TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-15-00081-CV
Access Orthodontics of East 7th Street, P.A., Appellant
v.
Miriam Jaimes, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 126TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT NO. D-1-GN-14-000189, HONORABLE AMY CLARK MEACHUM, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellee Miriam Jaimes sued Access Orthodontics of East 7th Street, P.A. (Access)
in connection with orthodontic services and goods. Access moved to dismiss the suit on the ground
that Jaimes’s claims, although pleaded as claims under the Deceptive Trade Practices Act (DTPA),
are actually health care liability claims and that Jaimes failed to serve an expert report as required
by the Texas Medical Liability Act. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem Code § 74.351. The trial court
denied the motion, and Access filed this interlocutory appeal. See id. § 51.014(a)(9). Because we
agree that Jaimes’s claims are health care liability claims under the Act, we will reverse the trial
court’s judgment and remand the case for a determination of attorney’s fees and for dismissal of
Jaimes’s suit. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
According to her petition, Jaimes entered into an agreement with Access for braces
and orthodontic services totaling $4,000. Jaimes paid $1,000 as a down payment for the braces
and set up a payment schedule for the remaining balance. Upon completing payment and after
wearing the braces for the prescribed period of time, Jaimes scheduled an appointment for removal
of her braces. Access cancelled this appointment and continued to cancel subsequent scheduling for
removal of the braces. Jaimes later paid for another orthodontist to remove the braces.
Jaimes sued Access under the DTPA, pleading for recovery of the $315 cost to
remove the braces, attorney’s fees, and mental anguish damages. In its answer, Access asserted that
Jaimes’s claims were not DTPA claims at all, but instead were health care liability claims governed
by the Texas Medical Liability Act. See id. §§ 74.001-74.507. Access later filed a motion to dismiss
pursuant to section 74.351(b) of the Act, asserting that Jaimes had failed to timely file an expert
report as required by the Act. See id. § 74.351.1 After a hearing on the motion to dismiss, the trial
court denied Access’s motion.
1 Section 74.351of the Act states:
In a health care liability claim, a claimant shall, not later than the 120th day after the date each defendant’s original answer is filed, serve on that party or the party’s attorney one or more expert reports, with a curriculum vitae of each expert listed in the report for each physician or health care provider against whom a liability claim is asserted.
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 74.351(a). If an expert report is not served within the prescribed period of time, the physician or health care provider may seek dismissal of the claim. Id. § 74.351(b).
2 STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a trial court’s order granting or denying a motion to dismiss pursuant to
section 74.351(b) of the Act under an abuse-of-discretion standard. PM Mgmt.-Trinity NC, LLC v.
Kumets, 368 S.W.3d 711, 720 (Tex. App.—Austin 2012), aff’d in part, rev’d on other grounds,
404 S.W.3d 550 (Tex. 2013). However, the question of whether a cause of action is a health care
liability claim is a question of law, to which we apply a de novo standard of review. Texas W. Oaks
Hosp., LP v. Williams, 371 S.W.3d 171, 177 (Tex. 2012).
DISCUSSION
In its sole issue on appeal, Access asserts that the trial court erred in denying its
motion to dismiss because Jaimes’s claims are health care liability claims for which she failed to file
an expert report as required by the Act. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 74.351(b). In response,
Jaimes contends that her claims are not health care liability claims because they do not sound in
negligence and that, as a result, no expert report was required. Because it is undisputed that Jaimes
did not serve an expert report, resolution of this appeal turns on whether Jaimes’s claims qualify as
health care liability claims under the Act.
The Texas Supreme Court has recognized that a “health care liability claim” consists
of three elements:
First, a physician or health care provider must be the defendant. Second, the suit must be about the patient’s treatment, lack of treatment or some other departure from accepted standards of medical care or health care or safety. And third, the defendant’s act, omission or other departure must proximately cause the patient’s injury or death.
3 Marks v. St. Luke’s Episcopal Hosp., 319 S.W.3d 658, 662 (Tex. 2010); see also Tex. Civ. Prac. &
Rem. Code § 74.001(a)(13) (definition of health care liability claim). A claim against a physician
or health care provider that implicates the defendant’s conduct during the course of the patient’s
care, treatment, or confinement is presumably a health care liability claim. Loaisiga v. Cerda, 379
S.W.3d 248, 256 (Tex. 2012). In this case, there is no dispute that Access is a health care provider,
and therefore only the second and third elements are at issue.2
Nature of the Claim
To satisfy the second element of a health care liability claim, “the suit must be about
the patient’s treatment, lack of treatment, or some other departure from accepted standards of
medical care or health care or safety.” Marks, 319 S.W.3d at 662. The Act defines health care as
“any act or treatment performed or furnished, or that should have been performed or furnished, by
any health care provider for, to, or on behalf of a patient during the patient’s medical care, treatment,
or confinement.” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 74.001(a)(10).
To determine whether Jaimes’s claims satisfy the second element, we must examine
the underlying nature of the pleadings and are not bound by the form of the pleadings filed by
Jaimes, nor her characterization of her claims. See Marks, 319 S.W.3d at 658; see also Walden v.
Jeffery, 907 S.W.2d 446, 447-48 (Tex. 1995) (holding that health care liability claim against dentist
for statements regarding fit of dentures could not be recast as DTPA claim); Lopez v. Osuna,
2 The Act defines a health care provider as including any professional association “chartered by the State of Texas to provide health care, including: (ii) a dentist.” See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 74.001(a)(12)(A) (internal citations omitted). Access is a professional association of orthodontists, a type of dentist, chartered to provide dental care to patients.
4 453 S.W.3d 60, 66-67 (Tex.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-15-00081-CV
Access Orthodontics of East 7th Street, P.A., Appellant
v.
Miriam Jaimes, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 126TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT NO. D-1-GN-14-000189, HONORABLE AMY CLARK MEACHUM, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellee Miriam Jaimes sued Access Orthodontics of East 7th Street, P.A. (Access)
in connection with orthodontic services and goods. Access moved to dismiss the suit on the ground
that Jaimes’s claims, although pleaded as claims under the Deceptive Trade Practices Act (DTPA),
are actually health care liability claims and that Jaimes failed to serve an expert report as required
by the Texas Medical Liability Act. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem Code § 74.351. The trial court
denied the motion, and Access filed this interlocutory appeal. See id. § 51.014(a)(9). Because we
agree that Jaimes’s claims are health care liability claims under the Act, we will reverse the trial
court’s judgment and remand the case for a determination of attorney’s fees and for dismissal of
Jaimes’s suit. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
According to her petition, Jaimes entered into an agreement with Access for braces
and orthodontic services totaling $4,000. Jaimes paid $1,000 as a down payment for the braces
and set up a payment schedule for the remaining balance. Upon completing payment and after
wearing the braces for the prescribed period of time, Jaimes scheduled an appointment for removal
of her braces. Access cancelled this appointment and continued to cancel subsequent scheduling for
removal of the braces. Jaimes later paid for another orthodontist to remove the braces.
Jaimes sued Access under the DTPA, pleading for recovery of the $315 cost to
remove the braces, attorney’s fees, and mental anguish damages. In its answer, Access asserted that
Jaimes’s claims were not DTPA claims at all, but instead were health care liability claims governed
by the Texas Medical Liability Act. See id. §§ 74.001-74.507. Access later filed a motion to dismiss
pursuant to section 74.351(b) of the Act, asserting that Jaimes had failed to timely file an expert
report as required by the Act. See id. § 74.351.1 After a hearing on the motion to dismiss, the trial
court denied Access’s motion.
1 Section 74.351of the Act states:
In a health care liability claim, a claimant shall, not later than the 120th day after the date each defendant’s original answer is filed, serve on that party or the party’s attorney one or more expert reports, with a curriculum vitae of each expert listed in the report for each physician or health care provider against whom a liability claim is asserted.
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 74.351(a). If an expert report is not served within the prescribed period of time, the physician or health care provider may seek dismissal of the claim. Id. § 74.351(b).
2 STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a trial court’s order granting or denying a motion to dismiss pursuant to
section 74.351(b) of the Act under an abuse-of-discretion standard. PM Mgmt.-Trinity NC, LLC v.
Kumets, 368 S.W.3d 711, 720 (Tex. App.—Austin 2012), aff’d in part, rev’d on other grounds,
404 S.W.3d 550 (Tex. 2013). However, the question of whether a cause of action is a health care
liability claim is a question of law, to which we apply a de novo standard of review. Texas W. Oaks
Hosp., LP v. Williams, 371 S.W.3d 171, 177 (Tex. 2012).
DISCUSSION
In its sole issue on appeal, Access asserts that the trial court erred in denying its
motion to dismiss because Jaimes’s claims are health care liability claims for which she failed to file
an expert report as required by the Act. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 74.351(b). In response,
Jaimes contends that her claims are not health care liability claims because they do not sound in
negligence and that, as a result, no expert report was required. Because it is undisputed that Jaimes
did not serve an expert report, resolution of this appeal turns on whether Jaimes’s claims qualify as
health care liability claims under the Act.
The Texas Supreme Court has recognized that a “health care liability claim” consists
of three elements:
First, a physician or health care provider must be the defendant. Second, the suit must be about the patient’s treatment, lack of treatment or some other departure from accepted standards of medical care or health care or safety. And third, the defendant’s act, omission or other departure must proximately cause the patient’s injury or death.
3 Marks v. St. Luke’s Episcopal Hosp., 319 S.W.3d 658, 662 (Tex. 2010); see also Tex. Civ. Prac. &
Rem. Code § 74.001(a)(13) (definition of health care liability claim). A claim against a physician
or health care provider that implicates the defendant’s conduct during the course of the patient’s
care, treatment, or confinement is presumably a health care liability claim. Loaisiga v. Cerda, 379
S.W.3d 248, 256 (Tex. 2012). In this case, there is no dispute that Access is a health care provider,
and therefore only the second and third elements are at issue.2
Nature of the Claim
To satisfy the second element of a health care liability claim, “the suit must be about
the patient’s treatment, lack of treatment, or some other departure from accepted standards of
medical care or health care or safety.” Marks, 319 S.W.3d at 662. The Act defines health care as
“any act or treatment performed or furnished, or that should have been performed or furnished, by
any health care provider for, to, or on behalf of a patient during the patient’s medical care, treatment,
or confinement.” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 74.001(a)(10).
To determine whether Jaimes’s claims satisfy the second element, we must examine
the underlying nature of the pleadings and are not bound by the form of the pleadings filed by
Jaimes, nor her characterization of her claims. See Marks, 319 S.W.3d at 658; see also Walden v.
Jeffery, 907 S.W.2d 446, 447-48 (Tex. 1995) (holding that health care liability claim against dentist
for statements regarding fit of dentures could not be recast as DTPA claim); Lopez v. Osuna,
2 The Act defines a health care provider as including any professional association “chartered by the State of Texas to provide health care, including: (ii) a dentist.” See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 74.001(a)(12)(A) (internal citations omitted). Access is a professional association of orthodontists, a type of dentist, chartered to provide dental care to patients.
4 453 S.W.3d 60, 66-67 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2014, no pet.) (holding that DTPA claims based on
failure to provide promised labor and delivery services were health care liability claims). A plaintiff’s
artful pleadings do not alter the underlying nature of the claim. Yamada v. Friend, 335 S.W.3d 192,
196-97 (Tex. 2010); Diversicare Gen. Partner, Inc. v. Rubio, 185 S.W.3d 842, 854 (Tex. 2005).
In her petition, Jaimes contends that Access failed to remove her braces at the
prescribed time, repeatedly cancelled and made excuses to avoid removal of the braces, and
ultimately failed to deliver the services for which she had already paid. Although Jaimes contends
that her claims do not sound in negligence, upon considering the underlying nature and gravamen
of Jaimes’s pleadings, we conclude that her complaint concerns a “lack of treatment,” namely, the
failure to remove her braces in a timely manner, and that this omission implicates “a departure from
accepted standards of medical care.” See Loaisiga, 379 S.W.3d at 255 (“[C]laims premised on facts
that could support claims against a physician or health care provider for departures from accepted
standards of medical care . . . are [health care liability claims], regardless of whether plaintiff
alleges the defendant is liable for breach of any of those standards.”). Jaimes was a patient receiving
medical treatment from orthodontists at Access, and the removal of her braces was inseparable from
that treatment. See Diversicare,185 S.W.3d at 848 (“A cause of action alleges a departure from
accepted standards of medical care or health care if the act or omission complained of is an
inseparable part of the rendition of medical services.”); Walden, 907 S.W.2d at 448 (holding that
providing dentures was inseparable from health care provided to patient as dental services). Further,
whether Jaimes’s braces had fully treated the condition for which she sought care and consequently
whether removal of her braces was proper are determinations that are not within the common
5 knowledge of the general public. See Diversicare, 185 S.W.3d at 851 (explaining that issues regarding
safety of patients in nursing home were not “within common knowledge of the general public”). As
a result, Jaimes’s claim that Access’s orthodontists failed to timely remove her braces satisfies the
second element of a health care liability claim.
Injury
The third element of a health care liability claim requires that “the defendant’s
act, omission or other departure must proximately cause the patient’s injury or death.” Marks,
319 S.W.3d at 662. The term “injury” is not defined in the Act, and thus it must be assigned “such
meaning as is consistent with the common law.” See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 74.001(b).
Accordingly, in Kumets, this Court examined the term “injury” within the context of the statute
and concluded that a health care liability claim requires “more than mere out-of-pocket economic
harm.” 368 S.W.3d at 719. Instead, the term “injury” would seem to “carry with it the implication
that the alleged deviation from an accepted standard of care must cause the plaintiff to suffer
some personal injury, whether physical, mental, or emotional.” Id. at 718. That is, the “injury” must
“also involve some type of personal injury, including that which would entitle the plaintiff to seek
to recover noneconomic damages.” Id. at 719. This interpretation more closely serves the Act’s
objective of “rein[ing] in what was perceived to be excessive awards of noneconomic damages that
were driving up the cost of medical malpractice insurance.” Id. at 718.
In this case, Jaimes has pleaded both economic damages associated with the cost of
having the braces removed and mental anguish damages arising from Access’s failure to remove
her braces. Jaimes’s allegation that she has suffered mental anguish constitutes a claim for personal
6 injury that, if proven, would entitle her to recover noneconomic damages. See id.; see also McAllen
Hosps., L.P. v. Gomez, No. 13-12-00421-CV, 2013 WL 784688, at *5 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi
Feb. 28, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that plaintiff sought to recover for an “injury” under Act
by seeking to recover for mental anguish damages arising from dispute concerning reasonableness
of charges); TTHR, L.P. v. Coffman, 338 S.W.3d 103, 111 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2011, no pet.)
(noting that “injury” under Act does not require physical injury). Accordingly, Jaimes’s claims
satisfy the “injury” element of a health care liability claim under the Act. See Kumets, 368 S.W.3d
at 719; see also McAllen, 2013 WL 784688, at *5.
Jaimes’s claims against Access concern conduct during the course of her medical
treatment, and she has failed to rebut the presumption that her claims are health care liability claims.
See Loaisiga, 379 S.W.3d at 256. Because Jaimes failed to file an expert report as mandated by
section 74.351(a) of the Act, the trial court abused its discretion in failing to dismiss her suit.
CONCLUSION
We reverse the trial court’s order denying Access’s motion to dismiss. We remand
the cause to the trial court with instructions for the trial court to determine Access’s reasonable
attorney’s fees and to enter an order awarding attorney’s fees and costs of court to Access, as
required by statute, and dismissing Jaimes’s claims with prejudice. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.
Code § 74.351(b).
7 __________________________________________
Scott K. Field, Justice
Before Chief Justice Rose, Justices Goodwin and Field
Reversed and Remanded
Filed: July 23, 2015