Baylies, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court. — In the summer of 1827, the plaintiff made a contract with the defendant to labour' for him in haying one month, and therefor the defendant agreed to pay the plaintiff five dollars in money and ten dollars in fulled cloth ; and draw an order on Anson Field for the cloth. The plaintiff performed the labor according to his contract; and [152]*152l^e defendant paid the five dollars in money, but did not pay the fulled cloth. On the 28th of October, 1827, the plaintiff received an order on Anson Field for the cloth, and on the 2d of Novem^er, following, the said Field absconded, and left the state, before the plaintiff presented the order to him for payment; and the plaintiff gave the defendant.immediate notice of non-payment. IThis action is brought to recover compensation for the work and [labor of the plaintiff, who was a minor under twenty one years of age, when he made the contract and performed the services. The question is, whether the plaintiff, under existing circumstances, has a right to avoid his contract, and recover on his general count for work and labour.
It is a well established rule of law, that an infant has a right to avoid his contracts: and it matters not, whether his contract is fair, or unfair, he has a right to rescind it. But to this rule there are some exceptions. An infant may bind himself to pay for his necessary meat, drink, apparel, physic, and his good teaching and instruction, whereby he may profit himself afterwards. He may also, if marrie^^ake up provision for his wife and children. But it must appe^^ftat the things were actually necessary, of reasonable prices, ana suitable to the infant’s degree, and estate — considerations, which regularly must be left to the jury. — (Bingham on Infancy, 86.) If the jury find that the things were necessaries, and of a reasonable price, it shall be presumed they had evidence for what they thus find j and they, need not find particularly what the necessaries were, nor the price of each. Also, if the plaintifl declares for other things as well as necessaries, or alleges too high a price for those that are necessary, the jury may consider of those things that were really necessary, and of their intrinsic value ; proportioning the damages accordingly. — (Cro. Jac. 560.) The question of necessaries is to be governed by the reaimot the ostensible,circumstances of the infant. —(Peake, 229 ; 1 Esp. Rep. 211.) But if an infant resides with, and is subject to a parent, master, or guardian whose duty it is to provide necessaries, and he is able and willing to provide them according to the degree and estate of the infant, and without the approval of such parent, master, or guardian, the infant purchases necessaries for himself, he is not liable to pay for them. — (2 Black. Rep. 1325 ; 9 Johns. Rep. 141 ; 16 Mass. Rep. 32; D. Chip. Rep. 252.)
But the defendant insists that, “ no case can be found, where an infant has been permitted to rescind an executed contract, un[153]*153less all parties could be restored to their former situation.” If this be true, then the privilege of infants is not worth possessing. According to this notion of the law, an infant, who has, by deed, conveyed his real estate worth $5000, for $500, and has spent the money, cannot rescind the contract, because he cannot refund the $500, and place the purchaser in his former situation. This cannot be law'. I understand the books to say, that a title to land derived from an infant by jine, recovery, statute, or recognizance, may be avoided by the infant in his minority — the tw'o first ■by writ of error; and the two last be audita querela- — {Bing. 57, 8.) If an infant make afeofment, he can avoid it by-entry, either within age, orat full age.' — (lb. 60). As to all other conveyances in pais, whether in fee, tail, for life, oiyears, it seems the infant-, or his representatives, may avoid them by trespass, assize, or entry, within, or after age. — (lb. 62.) Where an infant, by bargain and sale, deeded his land to A, and, after he came of age, by ■another bargain and sale, deeded the same land to B, it was adjudged, that the last deed .avoided the first. — (Tl John. Rep. 539; 14 do. 124.) An infant shop-keeper-, who contracts, for goods to sell again, in the course of his trade ; or an infant, who contracts for goods, not necessaries; or who borrows money, though he afterwards actually lays it out in necessaries, is not liable for the goods sold, or money lent. — (Bing. 29.) When the general issue of non assumpsit is pleaded, infancy may be given ■in evidence to avoid the promise or undertaking of the defendant. —(lb. 63.) An infant’s bond, -or covenant, under seal, may be avoided by a plea of infancy. — (lb. 63.) But infancy cannot be given in evidence under the plea of non est factum. An infant .owned a promissory note, which he transferred to A for a worthless watch. The next day after the contract was executed, the infant tendered the watch to A, and demanded the note; but A refused to receive the watch, or to deliver up the note. It was adjudged, that the tender of the watch, and demand of the note by the infant, was an avoidance of his contract. — (13 Mass. Rep. 204.) This was a contract executed by both parties, and after-wards avoided by the infant. An infant received $50 in full for an assault and battery on his person, and gave a discharge to one of his assailants. It was considered, that he might avoid the discharge. Here was another contract executed, and avoided by the infant. Parsons, Ch. J., in delivering the opinion of the court, in this case, says ; “An injury done to an infant by assaulting and beating him, vests in him a right of action, to recover adequate [154]*154damages. He is not however supposed to have capacity to ascertain the damages, and, therefore, if he release them, he may avoid the release. On the same ground, if he submit his rights to arbitration, he will not be bound by the award, from a presumed incapacity to choose suitable arbitrators. For the same reason, if he attempt himself to ascertain the damages, he cannot be obliged by this-aet, although he may have received the damages he claims. They may be extremely inadequate to the injury, and the law will protect him, as well against himself as against others. —(6 Mass, Rep. IQ.) The law makes no distinction between contracts executed, and contracts not executed, as to their being voidable. Every personal contract to- which an infant is a party, if not entered into for necessaries, which he has actually received, may be avoided by him, whether it be fully executed or not, unless he has confirmed such contract by his acts, or words, after he arrived to the age of twenty-one years.
In the case under consideration, the plaintiff was an infant, when he made the contract, and continued to be so for two or three years afterwards ; therefore, he could not confirm his contract before he brought this action. If the plaintiff had received the fulled cloth of Anson Feld, on the defendant’s order, and the contract had been fully executed ; yet, if the fulled cloth was | not necessary for the plaintiff, he had a right to avoid the contract, t and submit his claim to a court and jury to ascertain what he mer{ited for his work and labour.
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Baylies, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court. — In the summer of 1827, the plaintiff made a contract with the defendant to labour' for him in haying one month, and therefor the defendant agreed to pay the plaintiff five dollars in money and ten dollars in fulled cloth ; and draw an order on Anson Field for the cloth. The plaintiff performed the labor according to his contract; and [152]*152l^e defendant paid the five dollars in money, but did not pay the fulled cloth. On the 28th of October, 1827, the plaintiff received an order on Anson Field for the cloth, and on the 2d of Novem^er, following, the said Field absconded, and left the state, before the plaintiff presented the order to him for payment; and the plaintiff gave the defendant.immediate notice of non-payment. IThis action is brought to recover compensation for the work and [labor of the plaintiff, who was a minor under twenty one years of age, when he made the contract and performed the services. The question is, whether the plaintiff, under existing circumstances, has a right to avoid his contract, and recover on his general count for work and labour.
It is a well established rule of law, that an infant has a right to avoid his contracts: and it matters not, whether his contract is fair, or unfair, he has a right to rescind it. But to this rule there are some exceptions. An infant may bind himself to pay for his necessary meat, drink, apparel, physic, and his good teaching and instruction, whereby he may profit himself afterwards. He may also, if marrie^^ake up provision for his wife and children. But it must appe^^ftat the things were actually necessary, of reasonable prices, ana suitable to the infant’s degree, and estate — considerations, which regularly must be left to the jury. — (Bingham on Infancy, 86.) If the jury find that the things were necessaries, and of a reasonable price, it shall be presumed they had evidence for what they thus find j and they, need not find particularly what the necessaries were, nor the price of each. Also, if the plaintifl declares for other things as well as necessaries, or alleges too high a price for those that are necessary, the jury may consider of those things that were really necessary, and of their intrinsic value ; proportioning the damages accordingly. — (Cro. Jac. 560.) The question of necessaries is to be governed by the reaimot the ostensible,circumstances of the infant. —(Peake, 229 ; 1 Esp. Rep. 211.) But if an infant resides with, and is subject to a parent, master, or guardian whose duty it is to provide necessaries, and he is able and willing to provide them according to the degree and estate of the infant, and without the approval of such parent, master, or guardian, the infant purchases necessaries for himself, he is not liable to pay for them. — (2 Black. Rep. 1325 ; 9 Johns. Rep. 141 ; 16 Mass. Rep. 32; D. Chip. Rep. 252.)
But the defendant insists that, “ no case can be found, where an infant has been permitted to rescind an executed contract, un[153]*153less all parties could be restored to their former situation.” If this be true, then the privilege of infants is not worth possessing. According to this notion of the law, an infant, who has, by deed, conveyed his real estate worth $5000, for $500, and has spent the money, cannot rescind the contract, because he cannot refund the $500, and place the purchaser in his former situation. This cannot be law'. I understand the books to say, that a title to land derived from an infant by jine, recovery, statute, or recognizance, may be avoided by the infant in his minority — the tw'o first ■by writ of error; and the two last be audita querela- — {Bing. 57, 8.) If an infant make afeofment, he can avoid it by-entry, either within age, orat full age.' — (lb. 60). As to all other conveyances in pais, whether in fee, tail, for life, oiyears, it seems the infant-, or his representatives, may avoid them by trespass, assize, or entry, within, or after age. — (lb. 62.) Where an infant, by bargain and sale, deeded his land to A, and, after he came of age, by ■another bargain and sale, deeded the same land to B, it was adjudged, that the last deed .avoided the first. — (Tl John. Rep. 539; 14 do. 124.) An infant shop-keeper-, who contracts, for goods to sell again, in the course of his trade ; or an infant, who contracts for goods, not necessaries; or who borrows money, though he afterwards actually lays it out in necessaries, is not liable for the goods sold, or money lent. — (Bing. 29.) When the general issue of non assumpsit is pleaded, infancy may be given ■in evidence to avoid the promise or undertaking of the defendant. —(lb. 63.) An infant’s bond, -or covenant, under seal, may be avoided by a plea of infancy. — (lb. 63.) But infancy cannot be given in evidence under the plea of non est factum. An infant .owned a promissory note, which he transferred to A for a worthless watch. The next day after the contract was executed, the infant tendered the watch to A, and demanded the note; but A refused to receive the watch, or to deliver up the note. It was adjudged, that the tender of the watch, and demand of the note by the infant, was an avoidance of his contract. — (13 Mass. Rep. 204.) This was a contract executed by both parties, and after-wards avoided by the infant. An infant received $50 in full for an assault and battery on his person, and gave a discharge to one of his assailants. It was considered, that he might avoid the discharge. Here was another contract executed, and avoided by the infant. Parsons, Ch. J., in delivering the opinion of the court, in this case, says ; “An injury done to an infant by assaulting and beating him, vests in him a right of action, to recover adequate [154]*154damages. He is not however supposed to have capacity to ascertain the damages, and, therefore, if he release them, he may avoid the release. On the same ground, if he submit his rights to arbitration, he will not be bound by the award, from a presumed incapacity to choose suitable arbitrators. For the same reason, if he attempt himself to ascertain the damages, he cannot be obliged by this-aet, although he may have received the damages he claims. They may be extremely inadequate to the injury, and the law will protect him, as well against himself as against others. —(6 Mass, Rep. IQ.) The law makes no distinction between contracts executed, and contracts not executed, as to their being voidable. Every personal contract to- which an infant is a party, if not entered into for necessaries, which he has actually received, may be avoided by him, whether it be fully executed or not, unless he has confirmed such contract by his acts, or words, after he arrived to the age of twenty-one years.
In the case under consideration, the plaintiff was an infant, when he made the contract, and continued to be so for two or three years afterwards ; therefore, he could not confirm his contract before he brought this action. If the plaintiff had received the fulled cloth of Anson Feld, on the defendant’s order, and the contract had been fully executed ; yet, if the fulled cloth was | not necessary for the plaintiff, he had a right to avoid the contract, t and submit his claim to a court and jury to ascertain what he mer{ited for his work and labour. This is the privilege, which the law affords to an infant, on account of his supposed incapacity to judge of the value of things. But so far as an infant is capable of distinguishing between right and wrong, it is as much his duty to conduct himself honestly, as it is the duty of an adult; therefore, in this case, if the plaintiff had received the cloth,, and had not offered to return it to the defendant, but intended to keep it, and recover the full value of his work and labour, it would be a gross fraud, which should not be tolerated. To prevent such fraud, it might be right for the court to direct the jury according to the principles of law in the above case, (Q Mass. Rep. 78;) that is, if the five dollars,, and cloth received by the plaintiff, were equal in value to the plaintiff’s work and labour, then he should f recover only nominal damages: but if they were of less value ¡.than the work and labour, the plaintiff should recover the differ-jence. But where an infant is defendant, and would avoid his contract by infancy, his defence cannot be avoided by the plaintiff’s showing,, that the infant intends a fraud upon him. If the [155]*155plaintiff wants relief against fraud, he may resort to a court of equity. In some cases, where the infant rises above the age of discretion, a court of equity will relieve against his fraud. — (Bing. 113.)
I have proceeded thus far, on the supposition that this contract, between the plaintiff and defendant, was fully executed. But the cáse shows that this was not the fact. The plaintiff never receiv'ed the fulled cloth ; but he received an order for the cloth in pursuance of his contract. So long as this contract remained in force, the order was a sufficient authority for the plaintiff to have received the cloth : but his authority ceased the moment the plaintiff, avoided his contract : and then the defendant became entitled to the order. To set up the receipt of this order by the plaintiff in bar of his right to avoid his special contract, cannot be allowed. Iff the law implied a promise on the part of the plaintiff, when he received. the order, to me due diligence in presenting the order for payment, and giving notice back of nonpayment, this implied promise may be avoided by infancy, as well as the express promise, to take cloth in payment. An infant cannot be a party to a bill of exchange; and ii he endorse a negotiable note, he may avoid his endorsement by infancy. Whether the law merchant would apply to an order of this description, in the hands of an adult, and would require him to use diligence in presenting the order for payment, and giving notice of nonpayment, is not necessary to decide in this case.
The judgement of the county court is affirmed with additional costs.