1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 CESAR ACEVEDO, Case No. 1:24-cv-01199-CDB 12 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO DECLINE SUPPLEMENTAL JURISDICTION 13 v. OVER PLAINTIFF’S STATE LAW CLAIMS 14 RASEM A. AKARI, et al., (Docs. 1, 6) 15 Defendants. 14-DAY DEADLINE 16 Clerk of the Court to Assign District Judge 17 18 Background 19 On October 4, 2024, Plaintiff Cesar Acevedo filed this case against Defendants Rasem A. 20 Akari, doing business as Mountain View Mart, and Manhal Khalil (“Defendants”). (Doc. 1). 21 Plaintiff’s complaint asserts claims for injunctive relief under the Americans with Disabilities Act 22 of 1990 (“ADA”), violation of California’s Unruh Civil Rights Act (“Unruh Act”), violation of 23 California Disabled Persons Act, and related state law causes of action. Id. These claims stem 24 from alleged barriers Plaintiff encountered while visiting a facility owned, operated, or leased by 25 Defendants. Id. at 3. No Defendant has appeared. 26 On October 8, 2024, the undersigned ordered Plaintiff to show cause why the Court 27 should not decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over his Unruh Act claim in light of the 28 1 Ninth Circuit’s decision in Vo v. Choi. (Doc. 5). Vo v. Choi, 49 F.4th 1167 (9th Cir. 2022) 2 (affirming a district court’s decision to decline supplemental jurisdiction over an Unruh Act 3 claim); see 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c). Plaintiff timely filed a response to the Court’s show cause order 4 on October 22, 2024. (Doc. 6). For the reasons given below, the undersigned will recommend that 5 the Court decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s state law claims and 6 dismiss these claims without prejudice to Plaintiff’s refiling in state court. 7 Governing Legal Standards 8 Under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a), a court that has original jurisdiction over a civil action “shall 9 have supplemental jurisdiction over all other claims that are so related to claims in the action 10 within such original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or controversy under Article 11 III of the United States Constitution.” The Ninth Circuit has concluded that ADA and Unruh Act 12 claims that derive from a common nucleus of operative fact “form part of the ‘same case or 13 controversy’ for purposes of § 1367(a).” Arroyo v. Rosas, 19 F.4th 1202, 1209 (9th Cir. 2021). 14 However, even where supplemental jurisdiction over a claim exists under § 1367(a), the 15 Court may decline jurisdiction over the claim if: 16 (1) the claim raises a novel or complex issue of State law, 17 (2) the claim substantially predominates over the claim or claims over which the 18 district court has original jurisdiction, 19 (3) the district court has dismissed all claims over which it has original 20 jurisdiction, or 21 (4) in exceptional circumstances, there are other compelling reasons for declining 22 jurisdiction. 23 § 1367(c)(1)-(4). 24 Pertinent here, a court deciding whether to apply § 1367(c)(4) must undertake “a two-part 25 inquiry.” Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 1210. “First, the district court must articulate why the circumstances 26 of the case are exceptional within the meaning of § 1367(c)(4).” Id. (citations and internal 27 quotation marks omitted). “Second, in determining whether there are compelling reasons for 28 declining jurisdiction in a given case, the court should consider what best serves the principles of 1 economy, convenience, fairness, and comity which underlie the pendent jurisdiction doctrine 2 articulated in [United Mine Workers of Am. v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715 (1966)].” Id. (citations and 3 internal quotation omitted). 4 After considering § 1367(c)(4) and California’s requirements for bringing Unruh Act 5 claims, “numerous district courts in California ‘have declined to exercise supplemental 6 jurisdiction over Unruh Act . . . claims brought alongside ADA claims.’” Block v. Cal.-Fresno 7 Invest. Co., No. 1:22-cv-1419 JLT SAB, 2023 WL 8675398, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 15, 2023) 8 (quoting Rutherford v. Nuway Ins. Agency Inc., No. SACV 21-00576-CJC-JDE, 2021 WL 9 4572008, at *1 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 1, 2021)). Underlying these decisions is “the recent confluence of 10 several California-law rules [that] have combined to create a highly unusual systemic impact on 11 ADA-based Unruh Act cases that clearly threatens to have a significant adverse impact on 12 federal-state comity.” Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 1211. 13 Notably, Congress adopted the ADA to address the discrimination encountered by persons 14 with disabilities, providing a private cause of action to seek injunctive, but not monetary, relief. 15 See id. at 1205 (discussing background and relief available under the ADA). And the Unruh Act 16 likewise prohibits disability discrimination, containing a provision, Cal. Civ. Code § 51(f), stating 17 that a violation of the ADA also violates the Unruh Act. However, unlike the ADA, the Unruh 18 Act allows a plaintiff to recover “up to a maximum of three times the amount of actual damage 19 but in no case less than four thousand dollars.” Cal. Civ. Code § 52(a). 20 In response to perceived abuses of the Unruh Act, California has enacted requirements for 21 bringing such claims, which requirements the Ninth Circuit has assumed, without deciding, 22 “apply only in California state court.” Vo, 49 F.4th at 1170. For example, provisions were added 23 (1) regarding the contents of demand letters, Cal. Civ. Code § 55.31; (2) imposing heightened 24 pleading requirements, Cal. Civ. Code § 425.50(a); and (3) requiring an additional filing fee of 25 $1,000 for so called “high-frequency litigants,” Cal. Gov’t Code § 70616.5(b), see Cal. Civ. Code 26 § 425.55(b) (defining a high-frequency litigant to include “[a] plaintiff who has filed 10 or more 27 complaints alleging a construction-related accessibility violation within the 12-month period 28 immediately preceding the filing of the current complaint alleging a construction-related 1 accessibility violation”). 2 All of these requirements1 apply to claims alleging a construction-related accessibility 3 violation, defined as involving “a provision, standard, or regulation under state or federal law 4 requiring compliance with standards for making new construction and existing facilities 5 accessible to persons with disabilities,” including those related to the ADA. Cal. Civ. Code 6 § 55.52(a)(1), (6); see Cal. Civ. Code § 55.3(a)(2). By enacting such restrictions, California has 7 expressed a “desire to limit the financial burdens California’s businesses may face from claims 8 for statutory damages under the Unruh Act.” Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 1209 (internal quotations 9 omitted). However, “Unruh Act plaintiffs have evaded these limits by filing in a federal forum in 10 which [they] can claim these state law damages in a manner inconsistent with the state law’s 11 requirements.” Id. at 1213 (internal quotation omitted).
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 CESAR ACEVEDO, Case No. 1:24-cv-01199-CDB 12 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO DECLINE SUPPLEMENTAL JURISDICTION 13 v. OVER PLAINTIFF’S STATE LAW CLAIMS 14 RASEM A. AKARI, et al., (Docs. 1, 6) 15 Defendants. 14-DAY DEADLINE 16 Clerk of the Court to Assign District Judge 17 18 Background 19 On October 4, 2024, Plaintiff Cesar Acevedo filed this case against Defendants Rasem A. 20 Akari, doing business as Mountain View Mart, and Manhal Khalil (“Defendants”). (Doc. 1). 21 Plaintiff’s complaint asserts claims for injunctive relief under the Americans with Disabilities Act 22 of 1990 (“ADA”), violation of California’s Unruh Civil Rights Act (“Unruh Act”), violation of 23 California Disabled Persons Act, and related state law causes of action. Id. These claims stem 24 from alleged barriers Plaintiff encountered while visiting a facility owned, operated, or leased by 25 Defendants. Id. at 3. No Defendant has appeared. 26 On October 8, 2024, the undersigned ordered Plaintiff to show cause why the Court 27 should not decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over his Unruh Act claim in light of the 28 1 Ninth Circuit’s decision in Vo v. Choi. (Doc. 5). Vo v. Choi, 49 F.4th 1167 (9th Cir. 2022) 2 (affirming a district court’s decision to decline supplemental jurisdiction over an Unruh Act 3 claim); see 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c). Plaintiff timely filed a response to the Court’s show cause order 4 on October 22, 2024. (Doc. 6). For the reasons given below, the undersigned will recommend that 5 the Court decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s state law claims and 6 dismiss these claims without prejudice to Plaintiff’s refiling in state court. 7 Governing Legal Standards 8 Under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a), a court that has original jurisdiction over a civil action “shall 9 have supplemental jurisdiction over all other claims that are so related to claims in the action 10 within such original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or controversy under Article 11 III of the United States Constitution.” The Ninth Circuit has concluded that ADA and Unruh Act 12 claims that derive from a common nucleus of operative fact “form part of the ‘same case or 13 controversy’ for purposes of § 1367(a).” Arroyo v. Rosas, 19 F.4th 1202, 1209 (9th Cir. 2021). 14 However, even where supplemental jurisdiction over a claim exists under § 1367(a), the 15 Court may decline jurisdiction over the claim if: 16 (1) the claim raises a novel or complex issue of State law, 17 (2) the claim substantially predominates over the claim or claims over which the 18 district court has original jurisdiction, 19 (3) the district court has dismissed all claims over which it has original 20 jurisdiction, or 21 (4) in exceptional circumstances, there are other compelling reasons for declining 22 jurisdiction. 23 § 1367(c)(1)-(4). 24 Pertinent here, a court deciding whether to apply § 1367(c)(4) must undertake “a two-part 25 inquiry.” Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 1210. “First, the district court must articulate why the circumstances 26 of the case are exceptional within the meaning of § 1367(c)(4).” Id. (citations and internal 27 quotation marks omitted). “Second, in determining whether there are compelling reasons for 28 declining jurisdiction in a given case, the court should consider what best serves the principles of 1 economy, convenience, fairness, and comity which underlie the pendent jurisdiction doctrine 2 articulated in [United Mine Workers of Am. v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715 (1966)].” Id. (citations and 3 internal quotation omitted). 4 After considering § 1367(c)(4) and California’s requirements for bringing Unruh Act 5 claims, “numerous district courts in California ‘have declined to exercise supplemental 6 jurisdiction over Unruh Act . . . claims brought alongside ADA claims.’” Block v. Cal.-Fresno 7 Invest. Co., No. 1:22-cv-1419 JLT SAB, 2023 WL 8675398, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 15, 2023) 8 (quoting Rutherford v. Nuway Ins. Agency Inc., No. SACV 21-00576-CJC-JDE, 2021 WL 9 4572008, at *1 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 1, 2021)). Underlying these decisions is “the recent confluence of 10 several California-law rules [that] have combined to create a highly unusual systemic impact on 11 ADA-based Unruh Act cases that clearly threatens to have a significant adverse impact on 12 federal-state comity.” Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 1211. 13 Notably, Congress adopted the ADA to address the discrimination encountered by persons 14 with disabilities, providing a private cause of action to seek injunctive, but not monetary, relief. 15 See id. at 1205 (discussing background and relief available under the ADA). And the Unruh Act 16 likewise prohibits disability discrimination, containing a provision, Cal. Civ. Code § 51(f), stating 17 that a violation of the ADA also violates the Unruh Act. However, unlike the ADA, the Unruh 18 Act allows a plaintiff to recover “up to a maximum of three times the amount of actual damage 19 but in no case less than four thousand dollars.” Cal. Civ. Code § 52(a). 20 In response to perceived abuses of the Unruh Act, California has enacted requirements for 21 bringing such claims, which requirements the Ninth Circuit has assumed, without deciding, 22 “apply only in California state court.” Vo, 49 F.4th at 1170. For example, provisions were added 23 (1) regarding the contents of demand letters, Cal. Civ. Code § 55.31; (2) imposing heightened 24 pleading requirements, Cal. Civ. Code § 425.50(a); and (3) requiring an additional filing fee of 25 $1,000 for so called “high-frequency litigants,” Cal. Gov’t Code § 70616.5(b), see Cal. Civ. Code 26 § 425.55(b) (defining a high-frequency litigant to include “[a] plaintiff who has filed 10 or more 27 complaints alleging a construction-related accessibility violation within the 12-month period 28 immediately preceding the filing of the current complaint alleging a construction-related 1 accessibility violation”). 2 All of these requirements1 apply to claims alleging a construction-related accessibility 3 violation, defined as involving “a provision, standard, or regulation under state or federal law 4 requiring compliance with standards for making new construction and existing facilities 5 accessible to persons with disabilities,” including those related to the ADA. Cal. Civ. Code 6 § 55.52(a)(1), (6); see Cal. Civ. Code § 55.3(a)(2). By enacting such restrictions, California has 7 expressed a “desire to limit the financial burdens California’s businesses may face from claims 8 for statutory damages under the Unruh Act.” Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 1209 (internal quotations 9 omitted). However, “Unruh Act plaintiffs have evaded these limits by filing in a federal forum in 10 which [they] can claim these state law damages in a manner inconsistent with the state law’s 11 requirements.” Id. at 1213 (internal quotation omitted). Consequently, “the procedural strictures 12 that California put in place have been rendered largely toothless, because they can now be readily 13 evaded.” Id. 14 Recently, the Ninth Circuit provided substantial guidance on this issue in Vo v. Choi in 15 affirming a district court’s order denying supplemental jurisdiction over an Unruh Act claim 16 under § 1367(c)(4). Vo, 49 F.4th at 1168. In that case, the district court declined supplemental 17 jurisdiction over the Unruh Act claim after giving the plaintiff the opportunity to respond and 18 before addressing the merits of the case. Id. at 1168-69. In reviewing the district court’s decision, 19 the Ninth Circuit held that the district court sufficiently explained why the circumstances of the 20 case were exceptional under § 1367(c)(4), agreeing with the district court that “it would not be 21 ‘fair’ to defendants and ‘an affront to the comity between federal and state courts’ to allow 22 plaintiffs to evade California’s procedural requirements by bringing their claims in federal court.” 23 Id. at 1171. The Court also affirmed the district court’s finding that the balance of the Gibbs 24 values—economy, convenience, fairness, and comity—provided compelling reasons to decline 25 supplemental jurisdiction, stating that “the district court [properly] analyzed Vo’s situation under 26 the Gibbs values and determined that the values of fairness and comity favored not retaining 27
28 1 Cal. Civ. Code § 55.31(a); Cal. Civ. Code § 425.50(a); Cal. Gov’t Code § 70616.5(a). 1 jurisdiction over the claim.” Id. at 1172. Accordingly, “[g]iven these very real concerns, in 2 addition to the deferential standard of review, [the Ninth Circuit saw] no reason to hold that the 3 district court abused its discretion in determining there were compelling reasons to decline 4 jurisdiction over the Unruh Act claim.” Id. 5 With these legal standards in mind, the Court addresses whether the relevant 6 considerations of § 1367(c)(4) warrant declining the exercise of supplemental jurisdiction over 7 Plaintiff’s Unruh Act claim. 8 Discussion 9 The Court begins with the first part of the two-step inquiry under § 1367(c)(4)—whether 10 the circumstances here are exceptional. Vo, 49 F.4th at 1171.2 11 As discussed above, California has enacted various requirements that apply to claims 12 alleging a construction-related accessibility violation. And if the Court were to exercise 13 jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s Unruh Act claim, Plaintiff would be permitted to avoid these 14 requirements. See Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 1213 (noting that potential evasion of California’s 15 requirements met exceptional-circumstances prong of § 1367(c)(4)). Further, such evasion would 16 undermine California’s policy interests in enforcing its requirements—providing monetary relief 17 but limiting burdens on small businesses and disincentivizing plaintiffs’ attorneys from obtaining 18 “monetary settlements at the expense of forward-looking relief that might benefit the general 19 public.” Id. In his response to the Court’s show cause order, Plaintiff and his counsel offer scant 20 argument for why such circumstances should not be deemed exceptional, and there is “little doubt 21 that the first prong [under § 1367(c)(4)] is satisfied here.” Vo, 49 F.4th at 1171. 22 Turning to the second part of the inquiry—whether there are other compelling reasons for 23 2 The Court notes that Plaintiff’s filing and supporting declarations in response to the 24 Court’s show cause order (Docs. 6, 6-1, 6-2) appear largely boilerplate (i.e., substantially identical) to filings Plaintiff’s counsel has made in response to similar orders to show cause in the 25 Central District. See, e.g., Mena v. Ganahl Lumber Co. (8:24-cv-01819-SB-DFM) (Doc. 11); Ventura v. Tripact, Inc. (8:24-cv-01821-MEMF-KES) (Doc. 11); Gonzalez v. Roberts (8:24-cv- 26 01830-JLS-ADS) (Doc. 12); Mena v. Laguna Canyon Smog, Inc. (8:24-cv-01839-WLH-DFM) 27 (Doc. 13). Additionally, they are substantially identical to the responses Plaintiff and counsel have made to similar orders of the undersiged: Cuevas v. Sonder (1:24-cv-1151-JLT-CDB) (Doc. 28 6) and Cuevas v. HF & CG Holdings, et al. (1:24-cv-1175-JLT-CDB) (Doc. 6). 1 declining jurisdiction—the Court considers the Gibbs values of economy, convenience, fairness, 2 and comity. Vo, 49 F.4th at 1171. Importantly, this case is an early stage of the litigation—no 3 Defendant has appeared and Plaintiff’s claims have not been addressed. See Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 4 1214 (noting that the Gibb’s values did not support declining supplemental jurisdiction where the 5 case was at a “very late stage”). Thus, this is not a case “where it makes no sense to decline 6 jurisdiction . . . over a pendent state law claim that that court has effectively already decided.” Id. 7 Notably, Plaintiff makes no argument that the stage of this case warrants exercising jurisdiction. 8 Moreover, in light of the above discussion of California’s requirements for Unruh Act 9 claims, it would not be fair, nor would comity be served, by allowing Plaintiff’s Unruh Act claim 10 to proceed without the state court being able to enforce its policy interests as reflected in its 11 various procedural requirements. Id. at 1213 (noting “comity-based concerns that California’s 12 policy objectives in this area were being wholly thwarted” by plaintiffs being able to bring Unruh 13 Act claims in Federal court). 14 On this issue, Plaintiff’s counsel acknowledges in his accompanying declaration (Doc. 6-1 15 at 2) that he may be considered a high-frequency litigant. For his part, Plaintiff declares he has 16 filed no more than ten construction-related accessibility complaints within the preceding 12 17 months and thus it is his understanding he does not qualify as a high-frequency litigant – this 18 appears to be incorrect and a gross understatement. (Doc. 6-2 at 2).3 Separately, Plaintiff argues 19 these requirements mean “little to the prosecution of a case,” and that the facts required by the 20 heightened pleading requirement are “readily available in discovery” or “required under Federal 21 Rule 26’s initial disclosure requirement.” (Doc. 6 at 8-9). Plaintiff also argues that the $1,000 fee 22 is intended to relieve the workload of the trial courts but “[i]ronically, though, the workload of the 23 trial courts would be massively increased if this Court were to decline supplemental jurisdiction.” 24 Id. at 9. Lastly, Plaintiff argues the stay and early evaluation procedures required in state court for
25 3 While the Court acknowledges Plaintiff’s counsel’s concession, it need not determine whether he or Plaintiff are in fact high-frequency litigants. Vo, 49 F.4th at 1174 (noting that court 26 was not required to determine whether the plaintiff was in fact a high-frequency litigant). In all 27 events, from a review of filings in this district and the Central District, it does not appear to be a close call whether Plaintiff and counsel are high-frequency litigants. 28 1 these cases are “almost identical in nature” as those available in the “Central District.”4 Id. 2 Notwithstanding that this action is in the Eastern District, the Court notes it need only 3 determine whether California’s requirements are implicated, not whether they are in fact met. As 4 the Ninth Circuit noted in Vo, whether a Plaintiff “has satisfied the heightened pleading 5 requirements” imposed in California is a question for the state court because “[f]orcing the 6 district court to determine if [this is] in fact true would itself run afoul of the Gibbs values— 7 especially comity,” and would deprive California of playing its “critical role in effectuating the 8 policies underlying [its] reforms.” Vo, 49 F.4th at 1173-74 (internal citation omitted). 9 Next, Plaintiff argues that requiring him to bring a second action in state court would be 10 duplicative, would increase the cost as he would be subject to a $1,000 filing fee as a high- 11 frequency litigant and, since “defendants take ADA cases filed in federal courts a lot more 12 seriously,” it would result in them not focusing on “swiftly remediating any and all ADA barriers 13 at issue,” thereby wasting time for all parties and the Court. (Doc. 6 at 5-7). 14 As an initial matter, this argument improperly assumes that Plaintiff will be successful in 15 this action. However, even accepting such an assumption, the fact that the litigation could prove 16 duplicative or increase costs does not, in light of the other considerations, warrant retaining 17 jurisdiction. As one court has concluded, “if plaintiff legitimately seeks to litigate this action in a 18 single forum, plaintiff may dismiss this action and refile it in a state court in accordance with the 19 requirements California has imposed on such actions.” Garibay v. Rodriguez, No. CV 18-9187 20 PA (AFMX), 2019 WL 5204294, at *6 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 27, 2019). Moreover, it is California’s 21 prerogative to impose a heightened filing fee for high-frequency litigants in an effort to curb 22 abuses of the Unruh Act at the risk of the fee being ultimately paid by defendants. It would 23 undermine comity and fairness were Plaintiff permitted to proceed with his Unruh Act claim in 24 light of California’s policy concerns. 25 In his response to the Court’s order to show cause (Doc. 6), Plaintiff does not 26 4 Further confirming the Court’s characterization of the filings of Plaintiff’s counsel as 27 “boilerplate,” this is the third time the Court has pointed out that counsel’s filings incorrectly refer to this Court as the “Central District.” See Cuevas v. Sonder (1:24-cv-1151-JLT-CDB) 28 (Doc. 7 at 6) and Cuevas v. HF & CG Holdings, et al. (1:24-cv-1175-JLT-CDB) (Doc. 7 at 6-7). 1 acknowledge Vo, but instead, cites and relies on cases predating this most recent published 2 pronouncement by the Ninth Circuit addressing a district court’s discretion to decline 3 supplemental jurisdiction of Unruh Act claims. 4 For example, Plaintiff cites to Kohler v. Rednap, Inc. (794 F. Supp. 2d 1091 (C.D. Cal. 5 2011)), for the proposition that state law claims do not substantially predominate in litigation 6 involving both ADA and Unruh Act claims, as they are mostly based on ADA violations. (Doc. 6 7 at 3-4 citing id. at 1096). Plaintiff also cites Kohler for the holding that “fairness favored keeping 8 the Unruh claim in federal court ‘rather than a separate, and largely redundant, state-court suit.’” 9 (Doc. 6 at 5 citing id.). Finally, Plaintiff cites this pre-Vo/Arroyo case to argue that plaintiffs’ 10 “forum shopping” by filing ADA and Unruh Act cases in federal court “does not constitute a 11 ‘compelling reason’ for declining jurisdiction” and “[n]othing bars [p]laintiff from frequently 12 invoking a federal forum to remedy ADA violations.” (Doc. 6 at 7-8 citing id.). 13 While Plaintiff acknowledges Arroyo (Doc. 6 at 5-6), he cites Gibbs for the unremarkable 14 proposition that a district court retains discretion to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state 15 law causes of action that strongly implicate questions of federal policy. Id. But in Vo, the Ninth 16 Circuit rejected this type of argument in affirming the district court’s finding that the balance of 17 the Gibbs values—economy, convenience, fairness, and comity—provided compelling reasons to 18 decline supplemental jurisdiction. Vo, 49 F.4th at 1172 (“the district court [properly] analyzed 19 Vo’s situation under the Gibbs values and determined that the values of fairness and comity 20 favored not retaining jurisdiction over the claim.”). 21 Accordingly, in light of the two-step inquiry under § 1367(c)(4), the Court concludes that 22 the circumstances of this case are exceptional and there are other compelling reasons to decline 23 supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s Unruh Act and related state law claims. See, e.g., 24 Orosco v. Monrroy Enters. LLC, No. 2:23-cv-07818-MEMF (KSx), 2023 WL 10407115, at *5 25 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 30, 2023) (declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over and dismissing 26 Plaintiff’s California Unruh Act, Disabled Persons Act, Health & Safety Code and negligence 27 claims following Vo/Arroyo analysis); Kim v. Vegara, No. EDCV 22-281 JGB (SHKx), 2022 WL 28 17080182, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 5, 2022) (same); Benford v. Hall, No. CV 22-03337-RSWL-ASx, 1 | 2022 WL 20273588, at *3 & n.3 (C.D. Cal. July 18, 2022) (same). 2 | Conclusion and Recommendation 3 Accordingly, the Clerk of the Court is DIRECTED to randomly assign a District Judge to this 4 | case. 5 For the reasons given above, IT IS RECOMMENDED as follows: 6 1. The Court DECLINE to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s claims arising 7 under state law pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(4). 8 2. Plaintiff's Unruh Act, Disabled Persons Act, Health & Safety Code and negligence claims 9 be dismissed without prejudice to Plaintiff's filing of these claims in state court. 10 These findings and recommendations will be submitted to the United States District 11 | Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of Title 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within 12 | fourteen (14) days after being served with these findings and recommendations, Plaintiff may 13 | file written objections with the Court. The document should be captioned “Objections to 14 | Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Plaintiff is advised that failure to file 15 | objections within the specified time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. 16 | Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 838-39 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 17 | (9th Cir. 1991)). 18 | IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: _ October 23, 2024 | br Pr 20 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28