GRAVES, J.
Action to quiet title to certain described lands in Jasper County brought by Fannie Abrams, Harry L. Abrams, Henry J. Abrams, Jacob Abrams, Edward Abrams, and Bessie Lesser, the heirs of Anna Rice, who died intestate in Joplin about the 20th day of November, 1923. The defendants are .the unknown heirs of James P. Rice, the husband of Anna Rice, and J. C. Hildreth, Public Administrator of the Estate of James P. Rice, deceased. Service was by publication on the unknown heirs.
The administrator answered that Anna Rice died without leaving issue surviving her husband. That upon her death her husband became entitled to an undivided one-half of her estate; that the defendant J. C. Hildreth is the administrator of such estate and that there are unpaid claims in excess of the personal property of the estate. He prays for an undivided one-half of the estate.
The reply admits the death of Anna Rice intestate; that plaintiffs are her sole heirs; that defendant, J. C. Hildreth, is the Public Administrator of Jasper County, and as such in charge of the estate of James P. Rice, also deceased. That James P. Rice in his life time was the husband of Anna Rice. The other allegations in the answer are denied.
The petition, answer and reply make the statutory suit to quiet title.' This Suit is a suit at law under Section 1970, Revised Statutes 1919'.
The ease was tried by the court without a jury and a finding of facts was made by the court. This finding of facts cannot be disturbed by us, if based upon substantial evidence, and the conclusion is correct. [Hamilton v. Boggess, 63 Mo. 252; Black v. Howerton, 237 S. W. 472; Laughlin v. Laughlin, 237 S. W. 1027; Koehler v. Rowland, 275 Mo. 582; Bobb v. St. Louis, 276 Mo. 67; Morrison v. Bomer, 195 Mo. 538.]
The facts as found by the learned trial court were: “The plaintiffs are the alternative beneficiaries of Anna Rice, deceased, and the defendants are the alternative beneficiaries of James P. Rice, deceased, and J: C. Hildreth, Public Administrator, as the administrator of the estate of the said James P. Rice; that on or about the 20th day of November, 1925, James P. Rice and Anna Rice, his wife, were'found dead in the bathroom of their home in the city of Joplin, Missouri. The bodies of both were badly decomposed, showing they had been dead for several days. The bathroom in which the bodies were found was located on the second floor of the residence; in the northeast' corner thereof, being a small bathroom about seven' feet east ánd west and five feet north and south. In the west end of
said bathroom there was a door leading into another room of said house, and at the' west end of the south wall of said bathroom there was a door leading into the kitchen. When the bodies were found, the west door of the bathroom was closed, the south door leading into 'the kitchen was open. In the northwest corner of the bathroom was a small gas stove, and in the kitchen, along the wall separating the bathroom from the kitchen and just east of the door leading 'from the kitchen into the bathroom, was a gas heater. The gas was burning in both the bathroom stove and the heater. At the time the bodies were found, the bathroom, and the kitchen, and as a matter of fact, the whole house, was filled with gas fumes from the burning stoves; the presence of the fumes being especially heavy1 in the bathroom and kitchen. In1 the southeast corner of the bathroom was the toilet, and the body of Mrs. Rice was found seated on the toilet, unclothed, with the head resting' against the wall. The body of James P. Rice, deceased, was found lying between the bathtub and the wall separating the kitchen from the bathroom; his feet at or near the feet of the deceased, Mrs. Rice; and his head very near the gas stove in the bathroom. The gas stove in the bathroom was a type not now being sold or used to any extent and was of such design that it would not cause complete combustion of the gas and had no pipe leading from it to any outside opening for the purpose of carrying off the fumes. The body of James P. Rice, deceased, was clothed, except that he had removed his coat. His glasses were on. There was an electric light burning in the kitchen, but no light burning,in the room immediately west of the kitchen and bathroom. In the kitchen
a
newspaper was lying on a table.
‘ ‘ I find from the evidence that the death of both parties was caused by the fumes from the burning gas. I cannot find as a fact thát Anna Rice survived her husband, or that he survived her. Those facts of 'the time of the deaths are not capable of being judicially ascertained. But I do find that they both died simultaneously and.in the same common disaster, and determine the question as if both died at the same moment. On the foregoing facts, I find the issues ’for the plaintiffs, Fannie Abrams, et al., the heirs of Anna Rice, deceased. ’ ’
The record shows that several days had elapsed between the death of these parties and the finding of their bodies. There is no evidence with respect to the death of the parties other than the physical condition existing on the Monday following their decease.
It might well be that the position of the wife indicated that she intended to take a bath and was the first attacked by the carbon monoxide and either her silence, some sound from her or something unusual, called her husband into the bathroom, where he saw her either dying or dead, and was himself violently attacked by the gas
which caused nausea and his death. This would indicate her prior decease. It similarly could be that Mrs. Rice, in preparation for her bath and before the room had become saturated with gas, assumed the position in which she was found in the extreme corner of the room diag’onal from the gas stove. Carbon monoxide is slightly lighter than air and heated would be denser near the stoves. That being gradually overcome by the increasing density of the gas she became frightened or in some manner called to her husband, who coming in, realizing her condition, turned toward the gas burner to turn it off and into the greater density of the carbon monoxide which gave him nausea followed by almost immediate death. He thus expired before his wife. Likewise either might have been more susceptible to the gas and expired first, or they might have expired simultaneously. The evidence shows quite fully the surrounding facts. From them the court’s ultimate finding as to the time of the death of the parties has substantial foundation in the evidence. In actions at law this precludes our interference. The evidence does not justify us in disturbing the finding of the trial court.
In Missouri we have followed the common law that when several lives are lost in the same disaster there is no presumption of survivor-ship by reason of age or sex.
Judge Marshall says in United States Casualty Company v. Kacer, 169 Mo. l. c. 310:
“In all jurisdictions that proceed according to the policy of the common law, there is no presumption as to survivorship in case of a common calamity. The rule is that he who claims a right by virtue of survivorship must prove the fact of the survival of him through whom he claims and that failing in this, the property or fund remains vested as it was before the calamity. [Lawson’s Law of Presumptive Evid., p. 298, rule 54.]
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GRAVES, J.
Action to quiet title to certain described lands in Jasper County brought by Fannie Abrams, Harry L. Abrams, Henry J. Abrams, Jacob Abrams, Edward Abrams, and Bessie Lesser, the heirs of Anna Rice, who died intestate in Joplin about the 20th day of November, 1923. The defendants are .the unknown heirs of James P. Rice, the husband of Anna Rice, and J. C. Hildreth, Public Administrator of the Estate of James P. Rice, deceased. Service was by publication on the unknown heirs.
The administrator answered that Anna Rice died without leaving issue surviving her husband. That upon her death her husband became entitled to an undivided one-half of her estate; that the defendant J. C. Hildreth is the administrator of such estate and that there are unpaid claims in excess of the personal property of the estate. He prays for an undivided one-half of the estate.
The reply admits the death of Anna Rice intestate; that plaintiffs are her sole heirs; that defendant, J. C. Hildreth, is the Public Administrator of Jasper County, and as such in charge of the estate of James P. Rice, also deceased. That James P. Rice in his life time was the husband of Anna Rice. The other allegations in the answer are denied.
The petition, answer and reply make the statutory suit to quiet title.' This Suit is a suit at law under Section 1970, Revised Statutes 1919'.
The ease was tried by the court without a jury and a finding of facts was made by the court. This finding of facts cannot be disturbed by us, if based upon substantial evidence, and the conclusion is correct. [Hamilton v. Boggess, 63 Mo. 252; Black v. Howerton, 237 S. W. 472; Laughlin v. Laughlin, 237 S. W. 1027; Koehler v. Rowland, 275 Mo. 582; Bobb v. St. Louis, 276 Mo. 67; Morrison v. Bomer, 195 Mo. 538.]
The facts as found by the learned trial court were: “The plaintiffs are the alternative beneficiaries of Anna Rice, deceased, and the defendants are the alternative beneficiaries of James P. Rice, deceased, and J: C. Hildreth, Public Administrator, as the administrator of the estate of the said James P. Rice; that on or about the 20th day of November, 1925, James P. Rice and Anna Rice, his wife, were'found dead in the bathroom of their home in the city of Joplin, Missouri. The bodies of both were badly decomposed, showing they had been dead for several days. The bathroom in which the bodies were found was located on the second floor of the residence; in the northeast' corner thereof, being a small bathroom about seven' feet east ánd west and five feet north and south. In the west end of
said bathroom there was a door leading into another room of said house, and at the' west end of the south wall of said bathroom there was a door leading into the kitchen. When the bodies were found, the west door of the bathroom was closed, the south door leading into 'the kitchen was open. In the northwest corner of the bathroom was a small gas stove, and in the kitchen, along the wall separating the bathroom from the kitchen and just east of the door leading 'from the kitchen into the bathroom, was a gas heater. The gas was burning in both the bathroom stove and the heater. At the time the bodies were found, the bathroom, and the kitchen, and as a matter of fact, the whole house, was filled with gas fumes from the burning stoves; the presence of the fumes being especially heavy1 in the bathroom and kitchen. In1 the southeast corner of the bathroom was the toilet, and the body of Mrs. Rice was found seated on the toilet, unclothed, with the head resting' against the wall. The body of James P. Rice, deceased, was found lying between the bathtub and the wall separating the kitchen from the bathroom; his feet at or near the feet of the deceased, Mrs. Rice; and his head very near the gas stove in the bathroom. The gas stove in the bathroom was a type not now being sold or used to any extent and was of such design that it would not cause complete combustion of the gas and had no pipe leading from it to any outside opening for the purpose of carrying off the fumes. The body of James P. Rice, deceased, was clothed, except that he had removed his coat. His glasses were on. There was an electric light burning in the kitchen, but no light burning,in the room immediately west of the kitchen and bathroom. In the kitchen
a
newspaper was lying on a table.
‘ ‘ I find from the evidence that the death of both parties was caused by the fumes from the burning gas. I cannot find as a fact thát Anna Rice survived her husband, or that he survived her. Those facts of 'the time of the deaths are not capable of being judicially ascertained. But I do find that they both died simultaneously and.in the same common disaster, and determine the question as if both died at the same moment. On the foregoing facts, I find the issues ’for the plaintiffs, Fannie Abrams, et al., the heirs of Anna Rice, deceased. ’ ’
The record shows that several days had elapsed between the death of these parties and the finding of their bodies. There is no evidence with respect to the death of the parties other than the physical condition existing on the Monday following their decease.
It might well be that the position of the wife indicated that she intended to take a bath and was the first attacked by the carbon monoxide and either her silence, some sound from her or something unusual, called her husband into the bathroom, where he saw her either dying or dead, and was himself violently attacked by the gas
which caused nausea and his death. This would indicate her prior decease. It similarly could be that Mrs. Rice, in preparation for her bath and before the room had become saturated with gas, assumed the position in which she was found in the extreme corner of the room diag’onal from the gas stove. Carbon monoxide is slightly lighter than air and heated would be denser near the stoves. That being gradually overcome by the increasing density of the gas she became frightened or in some manner called to her husband, who coming in, realizing her condition, turned toward the gas burner to turn it off and into the greater density of the carbon monoxide which gave him nausea followed by almost immediate death. He thus expired before his wife. Likewise either might have been more susceptible to the gas and expired first, or they might have expired simultaneously. The evidence shows quite fully the surrounding facts. From them the court’s ultimate finding as to the time of the death of the parties has substantial foundation in the evidence. In actions at law this precludes our interference. The evidence does not justify us in disturbing the finding of the trial court.
In Missouri we have followed the common law that when several lives are lost in the same disaster there is no presumption of survivor-ship by reason of age or sex.
Judge Marshall says in United States Casualty Company v. Kacer, 169 Mo. l. c. 310:
“In all jurisdictions that proceed according to the policy of the common law, there is no presumption as to survivorship in case of a common calamity. The rule is that he who claims a right by virtue of survivorship must prove the fact of the survival of him through whom he claims and that failing in this, the property or fund remains vested as it was before the calamity. [Lawson’s Law of Presumptive Evid., p. 298, rule 54.]
“The rule is stated in 1 Taylor on Evidence (9 Ed.) p, 183, as follows: ‘A mass of ingenious reasoning clusters about the question, what presumption of survivorship exists when several persons perish in a common accident ? The common sense of English law, after some slight attempts to adopt them, discards the intricate presumption of the civil law, as based on age, health, sex, etc., and adopts the rule that there is no presumption on the subject whatever; that he who relies on the fact of survivorship must establish it as best he can.’
“Greenleaf on Evidence (16 Ed.), after speaking of the presumptions that obtain according to the Roman and civil laws, says, in note 5 to section 30, p. 126: 'The rule as now established by the English and American cases is, that where it is proved that two or more persons perished in the same calamity, there is no presumption of law that one survives the others, or that all perished at the same time; the burden of proving that one survived the others, or that
all perished simultaneously, is on the person who asserts such to be the fact.’ ”
“The inquisitive legal mind will find the subject discussed and the principal decisions collated in a note to the case of In re Maria EL Wilbor, 51 L. R. A. p. 863, which is so exhaustive that a reference to it is all that is necessary to dispose of this incidental proposition in, this case, and which leads to the abbreviated statement of the law that there is no presumption, but it depends upon the fact, and the fact must be proved by him whose recovery depends upon the establishment of the fact of survivorship.”
A full discussion of this rule of law is found in: Carpenter v. Severin, 204 N. W. 448, 43 A. L. R. 1341; Watkins v. Home Life Ins. Co., 208 S. W. 587, 5 A. L. R. 791; 17 C. J. 1179.
The plaintiffs as heirs at law of Anna Rice, who died without issue, in any event are entitled to half of her property. Under oúr statute (Sec. 320, R. S. 1919), or even under the Acts of 1921 (page 119), in order for defendants to be entitled to any of the real-estáte of Anna Rice, James P. Rice must have been the “widower” of-Anna Rice.
A widower is a man who has lost his wife by death, and has hot married again: Webster’s International Dictionary; Funk & Wagnail’s Dictionary; Perry v. Strawbridge, 209 Mo. 621; Wait v. Wait, 4 Barb. (N. Y.) 192; 40 Cyc. 936.
The burden of establishing the fact that James P. Rice is the widower of Anna Rice is upon defendants before they have any interest in the property.
If James P. Rice and Anna Rice died simultaneously then obviously James P. Rice was not the widower of Anna Rice and defendants are not entitled to any of the property. Likewise if it is impossible to determine which survived, then it is impossible to determine whether James P. Rice was the widower of Anna Rice.
Without the establishment of this fact defendants have no claim to the property, as their only claim is based upon his survival.
We find no error in the record, and the judgment of the trial court is accordingly affirmed.
All concur.