[Cite as Adams v. Black, 2016-Ohio-30.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT ERIE COUNTY
Daniel V. Adams, Administrator of the Court of Appeals No. E-14-140 Estate of Dolores Watson, et al. Trial Court No. 2013-CV-0413 Appellants
v.
Joann E. Black, et al. DECISION AND JUDGMENT
Appellees Decided: January 6, 2016
*****
Timothy B. Pettorini and Tricia L. Pycraft, for appellants.
Beveraly A. Adams, for appellee Joann E. Black, Individually and as Trustee and the Joann E. Black Revocable Trust.
Rebecca J. Bennett and Russell Rendall, for appellee Jason Smith.
PIETRYKOWSKI, J.
{¶ 1} This is an appeal from a judgment of the Erie County Court of Common
Pleas that granted the summary judgment motions of defendants-appellees, Joann E. Black, individually and as trustee of the Joann E. Black Revocable Trust, the Joann E.
Black Revocable Trust, and Jason Smith, and thereby dismissed the complaint of
plaintiffs-appellants, Daniel V. Adams, Administrator of the Estate of Dolores Watson,
et al. Appellants challenge that judgment through a single assignment of error:
The trial court erred as a matter of law by granting summary
judgment to Jason Smith and Joann E. Black, individually and as trustee of
Joann E. Black Revocable Trust and Joann E. Black Revocable Trust.
{¶ 2} The undisputed facts of this case are as follows. The plaintiffs-appellants in
this case are the estate of Dolores Watson, and her eight surviving children. Appellee,
the Joann E. Black Revocable Trust, is the owner of a vacation home located on Kelley’s
Island, in Erie County, Ohio. The home has three stories, with the kitchen, living room, a
bedroom and bathroom on the main floor, a loft bedroom on the second floor, and a
bathroom and two bedrooms on the lower walkout level. While on the main floor, one
must walk past the stairwell to the lower level in order to reach the bedroom and
bathroom that are on the main floor. The stairwell that leads from the main level to the
lower level is partially open at the top, so that as one walks down the stairs the floor of
the main level is on the right, with a wooden railing separating the living room from the
stairwell. As one faces down the stairwell, there is no handrail at the top of the stairs.
There is, however, a handrail that runs along the right hand side of the stairs along the
bottom third of the stairwell.
2. {¶ 3} On February 22, 2011, plaintiff-appellant, Sarah Watson, entered into a
rental agreement with appellee Joann Black for the lease of the home from June 12 to
June 17, 2011. Appellee Jason Smith was the listing agent and individual whom Watson
contacted regarding the rental. Watson and members of her family had planned a
vacation on Kelley’s Island, during which various members of the family would stay at
the home at different times throughout the week. On June 12, 2011, at around 4:30 in the
afternoon, Sarah Watson, her 77-year-old mother Dolores Watson, and Sarah’s niece
Stella Adams, arrived at the property. Although other family members also came that
day, only Sarah, Dolores and Stella had planned to spend that night at the home. When
the group arrived at the home, they toured the property. During the tour, Dolores walked
down the stairwell to the lower level with her back to the wall and holding her daughter
Thelma’s hand. While on the main floor, she also walked past the stairwell toward the
bathroom and bedroom, where she placed her suitcase, on at least one occasion.
Following dinner, Sarah’s sister and brother-in-law, Thelma and Harold Walter, and
sister-in-law Barb Adams, left the island. Throughout the remainder of the evening,
Sarah, Dolores and Stella stayed on the main floor, where they socialized and watched
television. Sarah retired to her room on the second floor at around 11:45 p.m.
{¶ 4} Shortly before 1:00 a.m. on June 13, Stella retired to sleep in the bedroom on
the main floor. Dolores chose to sleep on the couch in the living room. Just as she was
beginning to fall asleep, Stella heard a loud noise. She came out of her room and found
that Dolores had fallen down the stairwell to the lower level. When Stella reached
3. Dolores at the bottom of the stairs, Dolores told her she had been bringing Stella a pillow
and to tell her good night. Sarah and Stella both testified at deposition to the lighting
conditions in the home. Sarah stated that when she went to bed around 11:45, many of
the recessed lights on the main floor, including the light in the hallway at the top of the
stairwell at issue, were on. Upon hearing Stella scream, she came back downstairs.
Sarah testified that when she came back downstairs, the same lights were on that had
been on when she went up to bed. She further stated that no light was on at the bottom of
the stairs in the lower level. When she spoke to her mother immediately after the fall,
Dolores told her that she tried to grab a handrail but there was not one. Stella testified
that when she went to bed, dim lights were on over the fireplace and in the kitchen area.
{¶ 5} Dolores sustained various injuries from her fall and was transported by air
ambulance to a hospital in Toledo, Ohio. She remained there for several days and was
then transferred to a rehabilitation facility. While at that facility, however, she choked on
a meal and subsequently had to be placed on a ventilator. Her health declined over the
next several months, and on October 30, 2011, Dolores passed away.
{¶ 6} On June 12, 2013, appellants filed a complaint in the court below against
appellees for wrongful death, personal injuries and loss of consortium. Appellants alleged
that through a combination of inadequate lighting and the lack of a handrail on the stairs,
appellees failed to maintain a reasonably safe environment and that as a direct and
proximate result of that negligence, Dolores Watson suffered severe injuries that
ultimately lead to her death. Appellees moved for summary judgement, asserting that
4. they had not breached any duty of care to appellants and that appellants could not prove
that any alleged defects in the home caused the decedent’s fall. Following appellants’
response, the lower court granted summary judgment to appellees and dismissed the case.
{¶ 7} In their sole assignment of error, appellants assert that the lower court erred
in granting summary judgment to appellees.
{¶ 8} An appellate court reviews a trial court’s granting of summary judgment de
novo, applying the same standard as the trial court. Lorain Nat’l Bank v. Saratoga Apts.,
61 Ohio App.3d 127, 129, 572 N.E.2d 198 (9th Dist.1989). Summary judgment will be
granted when there remains no genuine issue of material fact and, when construing the
evidence most strongly in favor of the non-moving party, reasonable minds can only
conclude that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Civ.R. 56(C).
{¶ 9} “Liability for tortious conduct is premised upon the existence of an express
duty, albeit common law or statutory, owed by the defendant to the plaintiff.” Applegate
v. Duncanside Park, 28 Ohio App.3d 88, 90, 502 N.E.2d 249 (11th Dist.1986). In cases
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[Cite as Adams v. Black, 2016-Ohio-30.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT ERIE COUNTY
Daniel V. Adams, Administrator of the Court of Appeals No. E-14-140 Estate of Dolores Watson, et al. Trial Court No. 2013-CV-0413 Appellants
v.
Joann E. Black, et al. DECISION AND JUDGMENT
Appellees Decided: January 6, 2016
*****
Timothy B. Pettorini and Tricia L. Pycraft, for appellants.
Beveraly A. Adams, for appellee Joann E. Black, Individually and as Trustee and the Joann E. Black Revocable Trust.
Rebecca J. Bennett and Russell Rendall, for appellee Jason Smith.
PIETRYKOWSKI, J.
{¶ 1} This is an appeal from a judgment of the Erie County Court of Common
Pleas that granted the summary judgment motions of defendants-appellees, Joann E. Black, individually and as trustee of the Joann E. Black Revocable Trust, the Joann E.
Black Revocable Trust, and Jason Smith, and thereby dismissed the complaint of
plaintiffs-appellants, Daniel V. Adams, Administrator of the Estate of Dolores Watson,
et al. Appellants challenge that judgment through a single assignment of error:
The trial court erred as a matter of law by granting summary
judgment to Jason Smith and Joann E. Black, individually and as trustee of
Joann E. Black Revocable Trust and Joann E. Black Revocable Trust.
{¶ 2} The undisputed facts of this case are as follows. The plaintiffs-appellants in
this case are the estate of Dolores Watson, and her eight surviving children. Appellee,
the Joann E. Black Revocable Trust, is the owner of a vacation home located on Kelley’s
Island, in Erie County, Ohio. The home has three stories, with the kitchen, living room, a
bedroom and bathroom on the main floor, a loft bedroom on the second floor, and a
bathroom and two bedrooms on the lower walkout level. While on the main floor, one
must walk past the stairwell to the lower level in order to reach the bedroom and
bathroom that are on the main floor. The stairwell that leads from the main level to the
lower level is partially open at the top, so that as one walks down the stairs the floor of
the main level is on the right, with a wooden railing separating the living room from the
stairwell. As one faces down the stairwell, there is no handrail at the top of the stairs.
There is, however, a handrail that runs along the right hand side of the stairs along the
bottom third of the stairwell.
2. {¶ 3} On February 22, 2011, plaintiff-appellant, Sarah Watson, entered into a
rental agreement with appellee Joann Black for the lease of the home from June 12 to
June 17, 2011. Appellee Jason Smith was the listing agent and individual whom Watson
contacted regarding the rental. Watson and members of her family had planned a
vacation on Kelley’s Island, during which various members of the family would stay at
the home at different times throughout the week. On June 12, 2011, at around 4:30 in the
afternoon, Sarah Watson, her 77-year-old mother Dolores Watson, and Sarah’s niece
Stella Adams, arrived at the property. Although other family members also came that
day, only Sarah, Dolores and Stella had planned to spend that night at the home. When
the group arrived at the home, they toured the property. During the tour, Dolores walked
down the stairwell to the lower level with her back to the wall and holding her daughter
Thelma’s hand. While on the main floor, she also walked past the stairwell toward the
bathroom and bedroom, where she placed her suitcase, on at least one occasion.
Following dinner, Sarah’s sister and brother-in-law, Thelma and Harold Walter, and
sister-in-law Barb Adams, left the island. Throughout the remainder of the evening,
Sarah, Dolores and Stella stayed on the main floor, where they socialized and watched
television. Sarah retired to her room on the second floor at around 11:45 p.m.
{¶ 4} Shortly before 1:00 a.m. on June 13, Stella retired to sleep in the bedroom on
the main floor. Dolores chose to sleep on the couch in the living room. Just as she was
beginning to fall asleep, Stella heard a loud noise. She came out of her room and found
that Dolores had fallen down the stairwell to the lower level. When Stella reached
3. Dolores at the bottom of the stairs, Dolores told her she had been bringing Stella a pillow
and to tell her good night. Sarah and Stella both testified at deposition to the lighting
conditions in the home. Sarah stated that when she went to bed around 11:45, many of
the recessed lights on the main floor, including the light in the hallway at the top of the
stairwell at issue, were on. Upon hearing Stella scream, she came back downstairs.
Sarah testified that when she came back downstairs, the same lights were on that had
been on when she went up to bed. She further stated that no light was on at the bottom of
the stairs in the lower level. When she spoke to her mother immediately after the fall,
Dolores told her that she tried to grab a handrail but there was not one. Stella testified
that when she went to bed, dim lights were on over the fireplace and in the kitchen area.
{¶ 5} Dolores sustained various injuries from her fall and was transported by air
ambulance to a hospital in Toledo, Ohio. She remained there for several days and was
then transferred to a rehabilitation facility. While at that facility, however, she choked on
a meal and subsequently had to be placed on a ventilator. Her health declined over the
next several months, and on October 30, 2011, Dolores passed away.
{¶ 6} On June 12, 2013, appellants filed a complaint in the court below against
appellees for wrongful death, personal injuries and loss of consortium. Appellants alleged
that through a combination of inadequate lighting and the lack of a handrail on the stairs,
appellees failed to maintain a reasonably safe environment and that as a direct and
proximate result of that negligence, Dolores Watson suffered severe injuries that
ultimately lead to her death. Appellees moved for summary judgement, asserting that
4. they had not breached any duty of care to appellants and that appellants could not prove
that any alleged defects in the home caused the decedent’s fall. Following appellants’
response, the lower court granted summary judgment to appellees and dismissed the case.
{¶ 7} In their sole assignment of error, appellants assert that the lower court erred
in granting summary judgment to appellees.
{¶ 8} An appellate court reviews a trial court’s granting of summary judgment de
novo, applying the same standard as the trial court. Lorain Nat’l Bank v. Saratoga Apts.,
61 Ohio App.3d 127, 129, 572 N.E.2d 198 (9th Dist.1989). Summary judgment will be
granted when there remains no genuine issue of material fact and, when construing the
evidence most strongly in favor of the non-moving party, reasonable minds can only
conclude that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Civ.R. 56(C).
{¶ 9} “Liability for tortious conduct is premised upon the existence of an express
duty, albeit common law or statutory, owed by the defendant to the plaintiff.” Applegate
v. Duncanside Park, 28 Ohio App.3d 88, 90, 502 N.E.2d 249 (11th Dist.1986). In cases
of premises liability, the legal status of the injured party while on the land of another
determines the duty of care which she is owed by the landowner. Wiley v. Nat’l Garages,
Inc., 22 Ohio App.3d 57, 59, 488 N.E.2d 915 (2d Dist.1984). It is undisputed that
Dolores Watson was a business invitee while in the rental home. In Ohio, the owner of a
premises owes a duty to a business invitee to maintain the premises in a reasonably safe
condition and to warn the invitee of any latent dangers. Paschal v. Rite Aid Pharmacy,
Inc. 18 Ohio St.3d 203, 480 N.E.2d 474 (1985). The landowner, however, is not an
5. insurer of a business invitee’s safety, id. at 203, and the landowner has no duty to protect
against dangers “which are known to such invitee or are so obvious and apparent to such
invitee that he may reasonably be expected to discover them and protect himself against
them.” Sidle v. Humphrey, 13 Ohio St.2d 45, 233 N.E.2d 589 (1968), paragraph one of
the syllabus. This is commonly referred to as the open-and-obvious doctrine.
{¶ 10} The rationale underlying the open-and-obvious doctrine is “that the open
and obvious nature of the hazard itself serves as a warning. Thus, the owner or occupier
may reasonably expect that persons entering the premises will discover those dangers and
take appropriate measures to protect themselves.” Simmers v. Bentley Constr. Co., 64
Ohio St.3d 642, 644, 597 N.E.2d 504 (1992). As this court explained in Semprich v.
County of Erie, 6th Dist. Erie No. E-12-070, 2013-Ohio-3561, ¶ 12:
Courts must consider whether the object or danger itself was observable.
Haymond v. BP America, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 86733, 2006-Ohio-2732,
¶ 16. Even when an invitee does not actually see the object or danger until
after he or she falls, no duty exists when the invitee could have seen the
object or danger if he or she had looked. Id. The issue of whether a risk
was open and obvious may be decided by the court as a matter of law when
only one conclusion can be drawn from the established facts. Witt v.
Saybrook Invest. Corp., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 90011, 2008-Ohio-2188,
¶ 21, citing Klauss v. Marc Glassman, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 84799,
2005-Ohio-1306, ¶ 18. But, where reasonable minds could reach different
6. conclusions as to the obviousness of the risk, the issue should be resolved
by a jury. Id.
{¶ 11} A corollary of the open-and-obvious doctrine is the “step-in-the-dark rule,”
which provides that one who intentionally steps from a lighted area into total darkness,
without knowledge, information, or investigation as to what the darkness might conceal,
is liable for his or her own injuries as a matter of law. Leonard v. Modene and Assoc.,
Inc., 6th Dist. Wood No. 05-WD-085, 2006-Ohio-5471, ¶ 54, citing Flury v. Central
Publishing House, 118 Ohio St.154, 160 N.E. 679 (1928); McKinley v. Niederst, 118
Ohio St. 334, 160 N.E. 850 (1928). “‘Darkness’ is always a warning of danger, and for
one’s own protection it may not be disregarded.” Jeswald v. Hutt, 15 Ohio St.2d 224,
239 N.E.2d 37 (1968), paragraph three of the syllabus.
{¶ 12} For purposes of summary judgment, we must assume that at the time of
Dolores’ fall, the area that she traversed was dimly lit. Appellants contend that genuine
issues of material fact remain regarding whether the danger created by the stairwell was
open and obvious to Dolores, given the dim lighting and lack of a handrail in the home.
In support, they assert that Dolores had previously not traversed the area under the same
lighting conditions and that although she had earlier walked down the stairs, she did so
with assistance and with her back to the wall. Appellants therefore assert that the lower
court erred in granting appellees summary judgment on the basis of the open and obvious
doctrine.
7. {¶ 13} Upon review, we find that although there may be varying views as to the
level of lighting in the home at the time of the decedent’s fall, the lighting combined with
the lack of a handrail does not raise a genuine issue of material fact. As this court found
in Meilink v. AAA Northwest Ohio, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-98-1139, 1998 WL 833570, *2
(Dec. 4, 1998), “the amount of light in a given area is an open and obvious condition
against which [the injured party] should have taken precautions, if the lighting was
inadequate for her individual needs.” As noted above, darkness is always a sign of
danger. It requires increased diligence on the part of an ordinary person and one “who
disregards a dark condition does so at his or her own peril.” Swonger v. Middlefield, 11th
Dist. Geauga No. 2003-G-2547, 2005-Ohio-941, ¶ 13.
{¶ 14} Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to appellants, reasonable
minds can only conclude that the stairwell, with its attendant lighting and lack of a
handrail, was an open and obvious hazard and appellees did not breach a duty of care by
failing to warn the decedent of its danger or protect her from it. Accordingly, the lower
court did not err in granting appellees summary judgment and the sole assignment of
error is not well-taken.
{¶ 15} On consideration whereof, the court finds that substantial justice has been
done the parties complaining, and the judgment of the Erie County Court of Common
Pleas is affirmed. Appellants are ordered to pay the costs of this appeal pursuant to
App.R. 24.
Judgment affirmed.
8. Adams, Admr. v. Black C.A. No. E-14-140
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27. See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.
Mark L. Pietrykowski, J. _______________________________ JUDGE Thomas J. Osowik, J. _______________________________ Stephen A. Yarbrough, P.J. JUDGE CONCUR. _______________________________ JUDGE
This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at: http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/rod/newpdf/?source=6.
9.