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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 CORDELIA ABRAM, Deceased, 3 by the Personal Representative for 4 the Wrongful Death Estate, MAE 5 ROSE LOPEZ,
6 Plaintiff-Appellee,
7 v. No. 31,850
8 PALOMA BLANCA HEALTH CARE 9 ASSOCIATES, L.L.C. d/b/a PALOMA 10 BLANCA HEALTH and REHABILITATION, 11 L.L.C., ALPHA HEALTH CARE INVESTORS, 12 PROPERTIES, L.L.C., OMEGA HEALTHCARE 13 INVESTORS, INC., SHORELINE HEALTHCARE 14 MANAGEMENT, L.L.C., CENTENNIAL 15 HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT CORPORATION,
16 Defendants,
17 and
18 SKILLED HEALTHCARE GROUP, INC., 19 SKILLED HEALTHCARE, L.L.C., CANYON 20 TRANSITIONAL HEALTHCARE and 21 REHABILITATION CENTER, L.L.C., and 22 ADMINISTRATOR, ANMARIE DVORAK,
23 Defendants-Appellants. 1 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY 2 C. Shannon Bacon, District Judge
3 Harvey Law Firm 4 Dusti D. Harvey 5 Jennifer J. Foote 6 Albuquerque, NM
7 for Appellee
8 Rodey, Dickason, Sloan, 9 Akin & Robb, P.A. 10 W. Robert Lasater, Jr. 11 Sandra L. Beerle 12 Jocelyn Drennan 13 Albuquerque, NM
14 for Appellants
15 MEMORANDUM OPINION
16 WECHSLER, Judge.
17 {1} Defendants Skilled Healthcare Group, Inc., Skilled Healthcare, L.L.C., Canyon
18 Transitional Healthcare and Rehabilitation Center, L.L.C., and Administrator AnMarie
19 Dvorak appeal the district court’s denial of their motion to compel arbitration. As
20 relevant to this appeal, the district court had determined that the arbitration agreement
21 entered between Plaintiff Mae Rose Lopez on behalf of her mother, Cordelia Abram,
2 1 and Defendants was void as substantively unconscionable and that the offending terms
2 of the agreement could not be severed. We affirm.
3 SUBSTANTIVE UNCONSCIONABILITY
4 {2} The parties signed the arbitration agreement as an attachment to the admission
5 agreement the day after Plaintiff’s mother moved into the Canyon Transitional
6 Healthcare and Rehabilitation Center. The arbitration agreement expressed the
7 parties’ desire to resolve disputes through alternative dispute resolution. It stated that
8 the parties “relinquish their right to have any and all disputes associated with this
9 [a]rbitration [a]greement and the relationship created by the [a]dmission [a]greement
10 and/or the provision of services under the [a]dmission [a]greement [including claims
11 for negligent or inadequate care] resolved through a lawsuit[.]” The arbitration
12 agreement stated that it did “not apply to either the [f]acility or the [r]esident in any
13 disputes pertaining to collections or discharge of residents.”
14 {3} Our Supreme Court has addressed the issue of substantative unconscionability
15 in connection with arbitration agreements in Rivera v. American General Financial
16 Services, Inc., 2011-NMSC-033, 150 N.M. 398, 259 P.3d 803, and Cordova v. World
17 Finance Corp. of New Mexico, 2009-NMSC-021, 146 N.M. 256, 208 P.3d 901. In
18 Cordova, the Court explained that “[u]nconscionability is an equitable doctrine, rooted
3 1 in public policy, which allows courts to render unenforceable an agreement that is
2 unreasonably favorable to one party while precluding a meaningful choice of the other
3 party.” 2009-NMSC-021, ¶ 21. With respect to substantive unconscionablity, the
4 Court stated that the issue determination depended “on such issues as whether the
5 contract terms are commercially reasonable and fair, the purpose and effect of the
6 terms, the one-sidedness of the terms, and other similar public policy concerns.” Id.
7 ¶ 22. It considered contract provisions to be substantively unconscionable if they
8 unreasonably benefit one party over another. Id. ¶ 25. In Rivera, our Supreme Court
9 held that an arbitration agreement that precluded a debtor from enforcing any right in
10 court while permitting the creditor access to the courts to pursue foreclosure and
11 repossession, its likeliest claims, was “unreasonably one-sided” and substantively
12 unconscionable. 2011-NMSC-033, ¶¶ 53-54.
13 {4} Defendants argue in their brief in chief that the district court misapplied Rivera
14 and Cordova by interpreting them too narrowly. We address their argument under de
15 novo review because it raises a question of law. See Cordova, 2009-NMCS-021, ¶ 11
16 (noting that the issues of compelling arbitration and unconscionability present
17 questions of law subject to de novo review). Since the district court’s order, this
18 Court has interpreted Rivera and Cordova in the context of nursing home arbitration
19 agreements. See Ruppelt v. Laurel Healthcare Providers, LLC, 2013-NMCA-014,
4 1 293 P.3d 902, cert. denied, Ruppelt v. Meadows, 2013-NMCERT-__, 299 P.3d 422;
2 Bargman v. Skilled Healthcare Group, Inc., 2013-NMCA-006, 293 P.3d 1, cert.
3 granted, 2013-NMCERT-__, 299 P.3d 423; Figueroa v. THI of N.M. at Casa Arena
4 Blanca LLC, 2012-NMCA-__, __ P.3d __ (No. 30,477, July 18, 2012), cert. denied,
5 2012-NMCERT-010, 297 P.3d 332.
6 {5} The arbitration agreements in this Court’s cases contained the same or similar
7 arbitration provisions as presented in this case; they required arbitration of all claims
8 except those of “collections or discharge of residents.” Bargman, 2013-NMCA-006,
9 ¶ 4; see also Ruppelt, 2013-NMCA-014, ¶ 3; Figueroa, 2012-NMCA-__, ¶¶ 2, 26.
10 Figueroa also excepted guardianship proceedings. 2012-NMCA-__, ¶ 2, 26. We
11 stated in Figueroa, and repeated in Bargman,
12 [w]hile we agree that arbitration obligations do not have to be completely 13 equal, and that parties may freely enter into reasonable agreements to 14 exempt certain claims from arbitration, we refuse to enforce an 15 agreement where the drafter unreasonably reserved the vast majority of 16 [its] claims for the courts, while subjecting the weaker party to 17 arbitration on essentially all of the claims that party is likely to bring.
18 Figueroa, 2012-NMCA-__, ¶ 30; see Bargman, 2013-NMCA-006, ¶ 15. We held in
19 Ruppelt and Figueroa that, despite the ability of residents to bring collections or
20 discharge claims in court, the arbitration agreements were substantially
21 unconscionable because they excluded from arbitration the claims most likely to be
22 brought by the health care facility while requiring arbitration of the claims most likely
5 1 to be brought by residents. Ruppelt, 2013-NMCA-014, ¶¶ 16, 18; Figueroa, 2012-
2 NMCA-__, ¶ 30.
3 {6} In Bargman, we agreed with the principles set forth in Ruppelt and Figueroa,
4 but differed in our result. The parties had agreed that federal and state law removed
5 resident-discharge-related issues from arbitration agreements. Bargman, 2013-
6 NMCA-006, ¶ 18. We stressed that our case law demands that substantive
7 unconscionability be addressed on a case-by-case basis. Id.; see also Figueroa, 2012-
8 NMCA-__, ¶ 13. We further stressed that the nursing homes in Ruppelt and Figueroa
9 did not offer evidence “tending to prove that it was not unreasonable or unfair to
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This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Appellate Reports. Please see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the filing date.
1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 CORDELIA ABRAM, Deceased, 3 by the Personal Representative for 4 the Wrongful Death Estate, MAE 5 ROSE LOPEZ,
6 Plaintiff-Appellee,
7 v. No. 31,850
8 PALOMA BLANCA HEALTH CARE 9 ASSOCIATES, L.L.C. d/b/a PALOMA 10 BLANCA HEALTH and REHABILITATION, 11 L.L.C., ALPHA HEALTH CARE INVESTORS, 12 PROPERTIES, L.L.C., OMEGA HEALTHCARE 13 INVESTORS, INC., SHORELINE HEALTHCARE 14 MANAGEMENT, L.L.C., CENTENNIAL 15 HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT CORPORATION,
16 Defendants,
17 and
18 SKILLED HEALTHCARE GROUP, INC., 19 SKILLED HEALTHCARE, L.L.C., CANYON 20 TRANSITIONAL HEALTHCARE and 21 REHABILITATION CENTER, L.L.C., and 22 ADMINISTRATOR, ANMARIE DVORAK,
23 Defendants-Appellants. 1 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY 2 C. Shannon Bacon, District Judge
3 Harvey Law Firm 4 Dusti D. Harvey 5 Jennifer J. Foote 6 Albuquerque, NM
7 for Appellee
8 Rodey, Dickason, Sloan, 9 Akin & Robb, P.A. 10 W. Robert Lasater, Jr. 11 Sandra L. Beerle 12 Jocelyn Drennan 13 Albuquerque, NM
14 for Appellants
15 MEMORANDUM OPINION
16 WECHSLER, Judge.
17 {1} Defendants Skilled Healthcare Group, Inc., Skilled Healthcare, L.L.C., Canyon
18 Transitional Healthcare and Rehabilitation Center, L.L.C., and Administrator AnMarie
19 Dvorak appeal the district court’s denial of their motion to compel arbitration. As
20 relevant to this appeal, the district court had determined that the arbitration agreement
21 entered between Plaintiff Mae Rose Lopez on behalf of her mother, Cordelia Abram,
2 1 and Defendants was void as substantively unconscionable and that the offending terms
2 of the agreement could not be severed. We affirm.
3 SUBSTANTIVE UNCONSCIONABILITY
4 {2} The parties signed the arbitration agreement as an attachment to the admission
5 agreement the day after Plaintiff’s mother moved into the Canyon Transitional
6 Healthcare and Rehabilitation Center. The arbitration agreement expressed the
7 parties’ desire to resolve disputes through alternative dispute resolution. It stated that
8 the parties “relinquish their right to have any and all disputes associated with this
9 [a]rbitration [a]greement and the relationship created by the [a]dmission [a]greement
10 and/or the provision of services under the [a]dmission [a]greement [including claims
11 for negligent or inadequate care] resolved through a lawsuit[.]” The arbitration
12 agreement stated that it did “not apply to either the [f]acility or the [r]esident in any
13 disputes pertaining to collections or discharge of residents.”
14 {3} Our Supreme Court has addressed the issue of substantative unconscionability
15 in connection with arbitration agreements in Rivera v. American General Financial
16 Services, Inc., 2011-NMSC-033, 150 N.M. 398, 259 P.3d 803, and Cordova v. World
17 Finance Corp. of New Mexico, 2009-NMSC-021, 146 N.M. 256, 208 P.3d 901. In
18 Cordova, the Court explained that “[u]nconscionability is an equitable doctrine, rooted
3 1 in public policy, which allows courts to render unenforceable an agreement that is
2 unreasonably favorable to one party while precluding a meaningful choice of the other
3 party.” 2009-NMSC-021, ¶ 21. With respect to substantive unconscionablity, the
4 Court stated that the issue determination depended “on such issues as whether the
5 contract terms are commercially reasonable and fair, the purpose and effect of the
6 terms, the one-sidedness of the terms, and other similar public policy concerns.” Id.
7 ¶ 22. It considered contract provisions to be substantively unconscionable if they
8 unreasonably benefit one party over another. Id. ¶ 25. In Rivera, our Supreme Court
9 held that an arbitration agreement that precluded a debtor from enforcing any right in
10 court while permitting the creditor access to the courts to pursue foreclosure and
11 repossession, its likeliest claims, was “unreasonably one-sided” and substantively
12 unconscionable. 2011-NMSC-033, ¶¶ 53-54.
13 {4} Defendants argue in their brief in chief that the district court misapplied Rivera
14 and Cordova by interpreting them too narrowly. We address their argument under de
15 novo review because it raises a question of law. See Cordova, 2009-NMCS-021, ¶ 11
16 (noting that the issues of compelling arbitration and unconscionability present
17 questions of law subject to de novo review). Since the district court’s order, this
18 Court has interpreted Rivera and Cordova in the context of nursing home arbitration
19 agreements. See Ruppelt v. Laurel Healthcare Providers, LLC, 2013-NMCA-014,
4 1 293 P.3d 902, cert. denied, Ruppelt v. Meadows, 2013-NMCERT-__, 299 P.3d 422;
2 Bargman v. Skilled Healthcare Group, Inc., 2013-NMCA-006, 293 P.3d 1, cert.
3 granted, 2013-NMCERT-__, 299 P.3d 423; Figueroa v. THI of N.M. at Casa Arena
4 Blanca LLC, 2012-NMCA-__, __ P.3d __ (No. 30,477, July 18, 2012), cert. denied,
5 2012-NMCERT-010, 297 P.3d 332.
6 {5} The arbitration agreements in this Court’s cases contained the same or similar
7 arbitration provisions as presented in this case; they required arbitration of all claims
8 except those of “collections or discharge of residents.” Bargman, 2013-NMCA-006,
9 ¶ 4; see also Ruppelt, 2013-NMCA-014, ¶ 3; Figueroa, 2012-NMCA-__, ¶¶ 2, 26.
10 Figueroa also excepted guardianship proceedings. 2012-NMCA-__, ¶ 2, 26. We
11 stated in Figueroa, and repeated in Bargman,
12 [w]hile we agree that arbitration obligations do not have to be completely 13 equal, and that parties may freely enter into reasonable agreements to 14 exempt certain claims from arbitration, we refuse to enforce an 15 agreement where the drafter unreasonably reserved the vast majority of 16 [its] claims for the courts, while subjecting the weaker party to 17 arbitration on essentially all of the claims that party is likely to bring.
18 Figueroa, 2012-NMCA-__, ¶ 30; see Bargman, 2013-NMCA-006, ¶ 15. We held in
19 Ruppelt and Figueroa that, despite the ability of residents to bring collections or
20 discharge claims in court, the arbitration agreements were substantially
21 unconscionable because they excluded from arbitration the claims most likely to be
22 brought by the health care facility while requiring arbitration of the claims most likely
5 1 to be brought by residents. Ruppelt, 2013-NMCA-014, ¶¶ 16, 18; Figueroa, 2012-
2 NMCA-__, ¶ 30.
3 {6} In Bargman, we agreed with the principles set forth in Ruppelt and Figueroa,
4 but differed in our result. The parties had agreed that federal and state law removed
5 resident-discharge-related issues from arbitration agreements. Bargman, 2013-
6 NMCA-006, ¶ 18. We stressed that our case law demands that substantive
7 unconscionability be addressed on a case-by-case basis. Id.; see also Figueroa, 2012-
8 NMCA-__, ¶ 13. We further stressed that the nursing homes in Ruppelt and Figueroa
9 did not offer evidence “tending to prove that it was not unreasonable or unfair to
10 except certain claims from arbitration even if they were claims most likely to be
11 pursued by the” nursing home. Bargman, 2013-NMCA-006, ¶ 17.
12 {7} In Bargman, the nursing home requested on appeal that we remand to the
13 district court to enable it to develop an evidentiary record. Id. ¶ 23. Bargman was
14 decided by the district court before Rivera, Ruppelt, and Figueroa. Bargman, 2013-
15 NMCA-006, ¶¶ 10, 12. We therefore remanded to the district court for the nursing
16 home to present evidence that it was not unreasonably or unfairly one-sided for the
17 arbitration agreement to exclude collection claims from arbitration. Id. ¶ 24.
18 {8} In this case, Defendants did not have the benefit of Ruppelt and Figueroa before
19 filing their reply brief, and Bargman was decided after briefing. Rivera was decided
6 1 after briefing in the district court, but more than two months before argument. In their
2 brief in chief, Defendants argue that the district court applied Rivera too narrowly to
3 their motion to compel. They develop this argument in the reply brief in response to
4 Ruppelt and Figueroa that a court’s substantive unconscionability analysis cannot be
5 “narrow” or “formulaic” and must consider reasonable justifications for exceptions
6 to arbitration. Defendants would require an evidentiary hearing if the district court
7 could not resolve the issue from the briefing.
8 {9} We agree with Defendants’ position as to the proper approach for addressing
9 a substantive unconscionability claim. The approach must be conducted on a case-by-
10 case basis, analyzing the individual contract to determine whether it is unfairly and
11 unreasonably one-sided toward the drafter’s position. Figueroa, 2012-NMCA-__,
12 ¶ 13. Consideration must be given to whether there is a reasonable justification for
13 an exception to arbitration. Ruppelt, 2013-NMCA-014, ¶ 17. We also agree with
14 Defendants’ position that the district court should hold an evidentiary hearing as
15 necessary to address an issue concerning the reasonableness of such an exception.
16 Bargman, 2013-NMCA-006, ¶ 24.
17 {10} However, we do not believe that the district court erred in its approach to this
18 case. It interpreted Rivera and Cordova to focus the inquiry concerning one-sidedness
19 on the claims most likely to be brought by the parties. Defendants argued that the
7 1 arbitration agreement, in its entirety, applied evenhandedly to the parties and that the
2 exceptions were reasonable and applied bilaterally. In particular, Defendants argued
3 that the exceptions were reasonable in view of the simplicity and relative costs of
4 collection claims, Defendants’ payment of arbitration fees, and the efficiency of the
5 process. Defendants did not present evidence or request an evidentiary hearing. The
6 district court apparently considered and rejected Defendants’ arguments. Ruppelt and
7 Figueroa bear out this conclusion.
8 {11} The remaining issue for us therefore is whether, based on Bargman, we should
9 remand for an evidentiary hearing on whether there is a reasonable basis for the
10 exclusions from the arbitration agreement. In Bargman, we observed that, as in this
11 case, the defendant’s arguments concerning the reasonableness of the collections
12 exclusion from the arbitration agreement were not supported by evidence in the
13 record. 2013-NMCA-006, ¶ 23. The defendant specifically requested a remand to
14 develop an evidentiary record in its appellate briefing. Id. We ordered the remand
15 because, when the case was before the district court, “Rivera, Figueroa, and Ruppelt
16 had not been decided and the burden of proof was not all that clearly determined, and
17 also because it is unclear that the district court would have considered evidence[.]”
18 Bargman, 2013-NMCA-006, ¶¶ 23-24. In this appeal, Defendants specifically request
19 that this Court reverse the district court’s ruling. They state that “[i]f the Court
8 1 concludes that the district court took the incorrect analytical approach, the proper
2 course would be to reverse the district court’s substantive unconscionability ruling and
3 to remand the case for further proceedings under the correct approach.”
4 {12} We do not consider this case to be in the same posture as Bargman. Although
5 Figueroa and Ruppelt had not been decided, the parties argued Rivera to the district
6 court. At least in part, Rivera is the basis for the decisions in Ruppelt and Figueroa.
7 See Ruppelt, 2013-NMCA-014, ¶¶ 12, 16; Figueroa, 2012-NMCA-__, ¶¶ 24-25.
8 Moreover, Defendants did not seek to present evidence in support of their arguments
9 or, in light of Strausberg v. Laurel Healthcare Providers, LLC, 2012-NMCA-006,
10 269 P.3d 914, cert. granted, 2013-NMCERT-__, 291 P.3d 599, which had been
11 recently decided and was discussed at the hearing on the motion, request the
12 opportunity for an evidentiary hearing.
13 CONCLUSION
14 {13} We affirm the denial of Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration.
15 {14} IT IS SO ORDERED.
16 ______________________________ 17 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
9 1 WE CONCUR:
2 ___________________________________ 3 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Chief Judge
4 ___________________________________ 5 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge