day of January, 1830, with interest at-six per cent, per annum, payable annually. That the seller took from Pope a mortgage on the plantation, and also an obligation that he would add to the plantation seventy working hands, and mortgage them to Hampton, with their increase, to secui’e the payment of Pope’s purchase and interest. Pope, on the 23d of February following, complied with Ms obligation, by mortgaging seventy working hands and tMrty
one children to Hampton. He was then a resident of. the parish of St. James.
Pope, two years afterwards, on the 18th March, 1833, sold the plantation and slaves to- Thomas Barrett, of New Orleans, for $151,084. In payment, Barrett assumed to pay the debt of $100,000, and the accruing interest annually, to Hampton, and received the property, subject to the rights of Hampton upon the plantation and slaves. Two days afterwards, Barrett conveyed one-half of his. purchase to Robert Bell, with an agreement that Bell’s interest should be considered as having attached from the day of Barrett’s purchase. Barrett failed to pay the interest; and Hampton being dead, his heirs brought suits for it, and these judgments were obtained against him in January, 1838, March, 1839, and April, 1839. The judgments were recorded in New Orleans, where Barrett lived; but the mortgages and conveyances given to Hampton, and his conveyance of the plantation, were recorded, when they were executed, in the parish of St. James, where the slaves were, and where Pope and Bell both lived.
Barrett became embarrassed, and applied for the benefit of the insolvent laws of Louisiana, on the 12th May, 1840. In the schedule of property surrendered to his creditors is found an item of Whitehall plantation and one hundred and fifty slaves, valued at $210,000, subject to the bond for $100,000, and the interest due thereon.
A meeting of Barrett’s creditors was held on the 1.5th June, 1840. Syndics were elected by them, with general discretionary powers,
particularly with the power to sue for the partition of any property whatsoever held and owned by the insolvent jointly with
others,
and to claim partition in kind or by sale;
also, to appoint agents for the disposal of property out of New Orleans. Amongst the creditors at this meeting who elected the syndics was the Bank of Louisiana, by its representative, its president. In October, after this meeting of the creditors, the heirs of Hampton intervened in the insolvent proceedings, claimed their rights under the mortgages upon Whitehall and upon the negroes; and they took a rule upon Magoffin and Morgan, the synlics of the creditors, to show cause why the
plantation and negroes should not be sold, and the proceeds applied to the payment of their claim. The rule was made absolute, by a judgment recognising their right as mortgagees, and ordering a sale of the property.
At a subsequent meeting of the creditors, at which the Union Bank of Louisiana was again represented by its president, the' creditors gave to the syndics a power -to raise all mortgages recorded against the insolvent on any estate owned by him alone, or jointly with other persons, which had been surrendered to his creditors,
with authority
to make partition of the same with the co-proprietors, either amicably or judicially.
Bpon the petition of the syndics to the judge of the Parish Court of New Orleans, that act of the' creditors was homologated, and the syndics were authorized by the court to do all-which it empowered them to perform, by the votes of the creditors who appeared or who were represented at the meeting.
In conformity with such powers, the syndics instituted a suit, alleging that Whitehall plantation and slaves had been purchased for the joint account of Barrett & Bell, and that an action of partition was necessary, to enable them to liquidate that special partnership. They also asked that the proceeds of the crop made on the plantation might be deposited in bank, subject to the order of the court; that an inventory and appraisement of the property should be made, and returned into couft; and that such proceedings might be had as woulld lead to a prompt aud final settlement of the partnership.
Blell united in this petition, and declared himself to be a creditor of the partnership; prayed for a settlement of its affairs, and for the allowance in his favor of a lien on the partnership property, for such sum as might be found due to him.
The heirs of Hampton intervened in this partition suit, stating their claims upon the property as mortgage creditors; and ihsisted that the property should be sold, subject to the assumptions, by whoever might become at the sale vendee, for the payment of their claim, principal and interest.
On the 6th of February, 1841, the court gave a judgment, sustaining the claims of Hampton’s heirs, and directing the sale of the property, with the condition, “ that the vendees should assume the payment to Mary Hampton, John S. Preston and wife, and John L.
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Mr. Justice WAYNE
delivered the opinion of the court.
We have given our best consideration to this record, in connection with the minute statement made from it by the counsel of the complainant, withQut having been able to find any cause for the reversal of the j udgment.
The plaintiff sued the defendants, John S. Preston and
Caroline M. Preston his wife, as the joint possessors of one hundred and thirteen negroes,.and their increase, to subject them, and the revenues which had been derived from their labor, to the payment of certain judgments which the plaintiff says he owns, as the assignee of the Union Bank of Louisiana.
Those judgments had been obtained by that bank against Thomas Barrett, a resident of the city of New Orleans. He alleges that Barrett was the owner of the slaves when the judgments were obtained, and that, by reason of that fact, and the bank’s assignment to him, he had a judicial mortgage upon them, their increase and revenues, to pay the judgments.
The suit was brought in the third District Court of New Orleans, when the defendants were sojourners there; and being cited to answer, they appeared. Being citizens of the State of South Carolina, they removed the cause to the United States Circuit Court for the eastern district of Louisiana, in which it was filed on the chancery side of the docket. There the defendants filed a dilatory exception, in bar of the action against them; which being overruled, they were required to answer. And they did so.
They neither admit nor deny the original validity of the judgments against Barrett, nor the assignment of them to the plaintiff; and they admit that the one hundred and thirteen slaves had belonged to Barrett; but giving at the same time their narrative of the manner in which Barrett had acquired title to them, and the judicial proceedings under which they bought the property. They state, in their answer, that Wade Hampton, of South Carolina, being the owner of Whitehall plantation, in the parish of St. James, in Louisiana, sold it on the 8th April, 1829, to Leroy Pope, for $100,000, payable in twenty years from the first day of January, 1830, with interest at-six per cent, per annum, payable annually. That the seller took from Pope a mortgage on the plantation, and also an obligation that he would add to the plantation seventy working hands, and mortgage them to Hampton, with their increase, to secui’e the payment of Pope’s purchase and interest. Pope, on the 23d of February following, complied with Ms obligation, by mortgaging seventy working hands and tMrty
one children to Hampton. He was then a resident of. the parish of St. James.
Pope, two years afterwards, on the 18th March, 1833, sold the plantation and slaves to- Thomas Barrett, of New Orleans, for $151,084. In payment, Barrett assumed to pay the debt of $100,000, and the accruing interest annually, to Hampton, and received the property, subject to the rights of Hampton upon the plantation and slaves. Two days afterwards, Barrett conveyed one-half of his. purchase to Robert Bell, with an agreement that Bell’s interest should be considered as having attached from the day of Barrett’s purchase. Barrett failed to pay the interest; and Hampton being dead, his heirs brought suits for it, and these judgments were obtained against him in January, 1838, March, 1839, and April, 1839. The judgments were recorded in New Orleans, where Barrett lived; but the mortgages and conveyances given to Hampton, and his conveyance of the plantation, were recorded, when they were executed, in the parish of St. James, where the slaves were, and where Pope and Bell both lived.
Barrett became embarrassed, and applied for the benefit of the insolvent laws of Louisiana, on the 12th May, 1840. In the schedule of property surrendered to his creditors is found an item of Whitehall plantation and one hundred and fifty slaves, valued at $210,000, subject to the bond for $100,000, and the interest due thereon.
A meeting of Barrett’s creditors was held on the 1.5th June, 1840. Syndics were elected by them, with general discretionary powers,
particularly with the power to sue for the partition of any property whatsoever held and owned by the insolvent jointly with
others,
and to claim partition in kind or by sale;
also, to appoint agents for the disposal of property out of New Orleans. Amongst the creditors at this meeting who elected the syndics was the Bank of Louisiana, by its representative, its president. In October, after this meeting of the creditors, the heirs of Hampton intervened in the insolvent proceedings, claimed their rights under the mortgages upon Whitehall and upon the negroes; and they took a rule upon Magoffin and Morgan, the synlics of the creditors, to show cause why the
plantation and negroes should not be sold, and the proceeds applied to the payment of their claim. The rule was made absolute, by a judgment recognising their right as mortgagees, and ordering a sale of the property.
At a subsequent meeting of the creditors, at which the Union Bank of Louisiana was again represented by its president, the' creditors gave to the syndics a power -to raise all mortgages recorded against the insolvent on any estate owned by him alone, or jointly with other persons, which had been surrendered to his creditors,
with authority
to make partition of the same with the co-proprietors, either amicably or judicially.
Bpon the petition of the syndics to the judge of the Parish Court of New Orleans, that act of the' creditors was homologated, and the syndics were authorized by the court to do all-which it empowered them to perform, by the votes of the creditors who appeared or who were represented at the meeting.
In conformity with such powers, the syndics instituted a suit, alleging that Whitehall plantation and slaves had been purchased for the joint account of Barrett & Bell, and that an action of partition was necessary, to enable them to liquidate that special partnership. They also asked that the proceeds of the crop made on the plantation might be deposited in bank, subject to the order of the court; that an inventory and appraisement of the property should be made, and returned into couft; and that such proceedings might be had as woulld lead to a prompt aud final settlement of the partnership.
Blell united in this petition, and declared himself to be a creditor of the partnership; prayed for a settlement of its affairs, and for the allowance in his favor of a lien on the partnership property, for such sum as might be found due to him.
The heirs of Hampton intervened in this partition suit, stating their claims upon the property as mortgage creditors; and ihsisted that the property should be sold, subject to the assumptions, by whoever might become at the sale vendee, for the payment of their claim, principal and interest.
On the 6th of February, 1841, the court gave a judgment, sustaining the claims of Hampton’s heirs, and directing the sale of the property, with the condition, “ that the vendees should assume the payment to Mary Hampton, John S. Preston and wife, and John L. Manning and wife, of $100,000, payable on the 1st of January, 1856, with six per cent, interest from the 1st of January, 1841; and, further, that it should be taken as a term and condition of the sale, that the purchaser should specially mortgage and keep mortgaged the plantation to the intervenors, and the eighty-one slaves described in the inventory, to them and their heirs and assigns.”
The property was advertised and sold by the sheriff, pursuant to this judgment; was bought by the heirs of Hampton for $116,000; was paid for by surrendering to the sheriff the bond of Leroy Pope for $100,000, and by applying arrears of interest due on that'bond to the payment of $16,000. An account was filed a few days afterwards, by the heirs of Hampton, of the whole amount due them, and after giving credit for the $116,000, and there was still remaining due $11,248.11$.
A rule was then taken on both the plaintiff and defendants, by the heirs of Hampton, for them to show cause why the account should not be approved, and their demand against the partnership of Barrett & Bell be liquidated, at the sum of $11,248.11$; and why the same should not be paid out of any money belonging to the partnership.
Upon the rule a judgment was rendered on the 23d April, 1844, according to its purport, declaring that, after having credited the account with $116,000, there was still due to the heirs of Hampton, by the partnership of Barrett & Bell, the sum of $11,248.11$, and a judgment was passed in their favor for that sum, against Mrs. Caroline Bell, the heir of Robert Bell, and J. B. Hullen, who had been elected the syndic of the creditors in the- place of Magoffin and Morgan. A representative of the Union Bank was present, and voting for Hullen.
A final judgment was afterwards rendered, settling all matters in dispute between the parties to the suit. The proceeds
of the crop were appropriated to the payment of legal chargee; and, that being insufficient for that purpose, the heirs of Hampton were required to pay $2,020.51, in satisfaction of them — it being declared that the legal charges were higher in rank than their privilege upon the copartnership fund. The heirs paid the amount, and that was a final settlement of all the matters' in controversy between plaintiff, defendants, and intervenors.
Contemporary with the proceedings in the partition suit, the matters connected with Barrett’s insolvency were concluded in the same court.
Among other acts done by the syndics, Magoffin and Morgan, was their petition to the Parish Court of New Orleans to be discharged from their office of syndics in the insolvency of Thomas Barrett and Thomas Barrett & Co. They annexed to their petition an account of the collections and disbursements which had been made by. them since their last account had been filed. They showed that they were, as syndics, parties to a number of suits, which were still pending; refer particularly to the partition suit instituted by them, and still pending, against Robert Bell, as the partner of Barrett; pray that the creditors of the insolvent may be ordered to meet to elect other syndics, on account of their not being able to act longer in that capacity, as their private affairs compelled them to leave the State of Louisiana.
The court gave an order upon this petition, that the parties interested show cause, within ten days from the publication of the order, why the accounts of the syndics should not be homologated, why the funds ¡stated by the syndics should not be distributed in accordance therewith, and why the syndics should not be discharged. And it further ordered, that a meeting of the creditors should be held on Wednesday, the 9th May, to elect another syndic in place of Magoffin and Morgan.
Such a meéting was hold. James B. Hullen was elected by the creditors sole syndic, with all the powers which had been conferred by the creditors at former meetings upon Magoffin and Morgan They were then discharged by the court from their functions as syndics, upon their paying the bal
anees in their hands to the parties entitled thereto, reserving to themselves, however, whatever claim they might have on the sale of the Whitehall plantation; and James B. Hullen was confirmed as sole syndic'of Barrett and Thomas Barrett
&
Co. This order was given by the court on the 20th May, 1842.
Seven days after the meeting of the creditors had been’ held, pursuant to the order of the court, Christopher Adams, jun., president of the Union Bank, filed a paper in the court, acknowledging himself to be fully cognizant of all the proceedings of the meeting; that he was present at| it; that the bank was a creditor; that Hullen had been ¡unanimously elected by the creditors sole syndic, in - place of the former syndics, on the same terms and conditions that they had been, with the same powers which the creditors had conferred upon the former syndics. And further shows, that at the meeting on the 9th May, 18-12, he had voted for the dispensation of Hullen from giving the security required by law to he given by syndics.
This narrative discloses the connection of the Hamptons with the proceedings of the syndics* and in the partnership suit which they had brought against Bell to settle his claim as a partner in the purchase of the Whitehall plantation and slaves. Thus matters remained for nine years, no one supposing- that there was any irregularity in the judicial proceedings under which the heirs of Hampton had bought the property, the bank all’the time acquiescing in the result. Indeed, nothing was done without the knowledge of the bank; everything that was done was with its approbation. The record shows that every step taken by the syndics for the settlement of Barrett’s insolvency was in conformity with the powers which the creditors had given to them. But nine years after the final and conclusive settlement of the whole matter in controversy, the president and directors of the bank assigned to the plaintiff m this suit five judgments, which the bank had obtained against Thomas Barrett in 1888 and 1839. Upon this assignment it is that the plaintiff now claims that these judgments were a mortgage upon the Whitehall plantation and slaves, He
alleges that all the proceedings in the Parish Court of the parish and city of New Orleans, in the matter of the insolvency, were irregular; that the disposition of property surrendered by Barrett for his creditors, and the creditors of Thomas Barrett. & Co., “were irregular, insufficient, null, and void,” and had been procured by fraudulent combination between the heirs of Hampton with Bell, and with the syndics of the creditors, for the purpose of defrauding the Union Bank particularly. He also alleges that the Union Bank has not been a party to the suit of the syndics, and that neither the bank nor himself are in any way bound by its proceedings. And the fraud with which he charges the defendants is, that they claimed as creditors of Barrett, under the mortgage which Leroy Pope had.made to their ancestor, Hampton, when the plantation was bought from him, and which Barrett assumed to pay when he purchased from Pope, well knowing at the time that the efficacy of the inscription of the mortgages upon both plantation and slaves had expired, according to law, without any renewal of the registry of them. The defendants deny, in their answer, the fraud charged, or fraud of any kind, in their intervention in the proceedings in insolvency. No attempt was made to prove it; consequently, the plaintiff’s whole case depends upon his assertion that there are irregularities in the suit, and in the rendition of a judgment, and under which the heirs of Hampton purchased the property at sheriif’s sale, which made that judgment a nullity. The plaintiff is the assignee of the Union Bank, and the argument in support of his claim as assignee is, that he is entitled to a judgment, subjecting the property to the payment of the judgments which the bank had obtained against Barrett, unless the mortgages of the bank were extinguished by the sale made by the sheriff to the heirs of Hampton, and unless the settlement between the syndics, Robert Bell, and the heirs of Hampton, upon the judgments rendered in the cases of the syndics and Bell, are
res judicata.
These positions are in themselves an abandonment of the charge of fraud, originally made, and for no other purpose than to give to the Circuit Court jurisdiction of the case
against the defendants, and without which the court could not have taken jurisdiction. With what propriety, then, can this court now be called upon to review a judgment of the Parish Court of New Orleans for any irregularity or illegality in the proceedings of that court, if either existed, when there could have been an appeal to the Supreme Court of Louisiana for its correction? This court has never- done so in any case in which the subject matter of a suit, being within the jurisdiction of a State court, upon the allegation that its judgment had been given contrary to the law of a State. See the cases of Fonvergne et al.
v.
City of N. O., 18 Howard, 471; Gaines
v.
Chew et al., 2 Howard, 619, 644; and Tarver
v.
Tarver, 9 Peters, 174. The Parish Court of New Orleans had, by law, full power over all the property ceded by the insolvent, and over the claims of each of the creditors. It exercised its jurisdiction, and the legality of its judgment cannot be questioned by this court. Besides, the courts of the United States have no jurisdiction over the settlement of insolvencies in the State courts. The Parish Court had not only jurisdiction, but exclusive jurisdiction, over the property surrendered, and the distribution of it among the creditors of the insolvent. By the laws of Louisiana, the property surrendered becomes vested in the creditors, represented by the syndics as their trustee. Schroeder
v.
Nicholson, 2 Lou. R., 354; Morgan
v.
Creditors, 7 Lou. R., 62; Dwight
v.
Linn., 4 An., 492. And the creditors of an insolvent who become parties to the insolvent proceedings are prohibited from seeking remedies in any other court' of the State of Louisiana. Jacobs
v.
Bogart, 7 Rob. Rep., 162; Marsh
v.
Marsh, 9 Rob. Rep., 46; Tyler et al.
v.
Creditors, 9 Robinson. It is also declared, in the Civil Code, (art. 165, see. 3,) “that, in all matters relative to failures, all suits already commenced, or which may be subsequently instituted against the debtor, must be carried before the court in which the failure has been declared; ” and “where a party claims from the syndics goods which' had been surrendered by an insolvent, the suit may be brought before the court where the
concurso
is pending.” 2 Robinson, 348.
The want of jurisdiction, then, in the courts of the United States, to review the proceedings of the Parish Court of New Orleans, in a case of insolvency, is, 'of itself, sufficient to prevent the court from giving to the plaintiff a decree in this suit.
There are, however, other grounds sufficient, to be found in the record, from which we have concluded that the plaintiff has neither an equitable claim against the defendants in this proceeding, nor any right, under the law of Louisiana, to subject the property in controversy to the judgments of which he is the assignee. But we shall confine ourselves to the discussion of one of them.
The judgments of the Union Bank, if they ever had at any time mortgage rights against the Whitehall plantation, and the slaves upon it, better than the mortgages given by Leroy Pope at the time of his purchase, and which were assumed by Barrett when he bought the property, and which were equally obligatory upon Bell, when himself and Barrett formed their particular partnership in respect to that property, those judgments had boon legally cancelled before they were assigned to the plaintiff by the bank. It will be found, at pages 20 and 21 of the record, that the assignor of the plaintiff united with the other creditors in giving to the syndics the power to raise all mortgages granted by or recorded by Thomas Barrett, or Thomas Barrett & Co., on any real estate owned by Barrett, jointly with other persons, and surrendered by him to his creditors, with power also to effect partitions of the said property with his co-prpprietors, either amicably or judicially, &c., &c.
The creditors, too, authorized the syndics, or either of them, to vote, deliberate, and give their opinion for them, at any subsequent meeting of the creditors of Barrett, or Thomas Barrett & Co. And the powers so given to the syndics wore homologated by the judge of the Parish Court of New Orleans. Under such a power, the syndics might have erased the judicial mortgages of the bank in the fair and bona fide discharge of their relation to the creditors as their trustees, and the bank would have been bound by their action. But
they proceeded, according to law, to have the judicial mortgages of the bank cancelled; and they were cancelled on the 1st of February, 1841. This cancellation was made by the syndics, in ■ conformity with the thirty-second section of the act of February, 1817, entitled, “An act relative to the voluntary surrender of property, and to the mode of proceeding, as well for the direction as for the disposal of debtors’ estates,” &c., &c. The erasure and cancellation of mortgages may be made in Louisiana, by consent or by order of the court. Articles 3335, 3336. In this instance, the erasure was made by the judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction; when by the latter, it has the effect of a
res judicata.
7 Rob., 382, 518; 11 Rob., 171. After the erasure so made, there can be no subsequent' reinscription of a mortgage. That which was made in 1848 revived no lien upon the property which the bank’s mortgages may have had before they were erased. But there was another erasure of the bank’s judicial mortgages in a suit brought by Barrett against it, before its assignment war made of its judgments against Barrett to Ilagan, the plaintiff Rec., 83, 88, 94, 99,103. It was done by a court having competent jurisdiction, and it concluded the right of the bank to convey its judgments to the plaintiff’ as. judicial mortgages, though they might be transferred as judgments to entitle the assignee to a participation in any unadministered proceeds made from the sale of the property surrendered by the insolvent for his creditors. But neither the reiusciiption of 1848, nor the assignment to the plaintiff, could have the effect to give to the plaintiff any claim upon property of tlié insolvent which had been sold under the judgment of a court having jurisdiction in insolvency. The px'operty now claimed by the plaintiff’ as subject to his assignment, had been recognised by the judgment of- the Parish Court to be subject to the claims of the lxeirs of Hampton; had beexx ordered by the court to be sold by the sheriff; had been sold by him, and adjudicated to the purchasex’s; axxd the considex’ation money of the pux-chase had been' aecouixted for by the sheriff to the syndics of the insolvent, and by them accounted for to the coux-t, in strict accordance with its ox-der, xxine years before the bank made an
assignment to Hagan. The sale could not have been in any way subject to the judicial mortgages of the bank, nor could it in any way affect the property purchased by the defendants. Indeed, there can be no doubt that, after the appearance of the bank in the
concurso
of the creditors, and its acquiescence with them in fixing the terms for the sale of the property of the insolvent, it must be taken as a waiver by the bank of all its rights to pursue it for the payment of its judgments against Barrett, the insolvent, and that it would look to the proceeds of its sale, as the other creditors did, for the satisfaction of their respective claims. Egerton
v.
Creditors, 2 Rob., 201; Saul
v.
Creditors, 7 N. S., 446, 447. Without pursuing the discussion further, we have concluded that the bank, when it assigned its judgments to the plaintiff, had no mortgage lien on the Whitehall plantation and slaves to transfer; that the language of the assignment, interpreted by the acknowledged acts of the bank in the insolvency, cannot mean any such transfer, and that the judgment and sale under the partition suit barred the bank from making such an assignment, and the plaintiff from any such claim as he has made in his bill.
We direct the affirmance of the decree of the Circuit Court.