Access Optical Networks, Inc. v. Seagate Technology LLC

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 SAN JOSE DIVISION 7 8 ACCESS OPTICAL NETWORKS, INC., Case No. 24-cv-03745-EKL (VKD)

9 Plaintiff, ORDER RE DEFENDANT'S SECOND 10 v. MOTION TO COMPEL PLAINTIFF’S TRADE SECRET DISCLOSURE AND 11 SEAGATE TECHNOLOGY LLC, FOR SANCTIONS 12 Defendant. Re: Dkt. No. 79

13 14 Defendant Seagate Technology LLC (“Seagate”) moves for an order striking certain 15 alleged trade secrets on plaintiff Access Optical Networks, Inc.’s (“AON”) third amended trade 16 secret disclosure and/or requiring AON to further amend certain alleged trade secrets. Dkt. No. 17 79. AON opposes the motion. Dkt. No. 87. The Court held a hearing on the matter on August 12, 18 2025. Dkt. Nos. 96, 106. Following the hearing, the parties filed supplemental briefing 19 addressing how, if at all, the Ninth Circuit’s analysis in Quintara Biosciences, Inc. v. Ruifeng 20 Biztech, Inc., No. 23-16093, 2025 WL 2315671 (9th Cir. Aug. 12, 2025) should inform the 21 Court’s consideration of Seagate’s motion. See Dkt. Nos. 102, 107, 108. 22 Having considered the parties’ submissions and arguments presented at the hearing, the 23 Court grants Seagate’s motion in part and denies it in part.1 24 I. BACKGROUND 25 As summarized in this Court’s prior order, AON alleges that it owns trade secret 26 1 The Court will issue a separate order on the associated sealing motions (Dkt. Nos. 78, 86, 27 90). Information publicly disclosed in this order reflects information for which the Court has 1 information relating to holographic data storage (“HDS”) technology. See Dkt. No. 69 at 1. AON 2 alleges that between 2012 and 2015, it shared trade secrets and confidential information with 3 Seagate pursuant to certain non-disclosure agreements, which Seagate has used to accelerate its 4 development of its own technology. Id. at 2. AON asserts three claims against Seagate: (1) trade 5 secret misappropriation under the California Uniform Trade Secrets Act (“CUTSA”), Cal. Civ. 6 Code § 3426 et seq.; (2) trade secret misappropriation under the Defend Trade Secrets Act 7 (“DTSA”), 18 U.S.C. § 1836 et seq.; and (3) breach of contract. Id. The parties previously agreed 8 that no discovery relating to any of these claims may commence until AON identifies its trade 9 secrets in compliance with California Code of Civil Procedure § 2019.210. See Dkt. No. 53 at 6; 10 see also Dkt. No. 41 at 6. However, Seagate does not seek a stay of discovery pending resolution 11 of this motion. See Dkt. No. 79 at 2 n.1. 12 As required by the scheduling order entered in this action, Dkt. No. 46, AON served a 13 document identifying its trade secrets on February 7, 2025. Dkt. No. 52-3. After Seagate 14 complained, AON served an amended trade secret disclosure on March 11, 2025, listing 22 15 alleged trade secrets. Dkt. No. 52-2. Seagate challenged the sufficiency of AON’s amended trade 16 secret disclosure and moved to compel further amendments. Dkt. No. 53. 17 On May 27, 2025, the Court issued an order granting in part and denying in part Seagate’s 18 motion to compel. Dkt. No. 69. In short, the Court ordered AON to amend its trade secret 19 disclosure with respect to TS 2, 3, 9, 11, 12, 16, and 17, and permitted AON to amend its other 20 alleged trade secrets to address Seagate’s concerns. Id. at 9. 21 AON served its second amended trade secret disclosure on June 6, 2025, Dkt. No. 78-6, 22 and a third amended trade secret disclosure (amending further only TS 11) on June 30, 2025, Dkt. 23 No. 78-8. AON’s third amended disclosure now includes 76 alleged trade secrets, all of which 24 AON describes as “independent, self-contained and severable trade secrets.” Id. at 1. 25 II. LEGAL STANDARD 26 At the time Seagate filed its first motion to compel AON’s trade secret disclosures, the 27 parties had agreed that no discovery relating to any of these claims may commence until AON 1 Dkt. No. 69 at 2. While Seagate no longer seeks a stay of discovery pending resolution of its 2 second motion, the parties acknowledge that § 2019.210 applies to AON’s CUTSA claim, and 3 they appear to agree that § 2019.210’s “reasonable particularity” requirement provides a useful 4 framework for managing discovery with respect to AON’s DTSA claim as well. See Dkt. No. 107 5 at 1, 4; Dkt. No. 108 at 3-4. 6 For purposes of resolving this motion to compel, the Court relies on the “reasonable 7 particularity” requirement, described at length in the Court’s May 27, 2025 order, as a guide for 8 managing discovery. See Quintara, 2025 WL 2315671, at *4 (district courts have “broad Rule 16 9 pretrial management powers” to address the “delicate problem” of balancing the parties’ discovery 10 of each other in trade secret cases, including “specific authority to order that trade secrets ‘be 11 revealed only in a specified way’”). 12 III. DISCUSSION 13 Seagate contends that AON failed to amend its trade secret disclosure as ordered and added 14 dozens of new trade secrets without seeking or obtaining leave, well after the February 7, 2025 15 deadline in the scheduling order. In addition, Seagate objects that many of AON’s new alleged 16 trade secrets are described in a manner that is insufficiently particular. AON responds that it has 17 complied with the Court’s order requiring amendment, and that it was expressly permitted to add 18 the new alleged trade secrets. The Court addresses each dispute separately. 19 A. Trade Secret Disclosures that Required Amendment 20 The Court ordered AON to “amend its trade secret disclosure, consistent with the direction 21 in [the May 27, 2025] order, with respect to the following alleged trade secrets: TS 2, 3, 9, 11, 12, 22 16, and 17.” Dkt. No. 69 at 9. Seagate argues that AON has not complied with this part of the 23 order; AON responds that it has. 24 1. TS 3, 12, 16 – “Optical Components” 25 With respect to TS 3, 12, and 16,2 the Court previously observed that AON relied on 26 generic technical terms—“optical components,” “optical elements,” “optics”—to describe a 27 1 category of components that may be used to achieve a result. Dkt. No. 69 at 7. The Court 2 concluded that this disclosure was insufficiently specific and must be amended to identify the 3 particular components claimed. Id. 4 Seagate argues that, despite the Court’s order directing AON to “identify the particular 5 components claimed,” AON continues to rely on a category of components, defined using a list of 6 non-exhaustive examples that may be used to achieve one or more of four so-called 7 Dkt. No. 79 at 5. AON responds that the optical component or element 8 can so long as that component/element performs one or more of the four 9 functions. Dkt. No. 87 at 12. AON now relies on the following definition of “Optical 10 Components” in multiple alleged trade secrets, including TS 3, 12, and 16: 11 12 13 14 Dkt. No. 78-8 at 2 n.1. 15 It is difficult to see how AON’s current trade secret disclosure complies with the Court’s 16 direction regarding AON’s use of generic technical terms to refer to a category of components. 17 The Court agrees with Seagate that AON’s current disclosure is broader—and less particular— 18 than its prior disclosure. Moreover, because AON has taken an expansive, one-size-fits-all 19 approach in using and defining the term “Optical Components” in its current disclosure, the scope 20 of each individual trade secret is somewhat more obscured. For these trade secrets, it remains 21 unclear what exactly AON contends it disclosed to Seagate and/or that Seagate misappropriated, 22 including the specific configurations of components (if there are any such configurations) that 23 AON contends are its secrets. See Carl Zeiss X-Ray Microscopy, Inc. v. Sigray, Inc., No. 21-cv- 24 01129-EJD (VKD), 2021 WL 5197215, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 9, 2021) (rejecting trade secret 25 disclosure that purported to encompass categorically all possible combinations of multiple 26 elements or process steps). While the context in which the term “Optical Components” is used in 27 particular trade secrets may convey a more defined scope, Seagate should not have to rely on 1 disclosed to Seagate and/or that Seagate misappropriated. 2 Because AON has not adequately identified the components, configurations, or functions 3 that comprise the “Optical Components” of TS 3, 12, and 16, these disclosures do not serve as an 4 appropriate guide for discovery. 5 2. TS 2, 9, 16 and 17 – Distinguished from Known Concepts/Techniques 6 With respect to TS 2, 9, 16, and 17,3 the Court previously stated: “AON is not required to 7 describe its trade secrets in a manner that proves they are not known to others, but if it contends 8 that a particular trade secret does not merely encompass textbook-level information or information 9 disclosed in its own published patent documents, AON must describe the purported trade secret 10 with sufficient particularity so that this distinction may be identified and investigated by Seagate.” 11 Dkt. No. 69 at 8. Elsewhere in its prior order, the Court emphasized that the necessary disclosure 12 requires only that the trade secret claimant “identify the alleged trade secret with adequate detail to 13 allow the defendant to investigate how it might differ from matters already known and to allow the 14 court to craft relevant discovery.” Id. at 3 (quoting authority). 15 Seagate argues that although AON was required to amend TS 2, 9, 16, and 17 to address 16 objections that these trade secrets were not adequately described such that they could be 17 distinguished from matters already known, AON made only minor, non-substantive amendments 18 to the disclosures. Seagate also objects to AON’s use of footnotes appended to each disputed 19 trade secret, which purport to explain why AON believes each is “distinguishable from public 20 references.” See Dkt. No. 79 at 14-15. AON’s response to these arguments is perplexing. Its 21 current disclosures for TS 2, 9, 16, and 17 are still formulated at a relatively high-level, relying on 22 language such as “the knowledge that” or “the practice of,” but its opposition to the motion 23 indicates that it is really relying on the footnotes that accompany each alleged trade secret. See 24 Dkt. No. 79 at 14-15; Dkt. No. 87 at 13-15. 25 AON does not need to prove that its trade secrets are distinguishable from what is already 26 known, but it still needs to clearly state what its trade secrets are. It has not yet complied with this 27 1 || requirement. For example, TS 2 (now TS 2.1) currently states: ee 3 || Dkt. No. 78-8 at 2. That could be an acceptable trade secret disclosure, albeit one susceptible to 4 || proof that such “knowledge” is already in the public domain. However, the footnote to TS 2 (2.1) 5 || creates ambiguity about what the trade secret is because the footnote seems to say that AON is not 6 || merely claiming “knowledge.” The footnote states in relevant part: 7 ee 8 ee ee 9 ee ee 10 ee ee 2 rire es re eee eee 13 ee ee i ee So - - - - 13 ll 7d. at2n2 (emphasis added). This footnote contains more detail about the nature of the trade Fa

a 16 |! secret and what was disclosed to Seagate, suggesting that there is something more than

|| “knowledge that” AON successfully use Oo a Re. Purther, AON refers to a “confidential implementation” of its approach 19 | without clarifying whether the confidential implementation is part of the trade secret, and if so, 20 || whether that implementation is actually described (ec. 2., | | RRR 22 || NE) oF is not described. 23 Because it remains unclear what AON contends its trade secrets are, the Court agrees with 24 Seagate that AON has not complied with this part of the Court’s prior order, and AON’s 25 disclosures here do not serve as an appropriate guide for discovery. 26 27 28

1 3. TS 11 – “Optimization” 2 With respect to TS 11,4 the Court’s prior order stated, “[b]ecause it is not clear whether 3 AON claims a particular implementation, or ‘optimization,’ . . . it must . . . clarify its description 4 of that trade secret.” Dkt. No. 69 at 7. 5 Seagate argues that despite the Court’s order directing AON to clarify its description of TS 6 11, AON made minimal changes to its disclosure and did not disclose any specific optimization. 7 Dkt. No. 79 at 5, 18-19. AON responds that its trade secret now includes disclosure of how to 8 Dkt. No. 87 at 15- 9 16. 10 The Court understands AON’s TS 11.1 as disclosing that 11 12 ; the reason why this happens; and the benefits of doing it. While TS 11.1 does 13 not disclose a particular instance or example of such optimization, or specific details of how the 14 optimization is accomplished, AON need not claim its trade secret at that level of granularity. 15 Rather, it is acceptable for AON to disclose—and claim—the “knowledge that” 16 causes certain things to happen, which result in the benefits identified. Seagate is 17 free to contest, on the merits, whether that knowledge is already in the public domain. 18 AON has complied with the Court’s prior order regarding TS 11. 19 B. Whether AON Was Permitted to Add Trade Secrets to Its Disclosure 20 Seagate argues that AON should not be permitted to add over 50 new alleged trade secrets 21 in its third amended trade secret disclosure without seeking and obtaining leave of Court, 22 particularly given that AON’s deadline for disclosing its alleged trade secrets was February 7, 23 2025. See Dkt. No. 79 at 6, 19-22. AON responds that the Court’s May 27, 2025 order “expressly 24 authorized” the addition of these new alleged trade secrets. See Dkt. No. 87 at 2-3, 5, 9-10. In any 25 event, AON contends that all of the new alleged trade secrets are “encompassed within the 22 26 categories of trade secrets” identified in its earlier disclosure. Id. at 10-11. 27 1 AON is mistaken. The Court’s May 27, 2025 cannot plausibly be read as generally 2 permitting AON to freely add new alleged trade secrets to its disclosure. That order addressed 3 Seagate’s objections to a disclosure that included 22 alleged trade secrets. The Court ordered 4 AON to amend seven of them and permitted it to amend the remainder. The concluding section of 5 the order states: 6 For the reasons explained above, the Court grants in part and denies in part Seagate’s motion to compel. AON must amend its trade 7 secret disclosure, consistent with the direction in this order, with 8 respect to the following alleged trade secrets: TS 2, 3, 9, 11, 12, 16, and 17. AON may amend its other alleged trade secrets to address 9 concerns raised by Seagate if it wishes. AON’s amended trade secret disclosure must be served no later than June 6, 2025. 10 Meanwhile, discovery shall proceed as to all trade secrets 11 other than TS 2, 3, 9, 11, 12, 16, and 17. Discovery may proceed as 12 to TS 2, 3, 9, 11, 12, 16, and 17 as soon as AON serves a disclosure that complies with the direction in this order. 13 Dkt. No. 69 at 9 (emphasis added). The last sentence of the order was followed by a footnote, 14 stating: “The Court defers consideration of whether and under what circumstances AON may 15 make additional amendments to its trade secret disclosure in the future.” Id. at 9 n.4. There is 16 simply no basis for AON’s contention that this order “expressly authorized” adding new alleged 17 trade secrets beyond the 22 already listed. It clearly did not. 18 To the extent AON contends that it has simply broken down each of its generally- 19 described trade secrets into discrete, more particularized sub-trade secrets, that argument could 20 support a request for leave to amend, had AON replaced each generally-described trade secret 21 with more particularized sub-trade secrets, but it did not. Instead, AON continues to rely on its 22 earlier, generally-described trade secrets, while adding new alleged trade secrets and insisting that 23 each and every trade secret is “independent, self-contained, and severable.” See Dkt. No. 78-8 at 24 2. In any event, as Seagate observes, many of AON’s new alleged trade secrets cannot even be 25 fairly described as “encompassed” by the 22 alleged trade secrets in AON’s earlier disclosure. See 26 Dkt. No. 87 at 10; Dkt. No. 91 at 3-4. 27 Finally, the fact that AON added so many new alleged trade secrets four months after the 1 February 7, 2025 deadline set by the presiding judge, without adequate justification, gives the 2 || Court pause. It is not clear why AON waited so long, why it did not make this disclosure earlier, 3 || or why it did not seek leave to amend. 4 For these reasons, the Court is not persuaded that the new alleged trade secrets should 5 serve as a guide to discovery. 6 || IV. CONCLUSION 7 The Court denies Seagate’s motion to strike AON’s disputed alleged trade secrets as a 8 || discovery sanction. However, the Court agrees that AON did not comply with the Court’s May 9 27, 2025 order requiring amendments to clarify the scope of TS 2, 3, 9, 12, 16, and 17. AON must 10 || do so promptly, as its failure to do so may impact its ability to obtain corresponding discovery of 11 Seagate’s confidential information. AON did (belatedly) comply with the requirement to clarify 12 || the scope of TS 11. 13 As a matter of discovery management, the Court is not persuaded that AON should be 14 || permitted to expand the scope of discovery by virtue of its belated disclosure of new alleged trade 3 15 secrets beyond those it previously disclosed. The Court does not address whether the new alleged a 16 || trade secrets would otherwise comply with the “reasonable particularity” requirement. IT IS SO ORDERED. 18 Dated: September 22, 2025 19 , ee □ 20 Vuigiuin®, □□□□□□□ Virginia K. DeMarchi 21 United States Magistrate Judge 22 23 24 25 26 27 28