Patterson, J.
This is an appeal iron a judgment entered on the report of a referee appointed under tbe statute, on the consent of parties,-to determine a disputed claim against the estate of S. L. M. Barlow, deceased. Thelearned referee held that the executors were justified in rejecting it, and found against the claimant. The claim was presented by the executors of the will of Mr. Barlow’s widow, and was based upon an apparent balance on his books, showing on his ledger, upon a separate account standing in her name, as due her on December 31, 1886, the sum of $22,771.12. This account was opened in March, 1864, with a credit of cash, $19,862.50. In Mr. Barlow’s cash-book of the same date the same amount is credited to Mrs. Barlow. The origin of this account is given in the evidence. A client of Mr. Barlow, appreciating the professional services of that gentleman, in addition to paying his charges therefor, presented to Mr. and Mrs. Barlow certain securities, which, being ■sold through a broker, part of the avails, viz., the amount with which the account is started, was credited by Mr. Barlow to his wife, seemingly as her proportion of the gift. He immediately proceeded to invest this money for his wife. He purchased a house, and from time to time changed the investment, and there were entered in both his cash-book and ledger the proper charges relating to the changes of investment, and also of other items of money received and disbursed for her. Such entries were made by liis book-keepers from the time the account was opened until December 31, 1879, when there was a balance struck in her favor on the ledger of $23,187.42. Looking at Exhibit No. 1, (defendants’,) which is a statement made up from the cashbook, there appear to have been but two items charged directly against Mrs. [134]*134Barlow in 1879, and they, being posted in the ledger and deducted, make the above-mentioned balance at the date last named. From that date no entry is made in this special account of Mrs. Barlow’s, either in- the books of original entry or the ledger, until April 26, 1886,—an interval of over six years,—when she is credited with an amount received from Hamilton, executor, etc., of $2,476.07, and two small items of cash. On the debit side in that year she is charged with various sums, exhausting the $2,476.07, and leaving a balance struck December 31, 1886, of $22,771.12. Ho other item appears in the ledger account after that date until October 22, 1888, when Mrs. Barlow is credited with $100, and two days afterwards charged with its disbursement. During the currency of this account Mr. Barlow drew a great many checks to the order of his wife, which are not entered in it, but which are charged in his books to expense account. They are more than sufficient, if applicable to Mrs. Barlow’s special account, to extinguish it. In his will' Mr. Barlow made a bequest to his wife of certain personal property of great value, and the income for life of one-half of his residuary estate, and declared that the provisions of his will in that regard were to be in lieu “of ail dower or other her interest in my property and estate.” This will was executed in 1872, but republished by codicils, without change in the provisions for his wife; the last being dated July, 1880. Two other accounts on Mr. Barlow’s books were made the subject of examination on the trial,—one with the country house at Glen Cove, called “Elsinore,” and the other. “Library Account,” but we fail to see any connection between those accounts and the special account of Mrs. Barlow, or how they can affect the result.
Three defenses were urged before the referee: 'First, the statute of limitations; second, payment; and, third, the satisfaction of the debt by the provisions in Mr. Barlow’s will in his wife’s favor. The referee found that the statute barred the claim, and that the debt was paid. He did not pass upon the effect of the provisions of tile will. We think the decision of the'learned referee was erroneous. It cannot well be contended that the entries in Mr. Barlow’s books do not furnish, prima facie, the basis of an action against his estate. They are the books of account of a man who, according to the stipulation of the parties made part of the record, “had large and varied business interests. He held fiduciary relations to many different people, and received at various times very large sums of money. During the greater part', if not the whole, of his professional life) he kept complete books of account, consisting of cash-books, journal, and ledger. These books were very carefully kept in- respect to the amounts of receipts and payments, but-in many instances are deficient in the matter of explanations of the character.of amount received. In most cases the entries of receipts contain only^the name of the person from whom received, and hence require reference to his correspondence and other sources to determine any question as to the basis of such receipts. ” As showing the extent of the book-keeping of his private business, it appears that at the time of his death (1889) there were 175 accounts open on his own personal books. He examined such books from time to time; but not very frequently. Sis book-keeper generally made entries in the accounts from the stubs of the check-book, on which were indicated the nature of the payment, from which was inferred the account to which it should be charged, but in cases of doubt it was the habit of the book-keeper to apply to Mr. Barlow for instructions. This was done at times with reference to the expense account, and there is nothing to show that Mr. Barlow was not cognizant of all that was entered, and when it was entered, in the special account, or that he was ignorant of the balance struck from year to' year, or the fact that it was continued as a current account, notwithstanding the gap of six years, or that when the entries in and after 1886 were made he did not intend them to be in continuation of that account. ’ The account has all the force Of an admission of an indebtedness to his wife, arising out of his charge and adminis[135]*135tration of the moneys, with the balances of which she was credited at the respective dates of such balances. While account-books of a party are not evidence in his favor, except under the limitation of well-known rules, they are evidence against him, and, whether kept by himself or his clerks, the presumption arising from them, when he appears by them to be a debtor, is that the entries are correct, for he would not record or allow to be recorded so distinct a statement unless it were correct. If there is an error he must show it. It is about as deliberate an admission as can be made. Its very purpose is to make a record to be preserved. We regard, therefore, this ledger balance, resulting from entries corresponding with and taken from the cashbook entries, according to the book-keeper’s (Heppenstall’s) testimony, as sufficient to support the action, unless either of the specific affirmative defenses is to prevail. The plea of the statute of limitations is based on the fact that more than six years elapsed between the striking of the balance of December 31,1879, and the entry to Mrs. Barlow’s credit of the payment made by Hamilton, executor, April 26, 1886. The referee held that the six-years bar applied, the entries subsequent to April, 1886, having been merely of the receipt and disbursement of a particular amount under exceptional circumstances. He also held that the account in its nature was such as exists between debt- or and creditor merely. The entries explain themselves to this extent at least; they show it was a running account of moneys belonging to Mrs. Barlow. Mr.
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Patterson, J.
This is an appeal iron a judgment entered on the report of a referee appointed under tbe statute, on the consent of parties,-to determine a disputed claim against the estate of S. L. M. Barlow, deceased. Thelearned referee held that the executors were justified in rejecting it, and found against the claimant. The claim was presented by the executors of the will of Mr. Barlow’s widow, and was based upon an apparent balance on his books, showing on his ledger, upon a separate account standing in her name, as due her on December 31, 1886, the sum of $22,771.12. This account was opened in March, 1864, with a credit of cash, $19,862.50. In Mr. Barlow’s cash-book of the same date the same amount is credited to Mrs. Barlow. The origin of this account is given in the evidence. A client of Mr. Barlow, appreciating the professional services of that gentleman, in addition to paying his charges therefor, presented to Mr. and Mrs. Barlow certain securities, which, being ■sold through a broker, part of the avails, viz., the amount with which the account is started, was credited by Mr. Barlow to his wife, seemingly as her proportion of the gift. He immediately proceeded to invest this money for his wife. He purchased a house, and from time to time changed the investment, and there were entered in both his cash-book and ledger the proper charges relating to the changes of investment, and also of other items of money received and disbursed for her. Such entries were made by liis book-keepers from the time the account was opened until December 31, 1879, when there was a balance struck in her favor on the ledger of $23,187.42. Looking at Exhibit No. 1, (defendants’,) which is a statement made up from the cashbook, there appear to have been but two items charged directly against Mrs. [134]*134Barlow in 1879, and they, being posted in the ledger and deducted, make the above-mentioned balance at the date last named. From that date no entry is made in this special account of Mrs. Barlow’s, either in- the books of original entry or the ledger, until April 26, 1886,—an interval of over six years,—when she is credited with an amount received from Hamilton, executor, etc., of $2,476.07, and two small items of cash. On the debit side in that year she is charged with various sums, exhausting the $2,476.07, and leaving a balance struck December 31, 1886, of $22,771.12. Ho other item appears in the ledger account after that date until October 22, 1888, when Mrs. Barlow is credited with $100, and two days afterwards charged with its disbursement. During the currency of this account Mr. Barlow drew a great many checks to the order of his wife, which are not entered in it, but which are charged in his books to expense account. They are more than sufficient, if applicable to Mrs. Barlow’s special account, to extinguish it. In his will' Mr. Barlow made a bequest to his wife of certain personal property of great value, and the income for life of one-half of his residuary estate, and declared that the provisions of his will in that regard were to be in lieu “of ail dower or other her interest in my property and estate.” This will was executed in 1872, but republished by codicils, without change in the provisions for his wife; the last being dated July, 1880. Two other accounts on Mr. Barlow’s books were made the subject of examination on the trial,—one with the country house at Glen Cove, called “Elsinore,” and the other. “Library Account,” but we fail to see any connection between those accounts and the special account of Mrs. Barlow, or how they can affect the result.
Three defenses were urged before the referee: 'First, the statute of limitations; second, payment; and, third, the satisfaction of the debt by the provisions in Mr. Barlow’s will in his wife’s favor. The referee found that the statute barred the claim, and that the debt was paid. He did not pass upon the effect of the provisions of tile will. We think the decision of the'learned referee was erroneous. It cannot well be contended that the entries in Mr. Barlow’s books do not furnish, prima facie, the basis of an action against his estate. They are the books of account of a man who, according to the stipulation of the parties made part of the record, “had large and varied business interests. He held fiduciary relations to many different people, and received at various times very large sums of money. During the greater part', if not the whole, of his professional life) he kept complete books of account, consisting of cash-books, journal, and ledger. These books were very carefully kept in- respect to the amounts of receipts and payments, but-in many instances are deficient in the matter of explanations of the character.of amount received. In most cases the entries of receipts contain only^the name of the person from whom received, and hence require reference to his correspondence and other sources to determine any question as to the basis of such receipts. ” As showing the extent of the book-keeping of his private business, it appears that at the time of his death (1889) there were 175 accounts open on his own personal books. He examined such books from time to time; but not very frequently. Sis book-keeper generally made entries in the accounts from the stubs of the check-book, on which were indicated the nature of the payment, from which was inferred the account to which it should be charged, but in cases of doubt it was the habit of the book-keeper to apply to Mr. Barlow for instructions. This was done at times with reference to the expense account, and there is nothing to show that Mr. Barlow was not cognizant of all that was entered, and when it was entered, in the special account, or that he was ignorant of the balance struck from year to' year, or the fact that it was continued as a current account, notwithstanding the gap of six years, or that when the entries in and after 1886 were made he did not intend them to be in continuation of that account. ’ The account has all the force Of an admission of an indebtedness to his wife, arising out of his charge and adminis[135]*135tration of the moneys, with the balances of which she was credited at the respective dates of such balances. While account-books of a party are not evidence in his favor, except under the limitation of well-known rules, they are evidence against him, and, whether kept by himself or his clerks, the presumption arising from them, when he appears by them to be a debtor, is that the entries are correct, for he would not record or allow to be recorded so distinct a statement unless it were correct. If there is an error he must show it. It is about as deliberate an admission as can be made. Its very purpose is to make a record to be preserved. We regard, therefore, this ledger balance, resulting from entries corresponding with and taken from the cashbook entries, according to the book-keeper’s (Heppenstall’s) testimony, as sufficient to support the action, unless either of the specific affirmative defenses is to prevail. The plea of the statute of limitations is based on the fact that more than six years elapsed between the striking of the balance of December 31,1879, and the entry to Mrs. Barlow’s credit of the payment made by Hamilton, executor, April 26, 1886. The referee held that the six-years bar applied, the entries subsequent to April, 1886, having been merely of the receipt and disbursement of a particular amount under exceptional circumstances. He also held that the account in its nature was such as exists between debt- or and creditor merely. The entries explain themselves to this extent at least; they show it was a running account of moneys belonging to Mrs. Barlow. Mr. Barlow was plainly treating and caring for the moneys, the subject of this account, as held and paid out by him separately from everything else. There is no evidence of a loan, or that he paid interest. He regarded that account on December 31, 1886, as being one on which he was indebted to his wife in the balance then appearing; and in that balance there was included the amount brought down from 1879, and there is also a credit of that balance as of the date of January 1, 1882. Let us assume that the six-years bar is that applicable to accounts of this character; even then the entries of 1886 and the striking of the ledger balance of December 31st of that yeai clearly show the continuation of the account in such a way as to prove that Mr. Barlow considered himself as still holding the amount of that balance as a debt due his wife. The entries in 1886 are manifestly payments on account of the antecedent admitted balance of 1879, increased by the Hamilton check, credited on the same account. They are in extension of an open account. Partial payments to keep alive a liability must be “the conscious and voluntary act of the debtor, explainable only as a recognition and confession of the existing liability,” (Blair v. Lynch, 105 N. Y. 636, 11 N. E. Rep. 947,) but what better recognition or confession could be asked than that found in the debtor’s own books in entries which he has directed tobe made in the particular account, as he did those on the debit side in 1886. The burden of proof was cast on the defendants to make out the defense of payment. It was not established. There is not sufficient evidence that the checks drawn to the order of Mrs. Barlow, and entered in the stubs of the check-book and carried to expense account, were either intended by Mr. Barlow to apply to or were received by his wife on the special account. The referee has presumed they were, and has in effect transferred them from one account to another. The presumption is just the other way. The course of business relating to these checks was that they were all drawn by direction of Mr. Barlow, and were entered in expense account by book-keepers from a certain diary, or the checkbook stubs. There is nothing to show that these checks ought to have been debited to the private account of Mrs. Barlow, except in 1886, and they were then so entered. We know from the testimony of Mrs. Moore that about 1886 there was an understanding between her brother (Mr. Barlow) and his wife that certain bills of the latter should be paid from her own mone3’s. Mr. Barlow’s books were balanced from time to time, kept by his clerks, open to his inspection, and presumably correct. Every check charged on [136]*136these books to another account, and now claimed to be in reduction of the special account, must be proven to be applicable to that account. Mr. Barlow gave the instructions as to charging the items in 1886, and this would show that he then knew the exact situation of the account, and the bookkeeper says he would have charged them to expense account still, had it not been for the specific instructions.
Under the facts as they appear before us in the record, and assuming that this claim is a debt merely, we do not regard the testamentary provisions for Mrs. Barlow a satisfaction of the claim. The testator does declare that such provisions “are intended to be in lieu and in bar of all dower or other her interest in my property and estate,” but whether a legacy shall satisfy a debt is always a matter of intention. Boughton v. Flint, 74 N. Y. 476. It is said in Williams v. Crary's Ex'r, 4 Wend. 443: “The rule in this respect seems to be that a legacy shall not be deemed a satisfaction of a pre-existing debt unless it appears unquestionably the intention of the testator that it shall so operate.” And it is also said in Eaton v. Benton, 2 Hill, 576: “It will be seen by looking into the books that the courts have never been quite satisfied with the doctrine, and they have been ready to seize upon slight circumstances for the purpose of repelling the presumption—if, indeed, there be any—that the legacy was intended as a satisfaction of the debt.” In the Williams Case, in another court, (5 Cow. 368,) it is remarked: “Where there are any circumstances in the case to repel the presumption that such was the intention of the testator, the courts have eagerly seized upon them to prevent the application of the rule. ” See, also, Eaton v. Benton, 2 Hill, 576. In this case, what is relied on to support the defendants’ contention, it is true, is not a mere presumption, but the language of the tenth clause of the will; but the foregoing citations show with how little favor such a rule is regarded, and that we must look for the intention of the testator. The clause of the will referred to is, as has been well remarked, merely the ordinary clause to bar dower; but there are circumstances extrinsic of the will which would indicate the testator did not intend the claim or debt to be satisfied by the legacy. Certainly a debt arising after the date of the will would not be merged in the legacy. Williams v. Crary's Ex'r, 4 Wend. 443; Redf. Sur. 578. Mr. Barlow’s will was made in 1872, and the last codicil republishing it in 1880; but we find on his books an express recognition of the balance carried down to December, 1886, and this is sufficient, we think, to show there was no intention to have the debt discharged by the gifts in the will. The judgment must be reversed, and a new trial ordered before another referee, with costs to abide the event.